Study of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. in Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid by Thin Layer Chromatography

[Objectives] To better control the quality of Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid and study the main component Cuscuta chinensis Lam.by Thin Layer Chromatography. [Methods] Through changing the treatment methods of the test sample solution,proportion of the developing solvent and sample application volume,taking the spot resolution,definition,and Rf value,optimal Thin Layer Chromatography conditions were screened for Cuscuta chinensis Lam. [Results] After the test sample solution passing the neutral alumina column,it was extracted two times using the ethyl acetate. Methanol was added to dissolve. Benzene-ethyl acetate-formic acid( 5∶5∶2.5) was used as developing solvent.And ammonia fumigation was carried out to develop color. In the thin layer chromatograph obtained through these conditions,Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid test sample solution showed the same stripe in the same position of the control drug chromatogram and there was no obvious tailing phenomenon and the spot was clear. [Conclusions] The thin layer chromatography identification conditions can be used as the method for quality control of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. in Nuhuang Fuzheng Oral Liquid.

Identification of Citric Acid in Wuhuang Oral Liquid by Thin Layer Chromatography

[Objectives] To screen the identification conditions of citric acid in Wuhuang Oral Liquid by thin layer chromatography,and establish the quality control method for citric acid in Wuhuang Oral Liquid.[Methods] Different treatment methods were adopted for test sample,developing agent,and drying time,thin layer chromatography separation condition and spot definition were taken as indicators to conduct experiment,to select optimal thin layer identification method. [Results] Methanol was used as the extraction solvent,ultrasonic treatment,ether extraction,dissolution by anhydrous ethanol as treatment conditions of test sample; upper solution of butyl acetate-formic acid-water(4 ∶ 2 ∶ 2) after placing one hour was taken as developing agent; 0. 1% bromocresol green(BCG) as the developer; when developing the color in 3 hours after development,in thin layer chromatograph,there appeared the same strip in the same position of test sample of Wuhuang ORAL Liquid and control substance,no obvious trailing phenomenon,and the color was uniform and clear.[Conclusions]The thin layer chromatography identification conditions can be used as the method for quality control of Wuhuang Oral Liquid.

Thin Layer Chromatography Screening for Glycyrrhiza uralensis

[Objectives] To establish a simple and rapid,specific and reproducible thin layer chromatography( TLC) method,and accordingly establish a thin layer identification method for quality control of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. [Methods] According to the physical and chemical properties,components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were identified by thin layer chromatography. According to Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2010( Volume Ⅱ) and related literature report,the thin layer chromatography identification method was studied and improved for Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Results] When the preparation method for test sample solution was 6g Glycyrrhiza uralensis added with 30 mL saturated n-butanol,ultrasonic processing 20 min,filtered,filtrate dried,added 3 mL methanol and obtained Glycyrrhiza uralensis test sample solution. Then,chloroform-methanol-formic acid-ethyl acetate( 10∶ 3∶ 2∶ 3) as developing solvent,clear spot with high degree of separation and reproducibility could be obtained,and can be used for thin layer chromatography identification of ammonium glycyrrhetate in Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Conclusions] The modified method omitted the step of ether treatment of samples,and directly adopted saturated n-butanol to extract components. It does not influence the detection of chromatographic spots,and solves the issue of sample gelatinizing sticking and filtration,simplifies the test process,and reduces the harm to human body.

Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography with solid-phase extraction-high-performance thin layer chromatography in detection of urinary morphine

Liquid-liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography （LLE-TLC） has been a common and routine combined method for detection of drugs in biological materials. Solid-phase extraction （SPE） is gradually replacing the tra- ditional LLE method. High performance thin layer chromatography （HPTLC） has several advantages over TLC. The present work studied the higher efficiency of a new SPE-HPTLC method over that of a routine LLE-TLC method, in extraction and detection of urinary morphine. Fifty-eight urine samples, primarily identified as mor- phine-positive samples by a strip test, ＇were re-screened by LLE-TLC and SPE-HPTLC. The results of LLE-TLC and SPE-HPTLC were then compared with each other. The results showed that the SPE-HPTLC detected 74% of total samples as morphine-positive samples whereas the LLE-TLC detected 48% of the same samples. We further discussed the effect of codeine abuse on TLC analysis of urinary morphine. Regarding the importance of morphine detection in urine, the present combined SPE-HPTLC method is suggested as a replacement method for detection of urinary morphine by many reference laboratories.

Evaluation of quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)using high performance thin layer chromatography

Dear Editor： Therapeutically active metabolite contents in a med- icinal plant vary in nature, which may impact on its therapeutic efficacy. Bergenia （Saxifragaceae） is an evergreen perennial herb widely distributed in Central and East Asia with about 30 species reported worldwide. It grows at a range of altitudes from the Khasia hills at 400 feet to the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 7,000-10,000 feet. Its distribution over a wide range of altitudinal zones makes it a good candidate for studying variations in its metabolic profiles under different climatic conditions. Bergenin （C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid） has been identified as a potent active secondary metabolite in Bergenia and other therapeutically active constituents including, among others, gallic acid （3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid）, （＋） catechin, and gallicin （Fig. 1）.

Secondary metabolite credentials ofEvolvulus alsinoides by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)

Plants and plant-based products are the bases of many modern pharmaceuticals that are current in use today for various diseases.The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical constituents and high performance thin layer chromatography（HPTLC） finger printing of the ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides.Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures and HPTLC method was also established to analyze alkaloids,flavonoids and phenolic compounds from the ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides.Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that ethanol extracted more secondary metabolites than other solvents.HPTLC fingerprinting analysis showed the presence of various alkaloids,flavonoids and phenols（quercetin） in the ethanolic extract.It can be concluded that Evolvulus alsinoides may serve as a source of potent antioxidants that may be used in the prevention of various diseases such as cancer,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases due to the presence of phenolic compounds.HPTLC finger print of Evolvulus alsinoides may be useful in the differentiation of the species from adulterants and act as a biochemical marker for this medicinally important plant in the pharmaceutical industry and plant systematic studies.

Thin Layer Chromatography and Methodological Investigation of Matrine in Zhukuqin Granule

[Objectives] To establish a sensitive and simple thin layer chromatography method of matrine in Zhukuqin granule. [Methods]With Zhukuqin granule as control medicinal materials,matrine as reference substance,we chose orthogonal test method,systematically investigated various factors affecting the thin layer chromatography,and selected the best thin layer chromatography conditions. [Results] We screened out the best thin layer chromatography of matrine in the Zhukuqin granule with chloroform as extraction solvent,solvent extraction and ultrasonic extraction as extraction method,toluene-acetone-ethyl acetate-ammonia solution( 2:3:4:0. 5) as developing agent,improvement of bismuth potassium iodide solution as color developing agent. [Conclusions] The separating degree of this method was high,it had good repeatability,and it could be used to control quality of Zhukuqin granule.

Identification of Ethnic Medicine Polygonum capitatum by Thin Layer Chromatography

[Objectives]To establish a thin-layer chromatography identification method for the ethnic medicinal materials of Polygonum capitatum.[Methods]The thin layer chromatography(TLC)method was used to identify materials.[Results]The TLC identification showed that in the chromatogram of the test sample,there were spots of the same color in the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference medicinal material,and the reproducibility was good.[Conclusions]The TLC identification and the determination results of the inspection items can provide a basis for the quality control of the medicinal materials of P.capitatum.

Application of Thin Layer Chromatography in Preparation of Drug Containing Serum of Eucalyptus Oil

[Objectives] To explore whether the thin layer chromatography( TLC) can be used to guide the preparation of drug containing serum of eucalyptus oil. [Methods]Eucalyptus oil samples with different dilution ratio were detected by TLC. Eucalyptus oil was intragastrically administered to mice,serum samples of different eucalyptus oil doses,different intragastric administration methods and different blood sampling times were collected. The above samples were detected by TLC,and the above results were verified by gas chromatography. [Results] TLC can detect concentration difference of eucalyptus oil samples with different dilution ratio. TLC can provide qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of eucalyptus oil in serum. High,medium and low dose of eucalyptus oil in serum had different effects on the growth of MCF-7 cells in the SD rats( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] TLC can be used to guide the preparation of drug containing serum of eucalyptus oil.

DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF JASMINODIN IN MEI RONG CAPSULE WITH THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective Jasminodin in Mei Rong capsule was determined by the method or thin layer chromatog- raphy. Mothods The sample Jasminodin was extracted with methanol and then the extract was chromatographed on silica gel GF254 plate with chloroform-methanol-water(10:3:1) as mobile phase and the chromatograms were scanned by using Shimadzu CS-930 dual wavelength TLCS in zegzag scanning mode at λ_s 370nm and λR 250nm. Results Callbration graph was rectilinear between 2.7μg^16.2μg per spot for the jasminodin. Conclusion Satisfa- tory results were obtained with the average recovery ratio of 99.76%,RSD 2.27%.

Preparation Process and Thin Layer Chromatography Identification of Wufang Babu Poultice

[Objectives] To establish the process flow of preparation of Wufang Babu Poultice and the identification method of thin layer chromatography (TLC). [Methods] For the forming process of Wufang Babu Poultice, the preparation method of mixed pharmaceutical powder with suitable pharmaceutical excipients was adopted. Qualitative identification of medicinal materials in Wufang Babu Poultice (Strychni Semen, Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma, Dipsaci Radix, and Angelicae Sinensis Radix) was carried out by TLC. [Results] Mixed pharmaceutical powder mixed with glycerol, gelatin and other pharmaceutical excipients can be prepared for forming. The test solution chromatography of each medicinal material (Strychni Semen, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Dipsaci Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix) showed pigment spots of the same color at the same position as its corresponding control medicinal materials and reference chromatography, and the display was clear. [Conclusions] The preparation process is simple and feasible, and can be used as the forming process of Wufang Babu Poultice. The TLC determination method is simple to operate, has good specificity, and has no effect on negative results, and can be used for identification of Wufang Babu Poultice.

Engineering an ultrathin amorphous TiO2 layer for boosting the weatherability of TiO2 pigment with high lightening power

TiO2 pigments are typically coated with inert layers to suppress the photocatalytic activity and improve the weatherability. However, the traditional inert layers have a lower refractive index compared to TiO2, and therefore reduce the lightening power of TiO2. In the present work, a uniform, amorphous, 2.9-nm-thick TiO2 protective layer was deposited onto the surface of anatase TiO2 pigments according to pulsed chemical vapor deposition at room temperature, with Ti Cl4 as titanium precursor. Amorphous TiO2 coating layers exhibited poor photocatalytic activity, leading to a boosted weatherability. Similarly, this coating method is also effective for TiO2 coating with amorphous SiO2 and SnO2 layers. However, the lightening power of amorphous TiO2 layer is higher than those of amorphous SiO2 and SnO2 layers. According to the measurements of photoluminescence lifetime, surface photocurrent density, charge-transfer resistance, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, it is revealed that the amorphous layer can prevent the migration of photogenerated electrons and holes onto the surface, decreasing the densities of surface electron and hole, and thereby suppress the photocatalytic activity.

A Cross-Layer Optimization Framework for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the extension of network lifetime of battery driven wireless sensor networks by splitting the sensing area into uniform clusters and implementing heterogeneous modulation schemes at different members of the clusters. A cross-layer optimization has been proposed to reduce total energy expenditure of the network;at network layer, routing is done through uniform clusters;at MAC layer, each sensor node of the cluster is assigned fixed or variable time slots and at physical layer different member of the clusters is assigned different modulation techniques. MATLAB simulation proved substantial network lifetime gains.

Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Exploring the effect of aggregation-induced emission on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer for a bis-imine derivative by quantum mechanics and our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics calculations

We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalene-2-ol and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde. Especially, the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) methods for HNP monomer are introduced. Moreover, the "our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics"(ONIOM) method(TDDFT:universal force field(UFF)) is used to reveal the aggregation-induced emission(AIE) effect on the ESIPT process for HNP in crystal. Our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon the photoexcitation for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal, which is distinctly monitored by the optimized geometric structures and the potential energy curves. In addition, the results of potential energy curves reveal that the ESIPT process in HNP will be promoted by the AIE effect. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal have been calculated. The calculation demonstrates that the electron density decrease of proton donor caused by excitation promotes the ESIPT process. In addition, we find that the variation of atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population(ADCH) charge for proton acceptor induced by the AIE effect facilitates the ESIPT process. The results will be expected to deepen the understanding of ESIPT dynamics for luminophore under the AIE effect and provide insight into future design of high-efficient AIE compounds.

Separation of Amino Acids Based on Thin-Layer Chromatography by a Novel Quinazoline Based Anti-Microbial Agent

A newly designed quinazoline based compound, 6-pyridin-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c] quinazoline (PDBIQ) has shown the ability for the easy detection of nineteen amino acids on thin-layer chromatography plates as a spray reagent. This new reagent enabled to produce various distinguishable colors with amino acids with different RF values. The detection limits and the binding ability of PDBIQ with amino acids have been calculated. PDBIQ is also able to detect aminoacids from hydrolised seed protein. The title compound also exhibited profound inhibitory action against some gm (+ve) and gm (-ve) bacterial organisms. This paper deals with synthesis, spectroscopic application and biological evaluation of the organic moity.

A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitating total and unbound ceritinib in patient plasma and brain tumor

A rapid, sensitive, and robust reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of total and unbound ceritinib, a secondgeneration ALK inhibitor, in patient plasma and brain tumor tissue samples. Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18) column using a 4-min gradient elution consisting of mobile phase A(0.1% formic acid in water) and mobile phase B(0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.4 m L/min. Ceritinib and the internal standard([^(13)C_6]ceritinib) were monitored using multiple reaction monitoring mode under positive electrospray ionization. The lower limit of quantitation(LLOQ) was 1 n M of ceritinib in plasma. The calibration curve was linear over ceritinib concentration range of 1–2000 n M in plasma. The intra-and interday precision and accuracy were within the generally accepted criteria for bioanalytical method( o15%).The method was successfully applied to assess ceritinib brain tumor penetration, as assessed by the unbound drug brain concentration to unbound drug plasma concentration ratio, in patients with brain tumors.

Retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layer thinning in hereditary and acquired mitochondrial optic neuropathies

Dear Editor,With interest we read the article by Teng et al[1]about a study of the retinal nerve and ganglion cell layers by means of optic coherence tomography(OCT)in 32 patients with a mitochondrial optic neuropathy(MON).Included were 20 patients with hereditary MON[Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON)],12 patients with acquired MON[ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy(EION)],and 41 healthy controls.Retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was reduced in the nasal,superior,temporal,and inferior quadrants in LHON patients but only in the temporal quadrant in the EION patients.Thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer(RGCL)was similarly reduced in LHON and EION patients.We have the following comments and concerns.

Fast and Sensitive Chiral Analysis of Amphetamines and Cathinones in Equine Urine and Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible method for enantiomer analysis of methamphetamine, amphetamine, cathinone and methcathinone was developed and validated. The compounds were extracted from equine plasma and urine using a fast liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Only one milliliter plasma and one hundred microliter urine sample is needed for analysis. The extraction procedure had good recovery (>70%) and the matrix effect was negligible. Enantiomer differentiation and confirmation were achieved using liquid chromatography with chiral stationary phase and mass spectrometry detection. The method demonstrated excellent reproducibility with intra-day and inter-day precision of lower than 5%. The lower limits of detection for all of the compounds studied here were at low pg/mL level for both plasma and urine. This is the first report of the analysis of four chiral compounds in equine plasma and urine. Routine application was demonstrated for (S)- and (R)-enantiomer differentiation.

光学薄膜中界面层和表面吸附层对相位延迟的影响

多层介质反射镜在非正入射的时候,两个不同的偏振态之间会产生不同的相移.根据空气与膜层、膜层之间的实际情况,建立了界面层和表面吸附层模型,并运用它分析相位延迟产生误差的原因.通过优化设计,入射角为54°,在1285～1345nm之间p,s波获得了270±1°的相移,同时也使反射率在99.5%以上.用离子束溅射技术制备相位延迟膜,用分光光度计测试了光谱特性和用椭偏仪测试了相位特性,在相应波段获得了262.4±1.8°的相移,同时也使反射率在99.6%以上.误差的主要来源是离子源工作特性会产生不均匀的过渡层和最外层会吸收一些水汽、灰尘等也产生表面过渡层.由误差分析得出了制备中过渡层的物理厚度和折射率的变化情况,最外层的厚度误差和折射率偏差是发生相移偏小的主要因素.