Exploration and Practice of the“One Core,Two Lines,Four Dimensions”Ideological and Political Teaching Model:Taking the Interpretation of Concrete Plane Construction Drawings Course as an Example

This paper first deeply interprets the connotation of the“One Core,Two Lines,Four Dimensions”ideological and political teaching model in courses.Then,it explores the significant meaning of integrating this teaching model into the Interpretation of Concrete Plane Construction Drawings course.Finally,based on the challenges faced in this work,corresponding educational countermeasures are proposed to help improve the effectiveness and quality of ideological and political construction in the Interpretation of Concrete Plane Construction Drawings course and enhance the level of talent cultivation.

Railway tunnel concrete lining damaged by formation of gypsum,thaumasite and sulfate crystallization products in southwest of China

The railway tunnel concrete lining exposed to sulfate-bearing groundwater beyond 40 years in southwest of China was investigated. Field investigation, sulfate ions content and corroded products analysis, macro/microscopic test were carried out. Results show that under the tunnel concrete lining structure and its served environmental conditions, sulfate solutions permeate concrete lining and accumulate on windward-side of concrete lining, resulting in the increase of sulfate ions content on windward-side and the diffusion of sulfate ions from windward-side to waterward-side, which cause the concrete lining of windward-side damaged seriously but the waterward-side of concrete lining is still in perfect condition. It is confirmed that structural characteristic of tunnel and environmental conditions lead to physical attack with the leaching of concrete and sodium sulfate crystallization as well as chemical corrosion with formation of gypsum in high sulfate concentration and formation of thaumasite in proper temperature rather than formation of ettringite. These achievements can provide academic and technical supports for understanding the deterioration mechanism of concrete lining as well as constructing railway tunnel under sulfate attack.

Research on Stress and Strength of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Drilling Shaft Lining in Thick Top Soils

High strength reinforced concrete drilling shaft linings have been adopted to solve the difficult problem of supporting coal drilling shafts penetrating through thick top soils. Through model experiments the stress and strength of such shaft linings are studied. The test results indicate that the load beating capacity of the shaft lining is very high and that the main factors affecting the load bearing capacity are the concrete strength, the ratio of lining thickness to inner radius and the reinforcement ratio. Based on the limit equilibrium conditions and the strength theory of concrete under multi-axial compressive stressed state, a formula for calculating the load-beating capacity of a high strength reinforced concrete shaft lining was obtained. Because the concrete in a shaft lining is in a multi-axial compressive stress state the compressive strength increases to a great extent compared to uni-axial loading. Based on experiment a formula for the gain factor in compressive strength was obtained： it can be used in the structural design of the shaft lining. These results have provided a basis for sound engineering practice when designing this kind of shaft lining structure.

Durability of Lining Concrete of Subsea Tunnel under Combined Action of Freeze-thaw Cycle and Carbonation

Through the fast freeze-thaw cycle test,accelerated carbonation test,and natural carbonation test,the durability performance of lining concrete under combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation were studied.The experimental results indicate that freeze-thaw cycle apparently accelerates the process of concrete carbonation and carbonation deteriorates the freeze resistance of concrete.Under the combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation,the durability of lining concrete decreases.The carbonation depth of lining concrete at tunnel openings under freeze-thaw cycles and tunnel condition was predicted.For the high performance concrete with proposed mix ratio,the lining concrete tends to be unsafe because predicted carbonation depth exceeds the thickness of reinforced concrete protective coating.Adopting other measurements simultaneously to improve the durability of lining concrete at the tunnel openings is essential.

Service Life Prediction of Lining Concrete of Subsea Tunnel under Combined Compressive Load and Carbonation

Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel is the second self-built tunnel in China with the designed service life over 100 years.The durability of lining concrete are one of an important factors to determinate the service life of tunnel.Considering the main environmental loads and mechanical loads of subsea tunnel,the durability properties of lining concrete under combined action of compressive load and carbonation has been studied through the critical compressive load test,accelerated carbonation test,natural carbonation test and capillary suction test.The tests results show that critical compressive load apparently accelerates the carbonation and deteriorates the anti-permeability of concrete.Under the combined action of critical compressive load and carbonation,the durability of lining concrete decreases.Based on the carbonization life criteria and research results,for the high-performance concrete with proposed mix ratio,the predicted service life of lining concrete for Jiaozhou bay subsea tunnel is about 80 years which fails to reach the required service life.It is necessary to adopt other measurements simultaneously to improve the durability of lining concrete.

Failure Patterns and Energy Analysis of Shaft Lining Concrete in Simulated Deep Underground Environments

The failure patterns and energy evolution of three types of shaft lining concrete subjected to static and dynamic loading were reported.The energy and damage characteristics of concrete were determined by means of a uniaxial hydraulic servo machine,acoustic emission (AE) equipment,a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and an ultrasonic wave analyser.The experimental results indicate that the confluence of multiple cracks forms a penetrating cross section in normal high-strength concrete (NHSC) under the condition of static loading,while the elastic energy that surges out at failure can cause tremendous damage when subjected to dynamic loading.A single crack was split into multiple propagation directions due to the presence of fibres in steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC);adding fibre to concrete should be an effective way to dissipate energy.The non-steam-cured reactive powder concrete (NSC-RPC) designed in this paper can store and dissipate more energy than normal concrete,as NSC-RPC exhibits a strong ability to resist impact.Applying NSC-RPC to the long-service material of a shaft lining structure in deep underground engineering is quite effective.

Effect of insufficient tunnel crown thickness on the post-tensioned concrete lining of the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel and its strengthening schemes

The effect of deficiency in tunnel crown thickness on the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel with post-tensioned concrete inner lining was investigated by the elasto-plastic finite element method. Changes in the deformations and circumferential stresses of the post-tensioned concrete inner lining with the gradual decrease of the tunnel crown thickness were compared, and the potential bearing risk of insufficient tunnel crown thickness for the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel was revealed. Based on the finite element calculation results of circumferential stresses under different defective cases, the corresponding reinforcement schemes were proposed. The calculation results show that the inner lining can still maintain a satisfactory stress state when the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0. 28 m. When the tunnel crown thickness decreases below 0.28 m, the external surface of the crown and internal surface of the crown＇s adjacent areas may be under tension. The tension stresses will incrementally increase and ultimately exceed the tensile strength of the inner lining concrete as the tunnel crown thickness further decreases gradually. Then, the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel cannot operate normally, and severe cracking, leaking or even failure may occur. When the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0.28 m, the reinforcement suggestions are that the void spaces between the inner lining and the outer lining should be back-filled with concrete. When the tunnel crown thickness is less than 0. 28 m, the inner lining should be reinforced by steel plates after concrete back-filling.

An expert system for diagnosing fire-caused damages to reinforced-concrete tunnel lining

During the last four decades, reinforced-concrete structure failures have been happening widely for many reasons, such as increased service loads, war accidents, fire, and durability problems. The economic losses due to those failures are very high. An expert system is an interactive computer-based decision tool that uses both facts and heuristics to solve difficult problems based on knowledge acquired from experts. To realize these requirements, a logic programming visual basic language is used together with visual diagnosis. The expert system, Diagnosis of Fire-Caused Damages to Reinforced-Concrete Tunnel Lining (DFCDRCTL) was developed in this work for diagnosing the annual damages caused by fire. The program is used as an alternative of a human expert to make annual technical decisions in diagnosing fire damages at the second reinforced-concrete tunnel lining segment. It is concluded that the proposed DFCDRCTL expert system is easy to use, and is fast and helpful for engineers.

On the treatment of thermal cracks in lining concrete of water conveyance system of Three Gorges Project permanent ship locks

A comprehensive investigation was performed for repairing the different types of cracks appearing on the surface or inside the concrete lining at various depths.The mate- rial properties used in grouting and two methods for crack repair were discussed in details, and consequently reliable repair measures were proposed and implemented.It is a better choice to adopt the hole-drilling method for the relatively regular crack.The grouting pres- sure should not be too high and it is generally between 0.4～0.6 MPa.For the second time grouting,the pressure maybe increased to 0.8 MPa.Other method is the pasting nozzles method which is more suitable for irregular cracks such as cracks with intensive density and crossing cracks.Its grouting pressure is generally between 0.6～1.0 MPa.The in-situ tests in Three Gorges Project demonstrate favorably the feasibility and applicability of the proposed methods for crack repair within the lining concrete.

Analysis and interpretation on the concrete quality of shaft lining by elastic wave technique

The quality problem of the concrete body and backwall grouting of shaft lining must be taken into consideration during the engineering construction of the shaft. Detection and evaluation are needed to determine the parameters such as the location and depth of drilling. The record of elastic wave can be gained through laying the surveying lines of the ring and ver- tical direction in the shaft lining by the elastic wave method. And specifically, through analyzing the different parameters of seismic attribute such as the velocity of high frequency reflection wave, amplitude and frequency, the abnormal range on the wall or under the wall can be forecasted. The concrete quality of shallow layer in the shaft lining can be evaluated through the velocity of surfer wave. Using the evaluating technique of comprehensive frequency and the phase feature of waveform, the basic features such as inner construction, wall back filling and failure depth of shaft lining can be interpreted from qualitatively to half quantitatively, and the interpreting section can be drawn. The results show that the detection effect for the shaft quality is significant by elastic wave technique, and the delineation of abnormal areas is accurate. Its guidance function is better for pro- duction.

Study on the propagation of interface crack of young concrete lining and rock under blasting load

In the construction of water conservancy and hydropower project,young concrete lining structure is often affected by blasting load. Young concrete has a lot of micro-fractures with random distribution,which are easier to propagate and connect under blasting load. This paper focuses on the calculation on dynamic stress intensity factors of bond interface crack of concrete-rock according to concrete age. Result shows that different incidence angles of stress wave lead to different crack propagation mechanisms. Under the normal incidence of impact load,the bonding interface crack propagation of the concrete lining is mainly caused by reflection tensile stress,which forms from the free surface. With horizontal incidence of stress wave,the bond interface crack propagation of concrete lining is affected by concrete age. With the increase of concrete age,the elasticity modulus margin between concrete and rock decreases gradually,and the crack propagation form changes from shear failure to tensile damage.

Torsional Behavior Design of UHPC Box Beams Based on Thin-Walled Tube Theory

This study proposed a prediction formula for the torsional strength enabling to reflect the tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) beams based upon the thin-walled tube theory. The remarkable ductile behavior of UHPC can also be attributed to the steel fiber reinforcement. This feature must be considered to provide rational explanation of the torsional behavior of UHPC structures. In this study, the proposed torsional design adopts a modified thin-walled tube theory so as to consider the tensile behavior of UHPC. And torsion test was conducted on thin-walled UHPC box beams to validate the proposed formula through comparison of the predicted torsional strength with the experimental results. The comparison of the predicted values of the cracking torque and torsional moment resistance with those observed in the torsional test of UHPC verified the validity of the design method. The contribution of the steel fibers to the torsional strength and cracking load was larger than that of the stirrups, but the stirrups appeared to contribute additionally to the torsional ductility. Accordingly, it is recommended that design should exploit effectively the contribution of the steel fiber rather than arrange a larger number of stirrups in UHPC structures subjected to torsion.

Ceramic Setting Phosphate Binders for Bonding Refractory Concretes

The ceramic setting binders obtained by means of the raw mix mechano-chemical processing(mechanical dispersion and chemical interaction processes combination), used for bonding refractory concretes, become more available with a subsequent increased interest in their properties because they develop initial strength during a heat up of the units within 8-10 h, in contrast to 24 h after placement for high Al_2O_3 cements(HAC). This strength development enables high temperature processing units to be relined with minimum turnaround time, thus providing a favored cost/performance ratio. The present paper identifies the predominant phosphate phases responsible for developing good mechanical-strength properties of zirconia and alumina concretes bonded with mechano-chemical binders. It sets out the colloid and crystalline phases resulted from interphase interaction that provide the basis for high concentrated bonding suspensions(HCBS) technology useful to the refractory industry.

Effects of Improving Durability of Concrete by AQUA CURTAIN Curing and Its Application m Development of the New Wet Curing Method

We report a wet curing system developed and made suitable for practical application to curing the interior and verticalconcrete surfaces of tunnel linings after the formwork has been removed. In this system, air is evacuated from the gap between the curing sheet and the concrete surface to create a close contact, and by supplying water to the space between the contacting surfaces, a water film is formed over the concrete surface. This enables the wet curing of vertical concrete surfaces and interior surfaces of tunnel linings after the formwork has been removed, a process that has to date been difficult. In this paper, the effects of wet curing on improving the durability of concrete are verified, and examples of the application of wet curing to actual structures are presented.

Function-Integrative Textile Reinforced Concrete Shells

This paper presents the development and technological implementation of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) shells with integrated functions, such as illumination and light control. In that regard the establishment of material, structural and technological foundations along the entire value chain are of central importance: From the light-weight design idea to the demonstrator and reference object, to the technological implementation for the transfer of the research results into practice. The development of the material included the requirement-oriented composition of a high-strength fine grained concrete with an integrated textile reinforcement, such as carbon knitted fabrics. Innovations in formwork solutions provide new possibilities for concrete constructions. So, a bionic optimized shape of the pavilion was developed, realized by four connected TRC-lightweight-shells. The thin-walled TRC-shells were manufactured with a formwork made of glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). An advantage of the GFRP-formwork is the freedom of design concerning the formwork shape. Moreover, an excellent concrete quality can be achieved, while the production of the precast concrete components is simple and efficient simultaneously. After the production the new TRC-shells were installed and assembled on the campus of TU-Chemnitz. A special feature of the research pavilions are the LED light strips integrated in the shell elements, providing homogeneous illumination.

Application of Fractal Theory in Brick-Concrete Structural Health Monitoring

In order to monitor and forecast the deformation of the brick-concrete building, by taking a brick-concrete building as research object, fiber grating sensors were used to collect the monitoring data and double logarithmic curve of limit value characteristic and monitoring data were obtained based on the fractal theory. Constant dimension fractal method cannot be used to analyze the data directly. With the method of variable dimension fractal, we accumulate data, and the double logarithmic curve is smooth. Piecewise fractal dimensions are close. The outer interpolation method is used to calculate the fractal dimension of the next point and then back calculate the vertical displacement. The relative errors are calculated by comparing the forecast values and monitoring values, and the maximum relative error is 5.76%. The result shows that the fractal theory is suitable to use in the forecast of the deformation and the accuracy is good.

水工高压隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌裂缝开度数值模拟方法研究

水工高压隧洞常以裂缝最大宽度作为钢筋混凝土衬砌设计的控制标准,但针对大洞径、高水头隧洞的裂缝最大宽度计算,公式法存在一些局限性。许多专家学者尝试将数值模拟方法应用至衬砌裂缝宽度计算当中,但难以统筹考虑钢筋混凝土粘结滑移、裂缝开裂后的应力重分布等多重因素的影响。基于此,提出一种通过损伤模型指导布设虚拟裂缝单元以反应裂缝特征的方法,即首先利用考虑粘结滑移的混凝土损伤模型模拟钢筋混凝土联合作用下衬砌混凝土损伤随着荷载施加发展的过程,进一步对损伤集中区域增设虚拟裂缝单元以计算裂缝开展过程。经对比,采用该方法计算得到的裂缝最大宽度、发展规律与分布情况与既有文献相似,且计算收敛性好,实现了通过有限元算法精确且高效地直接得到衬砌裂缝宽度,在设计与运行安全预测方面具有较大的应用价值。

隧道高强衬砌混凝土水化热与温度调控技术研究

以辽宁省某隧道工程为依托,采用数值模拟方法研究了隧道高强衬砌混凝土的水化热,分析了其内部温度的变化规律,采用极差、方差分析方法研究了冷却水管的流量、入流温度和直径3个因素对混凝土水化热的影响。结果表明:冷却水管的3个因素对混凝土水化热的影响程度依次为:入流温度>直径>流量;温度调控建议冷却水管设置间距为1 m、流量为1.2 m3/h、入流温度为20℃、直径为30 mm,该控温措施有助于降低混凝土的内外温差,有效预防温度裂缝的产生,从而提高隧道高强衬砌混凝土结构的安全性和耐久性能。

基于CDP模型对预制衬砌管片抗弯性能试验的数值模拟

抗弯性能是预制混凝土衬砌管片的重要力学性能指标之一,直接影响地铁隧道的整体安全性和使用寿命。根据相关规范要求,通过单块管片的抗弯性能试验,现场量测试验构件的荷载、位移与裂缝宽度数据,评价管片的抗弯性能。混凝土材料受力过程中有复杂的非线性特性,可以通过混凝土塑性损伤因子较好地进行模拟。在ABAQUS中建立单块管片的三维模型,模拟抗弯性能试验加载全过程。通过试验结果与数值模拟结果的对比,两者吻合良好,验证了数值模型各参数取值的可行性,为该模型更广泛的应用提供了参考。

水利渠道改造工程钢筋混凝土衬砌施工技术

作为农业生产大国,我国建设了大量水利渠道工程项目,但部分渠道存在严重渗漏现象,急需进行改造施工。首先对某水利渠道改造工程案例进行简要分析,然后从砂砾垫层施工、复合土工膜铺设、压面和切缝处理等施工技术要点。最后分析了渠道钢筋混凝土衬砌具体的施工流程。项目完工后对衬砌关键性能指标进行测验,发现所有性能指标均达到了预期效果,本工程积累的施工技术经验可以为其他类似工程项目提供经验借鉴。