Elimination of the yellow pigment gene PSY-E2 tightly linked to the Fusarium head blight resistance gene Fhb7 from Thinopyrum ponticum

Fhb7 is a major gene that was transferred from Thinopyrum ponticum to chromosome 7D of wheat(Triticum aestivum)and confers resistance to both Fusarium head blight(FHB)and Fusarium crown rot(FCR).However,Fhb7 is tightly linked to the PSY-E2 gene,which causes yellow flour,limiting its application in breeding.To break this linkage,marker K-PSY was developed for tagging PSY-E2 and used with Fhb7 markers to identify recombination between the two genes.Screening 21,000 BC1F2 backcross progeny(Chinese Spring ph1bph1b*2/SDAU 2028)revealed two Fhb7^(+)wheat-Tp7el_(2)L lines,Shannong 2–16and Shannong 16–1,that carry a desired truncated Fhb7^(+)translocation segment without PSY-E2.The two lines show levels of resistance to FHB and FCR similar to those of the original translocation line SDAU 2028,but have white flour.To facilitate Fhb7 use in wheat breeding,STS markers were developed and used to isolate Fhb7 on a truncated Tp7el_(2) translocation segment.Near-isogenic lines carrying the Fhb7^(+)segment were generated in the backgrounds of three commercial cultivars,and Fhb7^(+)lines showed increased FHB and FCR resistance without yield penalty.The breakage of the tight linkage between Fhb7 and PSY-E2 via homoeologous recombination provides genetic resources for improvement of wheat resistance to FHB and FCR and permit the large-scale deployment of Fhb7 in breeding using marker-assisted selection.

长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)幼苗对盐旱胁迫的生理响应

盐渍土主要分布于干旱、半干旱地区,植物的生长同时受到旱和盐的胁迫。本研究以长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)为材料,采用盆栽方法,探究了盐、旱及其互作对长穗偃麦草幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,以期为长穗偃麦草在盐碱地的种植提供理论依据。试验设置4个土壤含盐量水平:0 g·kg^(−1)、4 g·kg^(−1)、8 g·kg^(−1)和12 g·kg^(−1);3个干旱水平:土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~85%(常规灌水)、55%~65%(中度干旱)和35%~45%(重度干旱),共12个处理,以常规灌水和无NaCl添加为对照。试验测定了长穗偃麦草幼苗的生物量及叶绿素SPAD值、光合参数、抗氧化物酶活性和地上、地下部Na^(+)、K^(+)含量。结果表明:干旱胁迫和盐胁迫均可使长穗偃麦草的生长受到抑制,但盐旱互作可提高根/冠比,长穗偃麦草仍可在重度干旱和高盐胁迫(12 g·kg^(−1))下存活。干旱或盐胁迫使长穗偃麦草叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率下降,但这些指标在盐旱互作下高于常规灌水下的同一盐分处理。适当的盐分和干旱胁迫提高长穗偃麦草叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,高盐则降低;重度干旱和高盐胁迫提高了叶片MDA含量。长穗偃麦草地上部Na^(+)、K^(+)含量和K^(+)/Na^(+)比高于根部;干旱和盐分胁迫下,长穗偃麦草根部和地上部Na^(+)含量增加,K^(+)含量减少但依然维持在较高水平,干旱处理显著提高了盐胁迫下根部Na^(+)含量,但根部K^(+)/Na^(+)相对稳定,地上部K^(+)/Na^(+)显著下降。上述结果表明,长穗偃麦草在重度干旱和高盐胁迫下的存活特征可能与其具有发达的根系、高根/冠、完善的抗氧化系统以及根系Na^(+)积累和根系稳定的K^(+)/Na^(+)有关,但要获得一定的生物量仍需要适度的干旱和低盐条件。

Molecular Mapping of Two Novel Stripe Rust Resistant Genes YrTp1 and YrTp2 in A-3 Derived from Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum

Loss of variety resistance to stripe rust （Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp.tritici） is an important factor causing massive periodical epidemic of rust in wheat production. Creation and development of new races of rust pathogen have led to serious crisis of resistance loss in widely planted varieties. This has quickened the search for new resistance resources. Molecular marker could facilitate the identification of the location of novel genes. A line A-3 with high resistance （immune） to currently epidemic yellow rust races （CY29, 31, 32） was screened out in offspring of Triticum aestivura x Thinopyrum ponticum. Segregation in F2 and BC1 populations indicated that the resistance was controlled by two independent genes： one dominant and one recessive. SSR markers were employed to map the two resistant genes in the F2 and BC1 populations. A marker WMC477-167bp located on 2BS was linked to the dominant gene with genetic distance of 0.4 cM. Another marker WMC364-2os bp located on 7BS was linked to the recessive-resistant gene with genetic distance of 5.8 cM. The two genes identified in this paper might be two novel stripe rust resistant genes, which were temporarily designated as YrTpl and YrTp2, respectively. The tightly linking markers facilitate transfer of the two resistant genes into the new varieties to control epidemic of yellow rust.

长穗薄冰草(Thinopyrum ponticum)对盐碱胁迫的生理响应

实验采用不同浓度(以于土重0.3%、0.5%、0.7%和0.9%计)Na_2SO_4、NaCl、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3,Na_2SO_4:NaCl=1:1、NaHCO_3:Na_2CO_3=1:1和Na_2SO_4:NaCl:NaHCO_3:Na_2CO_3=1:1:1:1对长穗薄冰草进行胁迫,研究长穗薄冰草对盐碱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:根系活力、SOD活性随盐碱浓度的增加逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量除Na_2SO_4处理组外,呈先上升后下降的趋势。其中碱性盐(NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3、NaHCO_3:Na_2CO_3=1:1、Na_2SO_4:NaCl:NaHCO_3:Na_2CO_3=1:1:1:1)对长穗薄冰草的胁变效应较中性盐(Na_2SO_4、NaCl、Na_2SO_4:NaCl=1:1)大,以Na_2SO_4处理组对长穗薄冰草的影响最小,0.7%Na_2CO_3是长穗薄冰草正常生长的临界浓度。

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization and Stem Rust Resistance of Five Wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum Partial Amphiploids

Partial amphiploids created by crossing common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and Thinopyrum ponticum （Podp.） Barkworth ＆ D. R. Dewey are important intermediates in wheat breeding because of their resistance to major wheat diseases. In this study, we examined the chromosome compositions of five Xiaoyan-series wheat-Th, ponticum partial amphiploids （Xiaoyan 68, Xiaoyan 693, Xiaoyan 784, Xiaoyan 7430, and Xiaoyan 7631） using GISH, multicolor-GISH, and multicolor-FISH. We found several chromosome changes in these lines. For example, wheat chromosomes 1B and 2B were added in Xiaoyan 68 and Xiaoyan 7430, respectively, while wheat chromosome 6B was eliminated from Xiaoyan 693 and Xiaoyan 7631. Chromosome rearrangements were also detected in these amphiploids, including an interspecific translocation involving chromosome 4D and some intergenomic translocations, such as A--B and A--D translocations, among wheat genomes. Analysis of the Th. ponticum chromosomes in the amphiploids showed that some lines shared the same alien chromosomes. We also evaluated these partial amphiploids for resistance to nine races of stem rust, including TTKSK （commonly known as Ug99）. Three lines, Xiaoyan 68, Xiaoyan 784, and Xiaoyan 7430, exhibited excellent resistance to all nine races, and could therefore be valuable sources of stem rust resistance in wheat breeding.

西农979中长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)的遗传成分分析

西农979是我国黄淮麦区优质高产、早熟耐寒兼抗赤霉病的小麦新品种。十倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)7E染色体携带有抗赤霉病和抗叶锈病等多种抗性基因。为明确西农979品种的遗传基础,以西农979及其主要供体亲本小偃6号、早优504、陕229、陕213和西农881为材料进行系谱分析,结果表明,西农979及其主要供体亲本陕229、陕213、西农881均为小偃6号的衍生系;小偃6号是十倍体长穗偃麦草的衍生系。在此基础上,利用十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上106个特异分子标记进行分析,发现有6个标记在西农979和小偃6号中扩增出了十倍体长穗偃麦草的特异片段,西农979和小偃6号均携带有十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体短臂上分子标记Xwmc653-Xwmc809之间的75.10～77.46cM区段,标记Xcfd31-Xgwm350之间的86.16～87.32cM区段,以及7E染色体长臂标记Xmag1932-Xdauk144之间的147.71～149.51cM区段。结果表明,西农979携带的十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上的遗传物质源自小偃6号,这为进一步研究和利用西农979提供了理论参考。

Rehabilitation of Semi-Arid Grasslands through the Perennialization of Lots by Implementing Perennial Forage Exotic Grass

Argentina is the country with the highest proportion of arid and semi-arid ecosystems in Latin America.In the rangelands of Southwestern Buenos Aires(Patagones Department),there is a clear advancement of the agricultural frontier to the detriment of the native forest in this region.Due to rainfall variation and seed acquisition,Thinopyrum ponticum is cultivated as a forage perennial crop in this region.Our objective was to evaluate the performance of T.ponticum as a facilitating crop for the medium-term rehabilitation of natural grasslands in semi-arid areas.The working hypotheses were that:1)native perennial grass cover increases over the years and 2)diversity and specific richness of the vegetation are enhanced by the duration of Tall Wheatgrass implantation.Data were collected from commercial plots where T.ponticum was shown:recent implantation(5–8 years,RI);medium implantation(13–15 years,MI);and old implantation(20–22 years,OI).Thirty-four species were identified and classified into seven functional groups:Annual grasses,annual herbs,perennial herbs,exotic perennial herbs,perennial forage grasses,exotic perennial forage grasses,perennial forage exotic grasses,and nonforage perennial grasses.Thinopyrum ponticum’s total cover was between RI and OI.Total cover,species richness,and Shannon-Weaver diversity index showed no differences among treatments.Perennial forage grasses exhibited higher cover values in sites with greater implantation age and annual grasses showed the opposite response.Our results indicated that T.ponticum does not invade the sampled plots and enhances the colonization of the planted plots by perennial forage native species.However,even though the herbaceous cover had been recovered,the woody layer which could provide environmental services and specific values for conservation was not.

小偃麦的创制及应用研究进展

偃麦草属是小麦近缘种属中应用较为广泛的野生资源之一,作为小麦遗传改良和种质创新的重要基因源,在创制小麦桥梁材料和遗传育种方面发挥了重要作用。小偃麦创制工作始于20世纪20年代,是通过远缘杂交,将偃麦草属植物的染色体或染色体组遗传成分导入到普通小麦中,培育小偃麦(部分)双二倍体、异附加系、异代换系、易位系和渐渗系。小偃麦(部分)双二倍体主要是八倍体小偃麦(AABBDDXX, 2n=8x=56)和六倍体小偃麦(AABBXX,2n=6x=42),来源于偃麦草的染色体组(XX)多为混合染色体组(异源染色体组)。我国自20世纪50年代开始小麦与偃麦草远缘杂交工作,创制了类型丰富的小偃麦,在小麦抗病研究和新种质创制方面表现突出,在此基础上培育出一系列高产优质的小麦品种。小偃麦创制过程中,中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth&D. R. Dewey)和3种长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D. R.Dewey×ponticum(Podp.) Barkworth&D. R. Dewey)因易于同小麦杂交,具有抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱、抗小麦多种病虫害等特性,成为创制小偃麦的主要亲本来源,应用范围最广。本研究从5部分综述小偃麦的创制与应用研究进展,旨在为小偃麦的研发利用和小麦遗传资源创新提供科学依据。

小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草双重异代换系的分子细胞遗传学及抗条锈病鉴定

十倍体长穗偃麦草[Thinopyrum ponticum(Popd.)Barkworth and Dewey]具有抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱、茎秆粗壮、穗长花多等优异性状,是小麦遗传改良的重要基因资源。本课题组从小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草的杂交后代中筛选出一份抗条锈病的衍生系CH18067,本研究对其进行形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗条锈病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,CH18067的体细胞染色体数目为42条,在减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,在减数分裂后期Ⅰ同源染色体可均等分离,表明其细胞学遗传稳定。利用寡核苷酸探针Oligo-pTa535(红色)和Oligo-pSc119.2(绿色)对CH18067进行FISH鉴定,结果显示,CH18067缺失小麦2D和4D染色体,同时含有2对具有特殊带型的染色体;通过对CH18067进行FISH-GISH、mc-GISH、液相芯片以及染色体核型分析,发现2对具有特殊带型的染色体中,在长臂和短臂末端均呈现Oligo-pTa535探针红色带型的染色体为十倍体长穗偃麦草的2J染色体,在着丝粒位置和长臂末端均呈现Oligo-pTa535探针红色带型的染色体为十倍体长穗偃麦草的4J^(S)染色体,说明CH18067为小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草2J(2D)+4J^(S)(4D)双重异代换系。在第二部分同源群和第四部分同源群分别筛选出3个特异性标记,可用于追踪小麦遗传背景中长穗偃麦草的2J和4J^(S)染色体。形态学和条锈病抗性鉴定结果显示,CH18067具有矮秆、长粒等特性,且在成株期高抗小麦条锈病。以上结果表明,CH18067可作为小麦条锈病抗性育种和遗传研究的候选种质。

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a DFR from Developing Seeds of Blue-grained Wheat in Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway

Blue-grained wheat derived from the hybrid Triticum aestivum L. X Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth et D. R. Dewey (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv., 2n=70). The molecular biological mechanism of the biosynthetic pathway of blue pigments in the blue grain remains unclear yet. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is one of the key enzymes controlling flavonoid synthesis in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and may directly participate in the formation of blue pigment in the aleurone layer of blue-grained wheat. Here we cloned a DFR cDNA (TaDFR) from the developing seeds of blue-grained wheat, and four DFR genomic DNAs from Th. ponticum (ThpDFR.t), blue-grained wheat (TaDFR.bg), white-grained offspring of light blue-grained wheat (TaDFR.wg) and Chinese Spring (2n=42) (TaDFR.csg), respectively. TaDFR cDNA encodes a 354 amino-acids polypeptide with high identity to DFR from Hordeum vulgare L. (94%), Oryza sativa L. (83%), Zea mays L.(84%). The result of cluster analysis showed that TaDFR cDNA nucleotide sequence has 100% identity with that of TaDFR.csg. The four DFR genomic DNAs have extraordinary high homology and each has three introns. The differences of the four DFR genomic DNAs mainly exist in introns. Southern blotting analysis showed that there are at least 3-5 DFR copies in wheat, the copy numbers in different color grain wheats are not significantly different. The hybridization band patterns were the same, but different from that of Th. ponticum. DFR in blue-grained wheat belongs to a DFR superfamily. Northern blotting analysis indicated that the DFR expressed in the developing seeds of both blue- and white-grained wheat at 15 d after flowering (DAF), the mRNA levels of DFR reached the highest at 18 DAF, then declined quickly and disappeared at 33 DAF But the expression levels in blue-grained seeds were higher than that in white grain at the same seed developing stages. DFR transcripts accumulated in young leaves, and leaf sheaths of blue- and white-grained wheat and Th ponticum, but not detected in roots from different color wheats and developing seeds of Th. ponticum. Results indicated that there may exist some regulatory gene(s) which can increase the expression of DFR in the aleurone layer of blue-grained wheat, and thus resulting in the formation of blue pigments.

A-3中抗条锈新基因YrTp1和YrTp2的分子标记定位分析

目的半个多世纪的中国小麦育种史基本是育种家与条锈病的赛跑史。因此,筛选、鉴定、储备和利用新抗源是我国育种和资源研究中的一个长远战略性课题。方法利用小麦条锈菌条中31、32号生理小种,对来自小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草[Thinopyrumponticum(Host)Liu&Wang]的杂交后代材料A-3进行抗性遗传分析。用荧光SSR分子标记技术,鉴定所携带抗条锈病基因是否为新基因,并对其进行染色体定位研究。结果遗传分析表明,A-3对条中31号和32号的抗性由一显一隐2对基因控制。经过对196对微卫星引物的筛选,发现2B染色体短臂上的WMC477-167bp与显性基因紧密连锁,遗传距离为0.4cM,将该显性基因定位于2BS上;7B染色体短臂上的WMC364-208bp与隐性基因连锁,遗传距离为5.8cM。图位比较、系谱分析和抗谱分析表明,A-3所含抗条锈基因不同于已知抗条锈基因,暂定名为YrTp1和YrTp2。结论可利用A-3中与条锈病抗性紧密连锁的分子标记YrTp1和YrTp2将抗性基因转移到主栽品种中,在小麦育种和生产上发挥作用。

小麦-偃麦草杂种后代及小麦种质资源对纹枯病的抗性

为鉴定小麦-偃麦草杂种后代以及我国小麦品种和育种中间品系对纹枯病的抗性,并且解析偃麦草染色体与纹枯病抗性的关系,在徐州和南京两个试点,采用田间病圃法对321份普通小麦品种或品系和56份小麦-偃麦草杂种后代材料进行了纹枯病抗性鉴定。在徐州试点没有发现高抗纹枯病的种质,但是有52份材料表现中抗反应型,包括34份普通小麦材料,其中萧农8506-1、小偃81、冀植4001、农大195、徐州8913和京东3066A-3的相对抗病指数高于0.7。在南京试点,全部普通小麦材料都不抗纹枯病,只有5份小麦-偃麦草种质表现中抗反应型。部分小麦-偃麦草种质的病情指数不但显著低于感病对照品种苏麦3号和扬麦158,而且还低于抗病对照品种安农8455和宁麦9号,如小麦-中间偃麦草4Ai#2或4Ai#2S附加系、代换系和易位系材料TA3513、TA3516、TA3517和TA3519及小麦-长穗偃麦草第4部分同源群染色体代换系SS767,说明中间偃麦草4Ai#2染色体和长穗偃麦草4J染色体可能与纹枯病病情指数降低有关。基因组原位杂交分析结果表明,4Ai#2染色体属中间偃麦草的Js基因组,而长穗偃麦草与纹枯病抗性相关的第4部分同源群染色体属J基因组。虽然纹枯病与眼斑病的发病部位和症状非常相似,但抗眼斑病基因Pch1(Madsen)和Pch2(Cappelle-Desprez)对纹枯病无效。

普通小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草衍生新品种抗赤霉病基因的分子鉴别

【目的】赤霉病(Fusarium head blight,FHB)是世界范围内严重危害小麦生产的病害之一。十倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)具有优良的赤霉病抗性,普通小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草衍生新品种西农509、西农511和西农529在田间展现出较强的赤霉病抗性。本文旨在对这3个品种的赤霉病抗性基因进行分子鉴别,为它们在小麦赤霉病抗性遗传改良中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】通过赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)人工接种鉴定,明确3个小麦新品种对赤霉病的抗性水平。利用偃麦草E组染色体(臂)第1—7同源群的特异引物对3个普通小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草衍生新品种及其主要亲本小偃693、小偃597和十倍体长穗偃麦草进行分子鉴定,确定其长穗偃麦草的遗传区段。利用与长穗偃麦草7EL染色体上抗赤霉病基因Fhb7紧密连锁的标记对实验材料进行分析,明确该抗性基因与Fhb7的关系。【结果】鉴定结果表明,西农509、西农529和西农511的赤霉病抗性与中抗对照品种扬麦158的抗性水平相当,表现为中抗。105个长穗偃麦草E基因组特异标记中有7个在3个新品种中均能扩增出长穗偃麦草的特异条带,其中5个标记定位于7EL染色体臂上,2个标记定位于7ES染色体臂上。利用97个定位于7E染色体的特异标记进一步对小偃693、小偃597和3个新品种的遗传片段进行鉴别,结果表明20个标记能在5个长穗偃麦草衍生品种(系)扩增出稳定的十倍体长穗偃麦草的特异条带,其中包括与Fhb7紧密连锁的Xsdau K8、Xsdau K144、Xsdau K27、Xsdau K99、Xcfa2040和Xsdau K116等6个标记(7EL 149.00—7EL 153.77),即表明该区段源自于十倍体长穗偃麦草,跨距约89 c M。然而,已报道的7EL染色体臂末端与Fhb7两侧紧密连锁的分子标记Xsdau K60(7EL 153.77)、Xmag1932(7EL 154.70)、Xcfa2240(7EL 156.27)、Xsdau K66(7EL 158.02)、Xsdau K71(7EL 158.97)和Xsews19(7EL 160.00)等在3个新品种及小偃597中均没检出长穗偃麦草的特异条带。【结论】普通小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草衍生新品种西农509、西农511和西农529具有较好的赤霉病抗性,携带来自于十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体的遗传区段,然而该抗赤霉病基因不同于Fhb7。

小麦-十倍体长穗偃麦草广谱抗锈易位系的鉴定及分析

【目的】从普通小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草的杂交、回交后代中,获得对小麦条锈病流行混合小种具有广谱抗性的新种质。【方法】对普通小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草的杂交、回交后代材料进行条锈病鉴定、农艺性状调查、分子细胞学和品质相关性状分析。【结果】这批材料在苗期普遍表现为轻度感病,但成株后则完全高抗或免疫,对8份材料进行了连续三年的人工接种鉴定,抗性表现十分稳定。对多种致病小种具有很好的抗性,根尖细胞染色体条数均稳定在42条,农艺性状良好。原位杂交分析显示这些材料中含有同一个易位片段,即在4DS末端有一来自长穗偃麦草St基因组的小片段易位,其中一个品系(GDR3)还携带一个未能准确定位的小片段易位,该材料对混合小种的抗性优于其它材料。推测这2个小片段易位上均含有新的抗条锈病基因。高分子量麦谷蛋白分析表明,这批材料均含有优质亚基14+15。【结论】与小麦相比,其野生近缘物种中可能含有更多的广谱抗性基因,是其在恶劣自然环境下生存的遗传基础,也为小麦抗病育种提供了新抗源。

长穗偃麦草DREB类基因EeAP2.2的克隆与序列分析

结合RACE和Genome Walking技术从十倍体长穗偃麦草中克隆了AP2家族的一个全长cDNA序列,命名为Ee-AP2.2。序列分析表明,该基因具有一个837bp的开放阅读框,编码279个氨基酸残基,含有一个保守的AP2结构域,是AP2大家族的一个新成员。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与GenBank已有的普通小麦AP2家族两个同源基因编码蛋白TaDREB1和TaDREBW50(登录号分别为:AAL01124.1和AAY44605.1)具有98%的氨基酸序列一致性,与大麦AP2蛋白HvDREB1-a(登录号AAY25517.1)、高羊茅AP2蛋白FaDREB2A(登录号CAG30547.1)及水稻OsDREB2.2(登录号AY064403)的氨基酸序列一致性分别为93%、86%和69%。说明该基因与小麦AP2家族基因的同源性最高。本研究除获得了长穗偃麦草一个重要抗逆转录因子基因EeAP2.2的全长cDNA序列外,也提供了一种快速、有效克隆功能基因的方法。

源于长穗偃麦草的小麦新品系CH7034抗白粉病基因的染色体定位

CH7034是一个兼抗小麦白粉病和条锈病的新种质材料,通过普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦"小偃7430"杂交、回交选育而成。为明确其白粉病抗性的遗传机制及抗性基因的染色体位置,用小麦高感品系"SY95-71"与CH7034杂交,所获F1、F2及其双亲在温室用白粉病E09菌系的15号小种接种,对CH7034的白粉病抗性进行鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明,无论是苗期还是成株期,CH7034对白粉病菌均表现为免疫,且具有与其抗性供体小偃7430及野生亲本长穗偃麦草相似的白粉病抗性,F1代抗病反应型为0或0'级,F2代抗感分离比符合R:S=3:1,说明CH7034抗性受显性单基因控制。用307对小麦微卫星引物对一个148株的F2群体进行分析,发现小麦微卫星标记Xgwm311与抗病基因连锁,遗传距离为12.4cM。用中国春缺—四体和双端体材料进一步验证与抗病相关的片段位于2A染色体的长臂上,进而将CH7034所含的抗白粉病基因定位于小麦的2AL上。

小麦与彭梯卡偃麦草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究──Ⅱ．来自小麦和彭梯卡（长穗）偃麦草及中间偃麦草杂种后代11个八倍体小偃麦的比较研究

利用染色体配对分析和酯酶及种子醇溶蛋白电泳分析研究了我国育成的１１个八倍体小偃麦，结果表明：（ａ）来源于小麦和中间偃麦草杂交后代的６个部分双二倍体中，中１和中２的偃麦草染色体组不同于中３、中４、中５和小偃７８８２９的偃麦草染色体组；（ｂ）来源于小麦和长穗偃麦草杂交后代的５个部分双二倍体中，小偃７８４的偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的偃麦草染色体组，表明在长穗偃麦草中有两个互不相同又不同于小麦的染色体组Ｅ和Ｆ，而小偃７４３０和小偃６８中的偃麦草染色体组很可能是Ｅ和Ｆ染色体组的重组体；（ｃ）小偃７８４中的长穗偃麦草染色体组和中５及小偃７８８２９中的中间偃麦草染色体组基本相同，而中２的中间偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的长穗偃麦草染色体组Ｆ，这意味着在长穗偃麦草和中间偃麦草中可能只有一个共同的染色体组Ｅ。部分双二倍体中酯酶及醇溶蛋白偃麦草染色体特征带的存在和发现，为这些染色体或其片段导入小麦后的鉴定提供了方便。

小麦和彭梯卡偃麦草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究——Ⅰ.彭梯卡偃麦草及其与普通小麦和硬粒小麦杂种F_1的染色体配对

花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体配对观察发现,长穗偃麦草平均染色体配对构型为:27.65Ⅱ(20—35)+1.15Ⅲ(0—4)+1.22IⅤ(0—4)+0.42Ⅴ(0—2)+0.43Ⅵ(0—2)+0.20Ⅶ(0—1)+0.06Ⅷ(0—1)+0.021Ⅹ(0—1)+0.75Ⅰ(0—5)。大量多价体的出现说明在Th.ponticum中必然存在着染色体组重复。小麦和长穗偃麦草杂种F_1根尖细胞及花粉母细胞染色体醋酸洋红N-带分析发现在Th.ponticum中并无B染色体组存在,并且在杂种F_1花粉母细胞中显带的B组染色体很少参与配对。普通小麦品种Fukuho和“中国春”与Th.ponticum杂种F_1的染色体配对构型分别为:16.40Ⅱ(6—12)+2.78Ⅲ(0—6)+0.55Ⅳ(0—3)+0.25Ⅴ(O—3)+10.87Ⅰ(5—19)和14.73Ⅱ(7—20)+3.12Ⅲ(0—6)+0.67Ⅳ(0—2)+0.63Ⅴ(0—5)+11.19Ⅰ(4—17)。综合两个小麦品种与Th.ponticum杂种染色体配对资料发现20.5%的花粉母细胞中单价体数小于7,表明在Th.ponticum中有与小麦极为相近的染色体组。硬粒小麦品系DR147和该偃麦草杂种F_1花粉母细胞染色体配对构型为:11.92Ⅱ(5—18)+2.14Ⅲ(0—5)+0.54Ⅳ(0—3)+0.41Ⅴ(0—2)+14.93Ⅰ(9—25)。T.aestivum×Th.ponticum F_1由于比T.durum×Th.ponticum F_1多了一个D染色体组,使前者配对染色体数比后者增加了约11条,表明Th.

普通小麦-长穗偃麦草杂交后代的细胞学分析

研究证明在作物进化和育种过程中，自然选择和人工选择导致作物的遗传多样性降低。当前中国小麦育种在不断引进国外资源的同时，着力挖掘和利用小麦野生近缘种属的重要基因，已成为拓宽中国小麦育成品种的遗传基础和进行小麦遗传改良的重要途径。

普通小麦与长穗偃麦草杂种及其衍生材料的细胞遗传学特性

对十倍体长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）与普通小麦杂交F1及其与普通小麦回交BC1F1的形态学和细胞学特性进行了分析。结果表明,长穗偃麦草与普通小麦‘兰考矮早八’衍生F1（‘兰考小偃麦’）的根尖细胞染色体数为56条;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型平均值为19.81Ⅰ＋15.78Ⅱ＋0.75Ⅲ＋0.59Ⅳ;基因组荧光原位杂交（GISH）显示,兰考小偃麦中含有35条完整的长穗偃麦草和21条小麦染色体。‘兰考小偃麦’/‘科育818’和‘兰考小偃麦’/‘Cp02-3-5-5’杂交F1的根尖细胞染色体数及其所遗传的长穗偃麦草染色体数分别为50~52和16~22条,且存在染色体易位;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均染色体构型为14.54Ⅰ＋17.40Ⅱ＋0.55Ⅲ＋0.14Ⅳ,平均49.4%的细胞出现多价体（三价体或四价体）。这些材料为创造小麦-长穗偃麦草新种质奠定了基础。