Mobilizing the seed storage oil in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) can supply energy for seed germination and early seedling growth and apply as TAGs breakdown marker

Milk thistle(Silybum marianum)is a crucial medicinal plant containing a large amount of oil.In the study,the changes in storage oil during seed germination and seedling transition from heterotrophic phases were investigated.The results showed that seed oil decreased from 19.53%to 0.88%on the 7th day of seedling development.Oil hydrolysis continued until the 4th day of germination with a low slope,but then increased the use of oils in seed germination end seedling growth metabolism.The results indicated that the quantitative changes in fatty acids,presented at lower amount,were relatively higher than dominant fatty acids.There were decreasing phenolic content in the developing seedlings,but overall,lowest level of total phenolic content can be attributed to the control(30.52 mg⋅100 g⋅Oil^(-1)).In contrast,the maximum peroxide value(2.58 meq⋅kg Oil^(-1))in the developing seedling was observed on the last day of the experiment.The results showed that there was a significant correlation between saturated fatty acid,unsaturated fatty acid,and lipase activity.However,the correlation between lipase activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher than between lipase activity and monounsaturated fatty acids(R^(2)=90%and R^(2)=77%,respectively).Therefore,the lipolysis process acts selectively in milk thistle oils.According to the results,C12:0 exhibits a greater impact on the early seedling growth rather than on the germination process and is one of the determining factors in the transition from heterotroph to autotroph.Also,it can be a marker for TAGs breakdown.

Inhibition of advanced glycation endproducts formation by Korean thistle,Cirsium maackii

Objective:To evaluate inhibitoy potential of seven Korean thistles against the advanced glyeatinn endproducts(AGE) formation as well as to identify responsible compounds from the most active species.Methods:We used an in vitro AGE inhibition assay to evaluate the antidiabetic complication potential of the methanol extracts of the selected Korean thistles.Results:Among the seven Korean thistles,the leaves of Cirsium maackii(C.maackii) exhibited the most significant inhibitory activity against AGE formation.By means of bioassay-directed fractionation,a lignan.chlorogenic acid and 14 flavonoids were isolated from the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction of a methanol extract from C.maackii leaves.Luteolin and its 5-O-glueoside have been previously isolated:however,a lignan and 13 known compounds were isolated for the first lime from C maackii leaves in this study.Most of the isolated compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against potential AGE formation.Among them,cernuoside was shown to be the most potent AGE inhibitor with an IC_(50) value of 21.21 μ mol/L.Most importantly,two major flavonoids,luteolin and ils 5-O-glucoside,also significantly inhibited AGE formation,with IC_(50) values of36.33 and 37.47 μmol/L,respectively.Structure activity relationship revealed that the presence of free 3'and 4' dihydroxyl group in flavonoids skeleton played an important role in AGE inhibition.Conclusions:These results indicate that C.maackii and C maackii-derived flavonoids might be explored further to develop therapeutic agents for the prevention of diabetic eoniplicalions due to their significant inhibitory activity against AGE formation.

Biological in Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Milk Thistle Seed Oil

The milk thistle plant is one of the famous plants that have been gaining popularity for its therapeutic potential for centuries. Milk thistle seed oil (MTSO) has been subjected to extensive research. The fixed oil was extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) using petroleum ether as a solvent by a soxhlet device. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical composition of the oil. The antioxidant activity of MTSO was tested by the ABTS method, which showed the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. In addition, antimicrobial and antifungal investigations were examined. It proved that MTSO has an inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and antifungal effects (Candida albicans). MTSO has a slightly higher effectiveness against fungi than bacteria. Moreover, the cytotoxic activities of the oil on hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma were examined. MTSO has shown a moderate cytotoxic effect on the HCT-116 cell line and a weak effect on HePG-2. Whereas;in vivo study has been done on five diagnosed patients who have impaired liver function, and were recruited for the study. Their weight ranged from 100 ± 30 kg, their age range was between 39 - 50 years. Each patient was given ten drops of MTSO daily and added to a little water for a four-week study period. MTSO has effects to improve the function of the injured liver. The present work aims to study Milk thistle seed oil, for estimating its pharmacological properties for the liver. This study focused on showing the importance of milk thistle seed oil in our lives as a source of antioxidants, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, and as an anti-cancer of the liver and colon. It also sheds light on its importance as a treatment for impaired liver, function and fatty liver, due to its improvement in all liver function markers, so it can be hired as an effective human therapy.

Detecting Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) Infestation Using a Target Recognition Algorithm

The outbreaks of invasive plant species can cause great ecological and agronomic problems through aggressively competing for environmental resources that could be otherwise utilized by other desirable species. Thus, it is crucial for detecting small infestations before they reach a significant extent that can cause ecological and economic damages over a large geological area. Remote sensing is a proven method for mapping invasion extent and pattern based on geospatial imagery and indicated great repeatability, large coverage area, and lower cost compared with traditional ground-based methods before. We investigated the feasibility and performances of adopting multispectral satellite imagery analyses for mapping infestation of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) on native grassland, crop field, and residential areas in early June using spectral angle mapper classifier. Our results showed an overall classification accuracy of 94.5%, indicating great potential of using moderate resolution multispectral satellite-based remote sensing techniques for musk thistle detection over a large spatial scale.

Biochemical Characteristics of Saint Mary’s Thistle Varieties (<i>Silybum marianum</i>L. <i>Gaertn.</i>) under Soil-Climate Conditions of the Khorezm Region

This article deals with the biochemical characteristics of varieties of Saint Mary’s Thistle such as Panacea, Debut and Samaryanka. Based on the studies, it was found that the highest oil content was found in the species Debut (26%). The lowest oil content was observed in the variety Samaryanka (19%). The highest protein content and the sum of total amino acids in the seeds of St. Mary’s Thistle varieties were found in the variety Debut (131.1), and the lowest indication was observed in the species Samaryanka (79.2). By the number of replaceable amino acids existing in the seeds of the species of St. Mary’s Thistle, it was found in the Varieties Debut (126.3), and the lowest indication was observed in the variety Samaryanka (112). Based on the results of studies and the noted biochemical characteristics and varietal differences of the St. Mary’s Thistle, the possibility and expediency of expanding the crops of this species in the soil and climatic conditions of the Khorezm region are suggested. The research was conducted 2017-2019 y.

Genetically Based Trait Differentiation but Lack of Trade-offs between Stress Tolerance and Performance in Introduced Canada Thistle

Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations.Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions(nutrient stress,shading,simulated herbivory,drought,and mowing),to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance.An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse.Introduced populations tended to be larger in size,but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected;introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens.We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments,consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range.Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations,but,contrary to predictions,the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.

Silibinin and colorectal cancer chemoprevention:a comprehensive review on mechanisms and efficacy

Globally,the risk of colorectal cancer（CRC） as well as the incidence of mortality associated with CRC is increasing.Thus,it is imperative that we look at alternative approaches involving intake of non-toxic natural dietary/non-dietary agents,for the prevention of CRC.The ultimate goal of this approach is to reduce the incidence of pre-neoplastic adenomatous polyps and prevent their progression to more advanced forms of CRC,and use these natural agents as a safe intervention strategy during the clinical course of this deadly malignancy.Over the years,pre-clinical studies have shown that silibinin（a flavonolignan isolated from the seeds of milk thistle,Silybum marianum） has strong preventive and therapeutic efficacy against various epithelial cancers,including CRC.The focus of the present review is to provide a comprehensive tabular summary,categorically for an easy accessibility and referencing,pertaining to the efficacy and associated mechanisms of silibinin against CRC growth and progression.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effects of dietary supplements

I read with great interest the review published by Eslamparast et al, on the dietary supplements with hepato-protective properties, and their proposed mechanisms to protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this way, recently, our study group reported the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet associated to an antioxidant complex, to improve in overweight patientsnot only anthropometric parameters, but also insulinresistance, lipid serum levels, and intra-hepatic fat accumulation.

An Example of Apiphytotherapy Studies in Azerbaijan: Herbal

Ginger, turmeric, black seed, artichoke leaves, Azerbaijani thistle honey, and BB (bee bread) have a hepatoprotectiveeffect;therefore, they show effective results separately in case of alcohol-dependent and non-alcoholic liver obesity, hepatitis andtoxic liver damage. We studied how it can affect liver enzymes and hepatocytes in this group of patients. We took all these naturalplants and bee products in the optimal dose required by the body and prepared a paste called Herbal, so that everyday people couldeat comfortably as a food supplement, as well as see the therapeutic and prophylactic results. HERBAL paste for liver ingredients:flaxseed, ginger, seed of thistle, powder of yellow ginger, black cumin, and honey. Benefits: Herbal paste prepared based onwell-tested recipes improves the function of the liver and gallbladder. As a hepatoprotector, it affects the recovery of liver cells inliver diseases (hepatitis and cirrhosis), spleen disease, bile ductinfections, gallstones in gallbladders, inflammatory bowel disease,colitis, cholecystitis. It helps to remove toxic substances while taking medicine (antibiotics, chemotherapy, painkillers, etc.). Sideeffects: Individual sensitiveness to the contents of the product. Usage: In acute process 1 teaspoon, during chronic diseases 1dessertspoon twice a day before eating. Results: 48 women and 54 men with the third level of fatty liver dystrophy decreased to thesecond level (fibrosis did not occur). During the treatment of 114 patients who had an HCV (hepatitis C virus), I used HERBALpaste as a protector for the liver. After the analyses, 24 patients, who had liver cirrhosis ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST(aspartate aminotransferase) in the blood reduced twice. Another 81 patients from 90 who had virus had disappeared in bloodanalyses and in the exogenous factor of liver and GGT in the blood get normal.