Temperature rise of He Ⅱ forced flow and its negative Joule-Thomson effect

The temperature rise of He Ⅱ transfer system due to the negative Joule-Thomson(JT)effect is one of the major problems in the He Ⅱ forced flow system design.Negative Joule-Thomson effect of the He Ⅱ forced flow was analyzed and calculated in this paper.The temperature rise due to the heat leak along the transfer pipeline was calculated by the simplified equation and was modified by considering the negative Joule-Thomson effect.The modified results were compared with the temperature rise obtained by non-linear differential equations with consideration of the pressure gradient.The results show that the pressure gradient has strong effect on the temperature distribution.The modified results are in good agreement with the values calculated by the complicated equation,which verifies the effectiveness of the simplified equation in calculating the temperature rise when the negative JT effect of He Ⅱ is known.

Thomson and rotation effects during photothermal excitation process in magnetic semiconductor medium using variable thermal conductivity

This study investigates a strong magnetic field acting over an elastic rotator semiconductor medium.The Thomson effect due to the magnetic field during the photothermal transport process is studied,and the thermoelectricity theory is used to explain the behavior of waves in the homogenous and isotropic medium under the effect of variable thermal conductivity.The variable thermal conductivity is considered as a linear function of the temperature.The two-dimensional deformation equations are used to describe the overlaps among plasma,electrical,thermal,and magneto-elastic waves.The charge density of inertia-particles is considered as a function of time for studying the induced electric current.The normal mode analysis is used to obtain the exact solutions of the physical field distributions as part of this phenomenon.To obtain the complete solutions of the physical field quantities,the certain mechanical loads,electromagnetic effects,thermal effects,and plasma recombination process are applied herein.The results of the physical distributions are graphically depicted and discussed in consideration of the internal heat source,rotation,and Peltier coefficient.

The influence of Thomson effect and inclined loads in an electro-magneto-thermoelastic solid with voids under green-Naghdi theories

The present investigation deals with the 2-dimensional deformation in a homogeneous thermoelastic solid with voids subjected to inclined loads.The heat conduction equation is affected with the Thomson coefficient.The basic governing equations are modified by using Green-Naghdi theory of type-III.The normal mode analysis technique is used to obtain the components of stress,strain,temperature,induced magnetic field and change in volume fraction field.The variations of these quantities have been depicted graphically in the Green-Naghdi theories of type-II and III for an insulated boundary.From numerical calculations,the effect of Thomson parameter and angle of inclination on a homogeneous,isotropic,electro-magneto-thermoelastic material with voids is revealed and discussed.

A Model to Evaluate the Device-Level Performance of Thermoelectric Cooler with Thomson Effect Considered

In this paper,a one-dimensional thermodynamic model was developed to evaluate the device-level performance of thermoelectric cooler(TEC)with the Thomson effect,contact resistance,gap heat leakage,heat sink,and heat load taken into account.The model was generalized and simplified by introducing dimensionless parameters.Experimental measurements showed good agreement with analytical results.The parametric analysis indicated that the influence of the Thomson effect on cooling capacity continued to expand with increasing current,while the effect on COP hardly changed with current.Low thermal contact resistance was beneficial to obtain lower hot-junction temperature,which can even reduce 2 K compared with the electrical contact resistance in the case study.The gap heat leakage was a negative factor affecting the cooling performance.When the thermal resistance of the heat sink was small,the negative effect of heat leakage on performance would be further enlarged.The enhancement of heat load temperature would increase the cooling power of the TEC.For example,an increase of 5 K in heat load can increase the cooling capacity by about 4%.However,once the current exceeded the optimum value,the raising effect on the cooling power would be weakened.The research can provide an analytical approach for the designer to perform trade studies to optimize the TEC system.

冷冻活检针中CO_(2)节流降温特性的实验研究

通过对比不同CO_(2)进气压力下4款冷冻活检针中的降温特性,分析进气压力、J-T槽内径、回流通道大小对于活检针降温的影响,并测试其在明胶中形成的冰球大小。结果表明:1.8-0.42 mm、1.8-0.30 mm、1.8-0.12 mm、1.1 mm活检针分别在4.5、4.0、5.5、5.5 MPa的进气压力下降温最快。压力较小时,降温速率与进气压力呈正相关,进气压力大于最佳压力值时,随着压力增大,冰堵加剧;测试的活检针中,较小的J-T槽内径有利于提高活检针的降温速率以及获得更低的刀头温度,较大的回流通道可以减少管内冰堵,提高降温速率;1.8-0.42 mm、1.8-0.30 mm、1.8-0.12 mm、1.1 mm活检针分别在4.5、4.5、6.0、6.0 MPa气源压力下冰球直径最大,当J-T槽的内径减小时,其最佳的气源压力有所增大。

超流氦输送系统Joule-Thomson效应

通过直接状态方程法和热动力学公式法对HeⅡ的Joule-Thomson系数进行了分析和计算,并在计算结果的基础上,拟合得到了便于工程应用的经验方程.应用经典的紊流流动关联式和Fanning摩擦因子关系式对HeⅡ输送系统的压力损失进行了预测.利用系统的压力损失和Joule-Thomson系数分析并计算了由于负Joule-Thomson效应引发的系统温升.计算结果表明:应用状态方程法计算的结果与目前公开发表的应用热动力学公式的计算结果很接近;HeⅡ的流速和初始温度都会对最终的温升产生重要的影响.

费米气体的Joule-Thomson效应

应用热力学理论以及费米积分的特性 ,导出理想费米气体焦汤系数的解析表达式 ,详细讨论了低温下费米气体的定压热容和焦汤系数 ,并阐明了费米气体的量子本性对焦汤效应的影响 .结果表明理想费米气体的焦汤效应为负效应 .

考虑Joule-Thomson效应的稳态热敏电阻问题

证明考虑 Joule- Thomson效应的稳态热敏电阻问题

Relativistic correction of （v/c）2 to the collective Thomson scattering for high-temperature high-density plasma

Collective Thomson scattering is theoretically investigated with the inclusion of the relativistic correction of （v/c）2. The correction is rather small for the plasma parameters inferred from the spectra of the thermal electron plasma waves in the plasma. Since the full formula of the corrected result is rather complicated, a simplified one is derived for practical use, which is shown to be in good agreement with the un-simplified one.

Joule-Thomson Coefficient for Strongly Interacting Unitary Fermi Gas

The Joule-Thomson effect reflects the interaction among constituent particles of macroscopic system.Forclassical ideal gas,the corresponding Joule-Thomson coefficient is vanishing while it is non-zero for ideal quantum gasdue to the quantum degeneracy.In recent years,much attention is paid to the unitary Fermi gas with infinite two-bodyscattering length.According to universal analysis,the thermodynamical law of unitary Fermi gas is similar to that ofnon-interacting ideal gas,which can be explored by the virial theorem P = 2E/3V.Based on previous works,we furtherstudy the unitary Fermi gas properties.The effective chemical potential is introduced to characterize the nonlinear levelscrossing effects in a strongly interacting medium.The changing behavior of the rescaled Joule-Thomson coefficientaccording to temperature manifests a quite different behavior from that for ideal Fermi gas.

水平井套内分布式光纤产液剖面监测试验研究

低渗透油田注水开发水平井生产过程中见水问题日益突出,找水测试是实现见水井高效治理的重要前提。为了有效解决低液量水平井找水测试难题,利用光纤传感器井下温度变化感知灵敏和实时连续监测特性,借鉴水平井连续管光纤气液两相成功监测经验,提出了采用分布式光纤对产层段温度连续监测的方法,并依据地层与井筒间流体流动热平衡、焦耳-汤姆孙效应及质量能量平衡方程,间接实现找水测试目标;同时设计了机采油井套内分布式光纤产液剖面测试找水工艺管柱,研制了光缆穿越井口和保护卡子等关键工具。分布式光纤产液剖面监测试验在低渗透油田低液量水平井上取得成功,实现了水平井段不同生产阶段温度剖面实时连续监测;并通过创建、求解段簇产出解释模型算法,计算输出试验井产液剖面,成功定位主要出水层段。研究结果可为低液量水平井产液剖面测试提供新的技术手段。

天然气膜法脱碳过程中节流降温行为的研究

采用实验室自制的聚酰亚胺(PI)中空纤维膜组件,通过气体节流渗透降温实验装置,系统考察了天然气中主要气体组分、膜渗透速率、组件填充率、操作压力以及放空比等参数对于膜法脱碳过程中气体节流渗透降温规律的影响.实验结果表明,CO_(2)气体表现出最为显著的节流渗透降温现象;膜渗透速率、组件填充率、操作压力等参数的提高会加剧组件内CO_(2)气体节流渗透降温程度,即降温速率变快且降温程度更严重;操作压力为1.5 MPa、进气温度为24.0℃时,膜组件内产生近20℃温降;放空比的提高在一定程度上有利于缓解组件内的温降现象.这些结果揭示了相关参数对膜组件内CO_(2)节流渗透降温行为规律性的影响,为天然气膜法脱碳过程中CO_(2)节流渗透降温行为的预判提供了科学有效的理论依据.

纯CO_2的节流特性

CO_2管道输送是碳捕集与封存技术的一个重要环节。当CO_2管道超压时可采用节流方式泄压,但节流易导致管内温度场骤变,有可能会造成干冰堵塞或管道低温损伤,因而研究CO_2节流特性对于CO_2管道安全泄放控制具有重要意义。为此,建立纯CO_2等焓节流模型,给出了考虑相变的CO_2节流后温度的计算方法,并与天然气主要成分CH_4对比,分析了CO_2的焦耳一汤姆逊效应。研究结果表明,处于正常输送工况(20 MPa 1,以下)的CO_2节流时将产生温降效应;由于CO_2临界点温度和压力较高,其节流后容易进入两相区,使温度和密度发生突变。因此,进一步讨论了改变节流控制参数(入口温度、入口压力和出口压力)对节流出口温度的影响。结论认为:①在节流压力一定时,提高入口温度使超临界CO_2不易进入两相区,但使密相CO_2更易进入两相区;②若节流进入两相区,在一定范围内改变入口压力对出口温度没有影响;③当节流入口条件一定时,出口压力为临界压力时是形成两相流的分界压力,出口压力为三相点压力时是形成干冰的分界压力。该研究成果对CO_2管道的节流控制和干冰堵塞预防具有指导意义。

油气两相流温降计算方法的研究

油气集输管线的沿程温降主要与压降、总传热系数有关,而油气两相流在沿程的流动过程中不稳定,流态多变,导致了压降的计算方法有着很大的区别。在考虑了平均含气率与焦耳-汤姆逊效应对温降的影响后,建立了集输管线的油气两相流温降数学模型,采用了贝克流型划分法对油气两相流进行计算,其计算结果优于苏霍夫公式所计算的结果,说明了该计算方法能够提高油气两相流温降计算的精度。

气体钻井井底岩石热应力分析

为研究焦耳-汤姆逊冷却效应产生的低温气体与地层的传热现象,采用热传导和热弹性理论方法求得井底温度,建立井底岩石稳态温度和热应力分布模型,并分析井底岩石稳态和非稳态情况下温度和热应力的分布规律。结果表明:井底附近岩石存在低温区,径向热应力和由负压差产生的'拉应力'叠加之后加强了井底岩石向井眼变形的趋势,促使井底岩石破裂;井底岩石热应力随井底气体温度降低而增大,保持适当的井底温度有利于钻头破碎岩石及机械钻速提高;时间对于井底岩石热应力的影响较大,在研究井底低温问题时不可忽略其影响。

井下实时温度监测现场应用及理论模型研究新进展

从常用的井下温度传感器的原理和特点出发,介绍了国内外目前比较典型新颖的井下实时温度监测应用,并对应用情况进行了总结。论述了目前最新的井下实时温度数据解释技术,其技术发展热点主要集中在:温度数据辅助历史拟合改善油藏描述质量、近井区域地层伤害情况表征和基于压力-温度耦合的多层测试新方法。通过对井下实时温度监测现场应用的调研和理论模型研究新进展的分析,为井下实时温度监测的应用和解释方法提供了指导。

新型矿用救生舱空气调节系统研究与设计

救生舱是有效减少井下各种灾害导致人员伤亡的安全设施设备,调节救生舱内的温度是保障矿工生存的重要措施。通过对矿用救生舱热负荷的分析计算和矿用救生舱空气调节系统研究现状的分析,设计了以液态二氧化碳相变制冷为基础的两种空气调节系统,可在无需电力驱动、相对狭小空间配套的情况下,适合作为救生舱的空气调节系统。该系统的研发将会解决矿用救生舱在无电力驱动情况下的温度调节问题。

基于红外热像图局部熵差的泄漏定位方法

对气体泄漏流动的温度特性进行研究,提出一种基于热像图局部熵差的密闭容器泄漏定位方法.通过带有压缩因子修正的焦耳-汤姆逊系数计算,推导泄漏节流温差,利用热成像方式采集充入冷却压缩空气前后的被测对象温度场,进而根据多帧红外图像的局部熵差确定泄漏位置.实验结果表明,熵差算法有效克服了诊断过程中被测对象的外形和表面缺陷干扰,能够高效、准确地实现泄漏点定位.

气体泄漏传热模型及其有限元分析

对气体发生泄漏时漏孔处的流动与传热耦合特性进行研究。分析泄漏流动状态并考虑摩擦力影响,推导气体泄漏描述方程,利用焦耳-汤姆逊系数计算泄漏节流温差并采用压缩因子进行修正。基于有限元方法建立传热模型,对泄漏稳态流与热传导的耦合场进行仿真分析,进而通过红外热成像方式实现泄漏点定位。仿真与实验结果表明,该传热模型较好地表征了泄漏发生时漏孔处的热特性,为利用红外成像技术的泄漏定位方法奠定了基础。

航天器推进系统气路减压阀温度特性研究

针对航天器推进系统,分析了氦气在气路上的工作过程,研究了氦气节流效应及其对减压阀阀体温度的影响。研究结果表明,在航天器气路正常工作的温度与压力范围内,氦气经过减压阀节流后的温升在65～68 K之间,并随减压阀进、出口压力差的增大而增大。氦气温度变化引起减压阀阀体温度的变化,因此了解阀体温度特性是减压阀热控设计的依据。