Electrochemical Degradation of o-Chloronitrobenzene by Three-dimensional Electrodes

Degradation of o-chloronitrobenzene wastewater was experimentally investigated at a three-dimensional electrode（TDE） with granular activated carbon as the particle electrode, graphite as the anode, and stainless steel plate as the cathode. The kinetic model of o-chloronitrobenzene degradation was studied, and the effects of pH, electrolysis time, particle electrode, electrolyte concentration, and initial concentration of the solution on degradation efficiency were investigated to determine the optimal operating conditions. The degradation of o-chloronitrobenzene by oxidation at the TDE was monitored by chemical oxygen demand（COD） measurements, UV-Vis absorption, and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）. COD degradation by electrochemical degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to the concentration of o-chloronitrobenzene solutions. Optimal reaction conditions included 15 g of activated carbon as the particle electrode, 400 mg/L o-chloronitrobenzene solution containing 0.10 mol/L Na2SO4, pH=3, and 60 min of electrolysis. The UV-Vis absorption spectra and HPLC results illustrate that the benzene ring in o-chloronitrobenzene was rapidly broken down to form aliphatic substances through electrochemical degradation. COD degradation was approximately 98.5% at optimal conditions.

Treatment of Wastewater Containing Polyacrylamide Using Three Dimensional Electrodes

A method using three-dimensional electrode is applied to treat wastewater in oil fields, which contains polyacrylamide （PAM）, for analogue. A best condition for electrolysis （I= 1.0 A, t=90 min, c=0.1%, m=980 g,φ=5 mm, d=5.0 cm） has been determined, under which the COD removal efficiency reached 96.0%, COD containing in wastewater reduced to 64.3 mg/L from 1 622.9 mg/L, the figure before treatment. Three categories of PAM-containing wastewater in production practice have been treated with the COD removal ratios being 87.5%, 82.4% and 84.7% respectively. Presence of H2O2 and ·OH are detected by means of Ti（IV）-5-Br-PADAP technique and colorimetry respectively. The concentration is positively proportional to the COD removal ratio and increases in accordance with increment of time of electrolysis and current.

负载型三维电极-电Fenton法处理活性艳橙X-GN废水

三维电极-电Fenton法是一种在电Fenton的基础上引入三维电极电催化技术的新型高级氧化法,在水处理中得到了广泛的应用。用过量浸渍煅烧法制备负载型三维电极,以采用该电极的三维电极-Fenton法处理活性艳橙X-GN废水。通过试验研究了pH、电压、Na_(2)SO_(4)投加量、Fe^(2+)投加量对处理效果的影响,并采用响应曲面法最优化实验条件。结果表明,当试验pH=4.7,电压为20.39 V,Na_(2)SO_(4)投加量为2.13 g/L,Fe^(2+)投加量为2.5 mmol/L时,COD和色度去除率可以达到85.41%和92.18%。负载型三维电极-电Fenton法对活性艳橙X-GN废水的色度和COD均具有较理想的处理效果。

Ni doped La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)FeO_(3-δ) symmetrical electrode for solid oxide fuel cells

The conventional Ni cermet anode suffers from severe carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning when fossil fuels are used. Alternative anode materials are desired for high performance hydrocarbon fuel solid oxide fuel cells （SOFCs）. We report the rational design of a very active Ni doped La0.6Sr0.4FeO3‐δ（LSFN） electrode for hydrocarbon fuel SOFCs. Homogeneously dispersed Ni‐Fe alloy nanoparticles were in situ extruded onto the surface of the LSFN particles during the operation of the cell. Sym‐metric SOFC single cells were prepared by impregnating a LSFN precursor solution onto a YSZ （yt‐tria stabilized zirconia） monolithic cell with a subsequent heat treatment. The open circuit voltage of the LSFN symmetric cell reached 1.18 and 1.0 V in humidified C3H8 and CH4 at 750？？, respective‐ly. The peak power densities of the cells were 400 and 230 mW/cm2 in humidified C3H8 and CH4, respectively. The electrode showed good stability in long term testing, which revealed LSFN has good catalytic activity for hydrocarbon fuel oxidation.

三维纳米花NiCo-MOF非对称超级电容器储能特性

针对储能器件对高比容量、长寿命、高安全性、绿色环保电极材料的应用需求,利用一步溶剂热法制备三维纳米花镍钴双金属有机框架(NiCo-MOF)电极材料,并与活性炭(AC)一起组装了工作电压窗口可达1.45 V的高性能非对称超级电容器。通过调控优化金属前驱体摩尔比和水热时间制备得到NiCo-MOF电极材料。该NiCo-MOF电极材料在电流密度为1.0 A·g^(-1)下,比容量高达1839.23 F·g^(-1),这主要归因于由薄纳米片组成的纳米花NiCo-MOF提供了较大的比表面积和较多的电化学活性位点,极大地促进了电解质的浸入和氧化还原反应的发生。以NiCo-MOF为正极、AC为负极制备的非对称超级电容器在1.0 A·g^(-1)下,其比容量达到105.27 F·g^(-1),经过1000次循环后,比容量保持率为89.85%。结果表明,三维纳米花NiCoMOF电极材料在超级电容器等储能领域具有较好的应用前景。

Numerical study on three-dimensional flow field of continuously rotating detonation in a toroidal chamber

Gaseous detonation propagating in a toroidal chamber was numerically studied for hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures. The numerical method used is based on the three-dimensional Euler equations with detailed finiterate chemistry. The results show that the calculated streak picture is in qualitative agreement with the picture recorded by a high speed streak camera from published literature. The three-dimensional flow field induced by a continuously rotating detonation was visualized and distinctive features of the rotating detonations were clearly depicted. Owing to the unconfined character of detonation wavelet, a deficit of detonation parameters was observed. Due to the effects of wall geometries, the strength of the outside detonation front is stronger than that of the inside portion. The detonation thus propagates with a constant circular velocity. Numerical simulation also shows three-dimensional rotating detonation structures, which display specific feature of the detonation- shock combined wave. Discrete burning gas pockets are formed due to instability of the discontinuity. It is believed that the present study could give an insight into the interest- ing properties of the continuously rotating detonation, and is thus beneficial to the design of continuous detonation propulsion systems.

二维半导体R57-BN作为钠离子电池阳极材料的理论研究

预测了一种由硼氮元素组成的五边形、七边形二维半导体结构——R57-BN,并基于第一性原理计算对R57-BN作为钠离子电池阳极材料的电化学性能进行了研究.结果表明, R57-BN具有良好的动力学和热力学稳定性,其用作钠离子电池阳极时具有很高的理论比容量(662.40 mA·h/g).钠在R57-BN表面的扩散势垒低至0.55 eV,保证了R57-BN的快速充放电性能.此外,吸附钠原子后, R57-BN表现出由半导体向金属性质的转变,保证了其良好的导电性.同时,R57-BN具有较低的平均开路电压(0.50 V),符合阳极材料的合理电压范围(0.1~1.0 V).该研究表明,单层R57-BN具有作为钠离子电池阳极材料的潜力,为开发储钠阳极材料提供一个良好的研究思路.

电极材料对三维电极-电Fenton处理制药废水的影响

目的研究电极材料在三维电极-电Fenton处理制药废水过程中对COD去除率的影响,找寻最佳工艺条件。方法以模拟阿奇霉素制药废水为处理对象,分析在相同控制条件下以阳极材料、活性炭粒子电极类型、浓度对制药废水中COD去除效果的影响,并确定最佳试验条件。结果综合成本考虑,三维电极-电Fenton体系处理制药废水以石墨为阴极材料,以钛涂钌铱作为阳极材料,柱炭粒径为3 mm、投加量为100 g/L时处理效果最好,COD去除率达到77.39%,可生化性由0.072提高至0.353。结论阳极材料、粒子电极的粒径、浓度对于三维电极-电Fenton体系处理制药废水的降解效果具有较大影响;研究结果可以满足后续生物处理要求。

电絮凝-三维电极深度处理油田采出水工艺研究

鉴于电化学工艺具有反应时间短、不添加化学药剂的特点,利用室内实验装置,采用电絮凝+三维电极的组合工艺实现对油田采出水的深度处理。文章通过控制变量法,考察了电极材料、电流密度、初始pH值和极板间距等因素对电絮凝工艺的影响,以及活性炭吸附率、电流和初始pH值等因素对三维电极工艺的影响,并监测两种工艺联合的处理效果。结果表明,以铁板为阳极,在电流密度50 mA/cm、初始pH值为8、极板间距40 mm、电解时间40 min的条件下,电絮凝工艺的处理效果最佳;在活性炭填充率90%、初始pH值为8、反应时间40 min的条件下,三维电极工艺的处理效果最佳。5次重复实验结果表明,两种工艺联合处理后的各项指标满足SY/T 5329—2022的注水水质要求。

Infinite Three-Dimensional Coordination Polymers: Synthesis and Structures of [Cd (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)_2]_n (pic)_(2n),[Zn (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)_2]_n(pic)_(2n) (H_2O)_(2n), and [Zn (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)_2]_n (4,4'-bpy)_n(H_2O)_n (pic)_(2n)

Three Complexes of the formula [Cd (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)_2]_n. (pic)_(2n) (1) [Zn (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)]_n (4,4'-bpy)_n(H_2O)_n (pic)-(2n) (2) and [Zn (4,4'-bpy)_2 (H_2O)]_n (4,4'-bpy)_n (pic)-(2n)(H_2O)_n (3) (4.4'-bpy = 4.4'-bipyridine. pic = picric anion ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. They all have infinite three-dimensional network structure. crystallizing in the monoclinic space group C2/c (1) and Cc (2.3).

三维电极对化工废水中2,6-二甲基吡啶处理的研究

利用Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒负载金属制得Fe-Al_(2)O_(3)、Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe/Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)、La/Fe/Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)粒子电极,通过构建的三维电极电化学体系处理2,6-二甲基吡啶(LUT)废水。考察了反应条件和粒子电极负载不同金属及负载金属质量比对LUT去除效果的影响。结果表明,去除LUT的最佳反应条件为:电流密度为24 mA/cm^(2)、粒子电极质量为11 g、电解质质量为1.3 g、pH=7;各因素对去除LUT效果的影响大小依次为:电解质投加质量>电流密度>粒子电极投加质量>pH。上述条件下Fe-Al_(2)O_(3)和Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)作粒子电极时的LUT去除率分别为96.0%和97.0%;m(Fe)∶m(Cu)=1∶4制成Fe/Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)电极时LUT去除率可达98.5%;m(La)∶m(Fe/Cu)(1∶4)=1∶10制成La/Fe/Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)电极时LUT去除率可达99.2%。

La_(0.75)Sr_(0.25)Cr_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(3)-δ−Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(1.9) composite electrodes as anodes in LaGaO_(3)-based direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells

Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells(DC-SOFCs)are promising,green,and efficient power-generating devices that are fueled by solid carbons and comprise all-solid-state structures.Developing suitable anode materials for DC-SOFCs is a substantial scientific challenge.Herein we investigated the use of La_(0.75)Sr_(0.25)Cr_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(3)-δ−Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(1.9)(LSCM−GDC)composite electrodes as anodes for La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3)-δelectrolyte-based DC-SOFCs,with Camellia oleifera shell char as the carbon fuel.The LSCM−GDC-anode DC-SOFC delivered a maximum power density of 221 mW/cm^(2) at 800℃ and it significantly improved to 425 mW/cm^(2) after Ni nanoparticles were introduced into the LSCM−GDC anode through wet impregnation.The microstructures of the prepared anodes were characterized,and the stability of the anode in a DC-SOFC and the influence of catalytic activity on open circuit voltage were studied.The above results indicate that LSCM–GDC anode is promising to be applied in DC-SOFCs.

Electrochemical Behavior and Its Electrocatalytic Activity of A P-Mo Heteropolyanion Modified ITO Electrode

s: A new method for the preparation of an organic-inorganic composite film of the heteropolyanion has been developed by modifying P(Mo2O7)6-7 to the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface. The modified electrode displayed a strong catalytic activity towards the reduction of IO3-. In the range of 1.0?0-6~5?0-4mol/L, the catalytic current was linear proportional to the IO3- concentration.

二维-三维杂化结构Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CF作为钒电池负极的性能研究

碳毡是目前应用最广泛的钒电池电极材料,但其应用于钒电池负极时表现出较差的电化学反应活性,严重制约了钒电池性能。针对该问题,采用湿法刻蚀制备了二维Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)材料,利用简单高效的物理浸渍工艺将其修饰在三维碳毡(CF)纤维表面,成功制备了高催化活性的二维-三维杂化Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CF负极材料。结果表明,负载了Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)的碳毡复合电极显示出更好的亲液性;比表面积达到7.8596 m^(2)/g,是空白碳毡的4.7倍;且表现出更优的电化学反应活性。以Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CF复合材料为负极的电池在200和300 mA/cm^(2)的电流密度下,相比以空白碳毡为负极的电池,其能量效率分别提升了5.8%和7.3%,具有更高的电池效率和倍率性能。

3-Dimensional Body Measurement Technology

3 - dimensional body measurement technology, the basis of developing high technology in industry, accelerates digital development of aplparel industry. This paper briefly introduces the history of 3 - dimensional body measurement technology, and recounts the principle and primary structure of some types of 3 - dimensional automatic body measurement system. With this understanding, it discusses prospect of 3- dimensional CAD and virtual technology used in apparel industry.

三维电极-电芬顿耦合法试验装置处理石油采出水电极材料选择的试验研究

以铁棒、碳棒作为阳极材料进行对比研究,可知铁棒阳极可以补充反应器中芬顿反应消耗的Fe^(2+),处理效果好,且化学性质稳定,适合做阳极材料;以活性炭、泡沫镍、纳米铁粒子电极对比研究可知,3mm柱状的活性炭与纳米铁混合粒子电极对石油采出水处理效果最好,当混合比例为2∶1时,对COD的去除率最大为80.37%,对油脂的去除率最大为86.29%。

A novel scrape-applied method for the manufacture of the membrane-electrode assembly of the fuel-cell system

This study investigates the transfer of the scrape-applied method from the electrodes of a lithium battery to the membrane-electrode assembly of fuel cells, including Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell. Three methods are commonly used to manufacture lithium battery electrodes： the roller-applied method, the spraying-applied method, and the scrape-applied method. This study develops novel scrape-applied equip- ment for lithium battery electrodes. This method is novel and suitable for producing fuel cell, better than other tradi- tional methods. In this study, the stability of coating process was tested by measuring the weight and thickness of a dry electrode. The stability and reproducibility of electrode fab- rication were examined by systematic data analysis. Finally, the study used a specially designed single cell composed of 16 conductive segments, which are insulated locally. The current passing through each segment was measured using Hall Effect sensors connected to the segment compartments. Based on the measured distribution of the local current in a segmented single cell, the influence of flooding and stoi- chiometry variation of feed gas was discussed in terms of electrochemical reaction rate. The experimental results serve as an important basis for future research in this field, which hold potential benefits to the academia and the industry.

三维电极-电芬顿耦合法处理石油采出水的试验研究

本研究采用自制三维电极-电芬顿反应器,处理模拟的石油采出水。在保证出水水质的情况下,曝气量为0.8 L/min, pH值为3.5,电解电压为12 V,电解质投加浓度为5 g/L,极板间距为5 cm,系统耗电量较低,COD去除率达到85.9%,油脂去除率达到93.29%。三维电极-电芬顿耦合法对石油采出水处理效果好,无二次污染,运行简单,可在实际工程中得到推广应用。

A two-dimensional mathematical model of a Zn-MnO_2 alkaline cell(1)

A two-dimensional mathematical model based on the macrohomogeneous theory of porous electrodes was developed for a cylindrical Zn-MnO2 alkaline cell. The model was applied to understand the effect of the length of the anode current collector on the cell performance. Results are presented for the continuous discharge at a high rate of 1A and a moderate rate of 0.2A for a AA-sized cell. With a typical length of an anode current collector at about 70%of the cell height, the analysis showed that an increase in the length of the anode current collector would benefit the lower rate of discharge more than the higher rate of discharge.

三维电极电-Fenton法处理硝基苯废水试验

目的 研究三维电极电-Fenton法处理硝基苯废水的工艺条件及各因素的影响规律,为电-Fenton法在硝基苯废水处理领域的应用提供技术支撑。方法 通过单因素试验,分析pH值、电流强度、极板间距及曝气强度等对处理废水效果的影响;通过正交试验确定最优反应条件。结果 Fe-C电极的处理效果优于C-C电极,活性炭和纳米铁混合三维粒子电极的处理效果优于其他两种单一粒子三维电极。初始pH值、极板间距、电流强度、曝气强度对三维电极电-Fenton法处理硝基苯废水的效果有影响,当初始pH值为3.5、极板间距为8 cm、电流为1.5 A、曝气强度0.8 m^(3)/h时,COD平均去除率可达到83.01%。结论 三维电极电-Fenton法的氧化能力高于传统电-Fenton法,对硝基苯废水具有较理想的处理效果。