LAND RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS AND RATIONAL LAND-USE ARRANGEMENT FOR FARMING,FORESTRY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN “THREE NORTHS” SHELTER FOREST AREA

The "Three Norths" (Northeastern China, Northern China, and Northwestern China)Shelter forest area is located in the north part of china. The area of this region occupies41% of the total area of China. This region is eager for being managed because of its fragileecological conditions. Therefore, the basic approach to realize the harmonious developmentof ecological and economic benefits is the rational arrangement of farming, forestry and pas-ure land according to the characteristics of land resources of this region.

THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE LAND RESOURCES SYSTEM IN THE FARMLAND SHELTER FOREST REGION IN THE NORTHEAST PLAIN

The structure and dynamics of land resources system in the shelter forest region in the Northeast Plain is discussed according to the remote sensing and statistical information from the typical profiles and spots. For agricultural utilization, the land resources system is made up of five components, i.e. man, land resources, water resources,climatic resources and barren land. The local economy depends heavily upon its land resources, especially farm land. Having been exploited for 50-60 years from the 1930s to 1980s, it has already changed from the reclaiming period into the declining period.There is no waste land to be reclaimed. Facing the increase of population and requirements and the decrease of farmland fertility, proper management of land resources is indispensable if local economic and living level is maintained. It is imperative to make artificial regeneration (highest input) for the land resources and to keep fine circle of thesystem. If only natural regeneration if relied, the system will be changed to vicious circle.

Path Analysis on Environmental Factors Controlling Runoff and Sediment Yields in Shelter Forests in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Effects of environmental factors such as climate,topography,vegetation and soil in shelter forests in Three Gorges Reservoir Region on runoff and sediment yields were monitored to identify dominant environmental factors controlling runoff and sediment yields in 15 runoff plots in study area by soil sampling,laboratory analysis,stepwise regression analysis and path analysis,and to establish the main control environmental factors that affect runoff and sediment yields. The results showed that soil bulk density,herbaceous cover,slope,and canopy density were the significant factors controlling runoff,and the direct path coefficient of each factor was ranked as canopy closure(-0. 628) > litter thickness(-0. 547) > bulk density( 0. 509) > altitude( 0. 289). The indirect path coefficient was ranked as soil bulk density( 0. 354) >litter thickness(-0. 169) > altitude( 0. 126) > canopy closure(-0. 104). Therefore,canopy closure and litter thickness mainly had direct effects on runoff,while soil bulk density mainly had indirect effects through their contributions to other factors. Herbaceous cover,litter thickness,slope,canopy density,and altitude were the significant factors controlling sediment yields. The direct path coefficient of each factor was ranked as herbaceous cover(-0. 815) > litter thickness(-0. 777) > canopy closure(-0. 624) > slope( 0. 620). The indirect path coefficient was ranked as slope( 0. 272) > litter thickness(-0. 131) > canopy closure(-0. 097) > herbaceous cover(-0. 084). Therefore,herbaceous cover and litter thickness mainly had direct effects on sediment yields,while slope mainly had indirect effects through their contributions to other factors. All the selected environmental factors jointly explained 85. 5% and 78. 3% of runoff and sediment yield variability,respectively. However,there were large values of remaining path coefficients of other factors influencing runoff and sediment yields,which indicated that some important factors are not included and should be taken into account.

Causal effects of shelter forests and water factors on desertification control during 2000–2010 at the Horqin Sandy Land region, China

The Horqin Sandy Land（HSL）, the largest sandy land in the semi-arid agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China, has been subject to desertification during the past century. In response, and to control the desertification,government implemented the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program, world＇s largest ecological reforestation/afforestation restoration program. The program began in1978 and will continue for 75 years until 2050. Understanding the dynamics of desertification and its driving forces is a precondition for controlling desertification.However, there is little evidence to directly link causal effects with desertification process（i.e., on the changing area of sandy land） because desertification is a complex process,that can be affected by vegetation（including vegetation cover and extent of shelter forests） and water factors such as precipitation, surface soil moisture, and evapotranspiration.The objectives of this study were to identify how influencing factors, especially shelter forests, affected desertification in HSL over a recent decade. We used Landsat TM imagery analysis and path analysis to identify the effects of spatiotemporal changes in water and vegetation parameters during2000–2010. Desertification was controlled during the study period, as indicated by a decrease in desert area at a rate of163.3 km2year-1and an increase in the area with reduced intensity or extent of desertification. Total vegetation cover in HSL increased by 10.6 % during the study period and this factor exerted the greatest direct and indirect effects on slowing desertification. The contribution of total vegetation cover to controlling desertification increased with the intensity of desertification. On slightly and extremely severe desertified areas, vegetation cover contributed 5 and 42 % of the desertification reduction, respectively. There were significant correlations between total vegetation cover and water conditions（i.e., evapotranspiration and precipitation）and the area of shelter forests（P ／ 0.0001）, in which water conditions and the existence of shelter forests contributed49.7 and 12.8 % to total vegetation cover, respectively. The area of shelter forests increased sharply due to program efforts, but only shrub forests had significant direct effects on reducing the area of desertification categorized as slightly desertified. The reason for the lack of direct effect of increased arbor forests（accounting for 95.3 % of the total increase in shelter forests） on reducing desertification might be that the selected arbor species were not suited to water conditions（low precipitation, high evapotranspiration） prevailing at HSL. The establishment of shelter forests aided control of desertification in the HSL region, but the effect was less than expected. Effective control of desertification in the HSL region or other similar sandy areas will require greater improvements in vegetation cover. In particular,shrub species should be selected for plantation with reference to their potential to survive and reproduce in the harsh climatic and weather conditions typical of desertified areas.

Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The construction of artificial shelter forests(ASFs)has resulted in substantial ecological,economic,and societal benefits to the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP).However,the health and benefits of ASFs are being increasingly threatened by the formation of low-efficiency artificial shelter forests(LEASFs).In this study,LEASFs are systematically analyzed in terms of their status,formation mechanisms,and developmental obstacles.The key restoration techniques and schemes were summarized to improve the quality and efficiency of LEASFs.LEASFs are formed by relatively complex mechanisms,but they arise mainly due to poor habitat conditions,improper tree species selections,mismatch between stands and habitat,extensive forest management measures,and human interferences.The restoration and improvement of LEASFs are hindered by water deficits,mismatch between stands and habitat,single management purpose,and low efficiency.LEASFs are becoming more complex due to their wide range,the challenges associated with their restoration,and insufficient technological measures for their restoration.The key techniques of the quality and efficiency improvement of LEASFs include basic forest tending methods,near-natural restoration,multifunction-oriented improvement,and systematic restoration.An understanding on the formation mechanisms of LEASFs and a scientific approach toward their restoration are urgently needed and critical for the ecological protection and high-quality development of LEASFs on the CLP.Based on these analyses,we recommend strengthening the monitoring and supervision of LEASFs,considering the bearing capacity of regional water resources,implementing multiple restoration techniques,promoting multifunction-oriented ecological development,and exploring new management concepts to achieve the sustainable development of ASFs on the CLP.

Characteristics of the soil microbial population in forest land irrigated with saline water in the desert area

The study of soil microbial populations and diversity is an important way to understanding the soil energy process.In this study we analyzed the characteristics of soil microbial populations of the Tarim Desert Highway shelter-forest,by identifying microbial fatty acids and using methods of conventional cul-tivation.The results illustrated that the amount of soil microbial activity and the diversity of soil microbial fatty acid increased significantly with the plantation age of the shelter-forest;the soil microbial population was dominated by bacteria.The fatty acids of C14︰0,C15︰0,C16︰0,C17︰0,C18︰1ω9,C18︰0,C18︰2ω6 and C21︰0 were found to be dominant soil microbial fatty acids in the shelter-forest soil.Prin-cipal analysis and regression analysis showed that(1) concentrations of fatty acids of C14︰0,C16︰0 and C18︰0 could be used as indicators of total soil microbial population;(2) soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C15︰0 and C17︰0;and(3) soil fungi were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C18︰1ω9 and C18︰2ω6.

Nutrient retranslocation strategies associated with dieback of Pinus species in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China

In the semiarid sandy region of Northeast China,Mongolian pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)suffers dieback after the age of 35,while Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora)and Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis)stay healthy.Foliar nutrient retranslocation reflects the nutrient conservation and utilization mechanism of plants in response to their habitats.However,the nutrient retranslocation strategies employed by three Pinus tree species to cope with nutrient limitations remain largely unknown.For this study,we investigated the seasonal variations in nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations of Mongolian pine,Japanese red pine,and Chinese pine plantations in terms of the green needles of all ages,senesced needles,and soil.Further,the N retranslocation efficiency(NRE),and P retranslocation efficiency(PRE),and correlations between the N:P ratios of needles and soil were analyzed.The results showed that,except for the spring NRE in 1-year-old needles of Mongolian pine,the spring NRE and PRE in 1-and 2-year-old needles of the three tree species were greater than zero.The autumn PRE was higher than zero for Mongolian pine,but lower than zero for Japanese red pine and Chinese pine.Among the three Pinus species,Mongolian pine showed greater spring PRE in 2-year-old needles,and PRE from 1-to 2-yearold needles,and from 2-year-old needles to litter.However,Japanese red pine had higher P concentrations and lower N:P ratios in senesced needles,while greater PRE was found in Chinese pine litter.Significant relationships between the N:P ratios were found in the current year and 1-year-old needles and soil in the Mongolian pine plantation,while there was an insignificant relationship between the N:P ratios of the needles and soil in the Chinese pine plantation.Thus,for Mongolian pine,the removal of P from needles in autumn,and higher P translocation from older needles under P-deficient soil may have contributed to the tree dieback.In contrast,Japanese red pine and Chinese pine stored P in their needles during autumn.Japanese red pine returned more P to the soil via litter,while Chinese pine maintained N:P homeostasis and increased P withdrawal prior to needle abscission.

依据归一化植被指数物候特征对第八师150团农田防护林的信息获取

以新疆生产建设兵团第八师150团为研究区域,选用2021年、2022年4个季度共计10期陆地卫星8号陆地成像仪(Landsat8 OLI)遥感数据作为信息获取的数据源;在进行预处理后,应用分层分类的方法,掩膜并去除其他非植被地物,结合时间序列的Landsat8 OLI获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)物候特征获取农田防护林信息,应用外业调查数据对其进行精度评价。结果表明:150团的农田防护林面积为3099.87 hm^(2)。实地样地调查结果显示,在选取的35个农田防护林样点中,有31个被正确获取,分类准确率达到88.5%。150团的农田防护林均匀分布于各个连队中,但在整个团场范围内分布不均匀,并伴有断带现象。运用分层分类的方法和依据时间序列的遥感图像,能够有效获取农田防护林信息。

三北防护林的长期经济效益——基于空间断点的研究

三北防护林工程主要有两个目标:生态效益和经济效益。现有研究多集中于三北防护林的生态效益,而对经济效益还缺乏来自经济学视角的严格分析。本文使用空间断点回归方法,利用2010年夜间灯光数据进行实证检验,发现三北防护林实现了长期的经济效益。具体来说,相比三北防护林边界外的县市,三北防护林对边界内100公里的县市经济发展具有显著的促进作用,其大小换算成GDP年均增速约为0.57%。一系列稳健性检验和安慰剂检验均支持上述结论。同时,成本收益分析表明,三北防护林的经济效益远大于成本,从而其大幅度改善了总体社会福利,实现了环境保护和经济发展的双赢。机制分析发现,三北防护林工程显著促进了第一产业的发展。

Precipitation Controls on Carbon Sinks in an Artificial Green Space in the Taklimakan Desert

Control of desertification can not only ameliorate the natural environment of arid regions but also convert desertified land into significant terrestrial carbon sinks,thereby bolstering the carbon sequestration capacity of arid ecosystems.However,longstanding neglect of the potential carbon sink benefits of desertification management,and its relationship with environmental factors,has limited the exploration of carbon sequestration potential.Based on CO_(2) flux and environmental factors of artificial protective forest in the Taklamakan Desert from 2018 to 2019,we found that the carbon storage capacity of the desert ecosystem increased approximately 140-fold after the establishment of an artificial shelter forest in the desert,due to plant photosynthesis.Precipitation levels less than 2 mm had no impact on carbon exchange in the artificial shelter forest,whereas a precipitation level of approximately 4 mm stimulated a decrease in the vapor pressure deficit over a short period of about three days,promoting photosynthesis and enhancing the carbon absorption of the artificial shelter forest.Precipitation events greater than 8 mm stimulated soil respiration to release CO_(2) and promoted plant photosynthesis.In the dynamic equilibrium where precipitation stimulates both soil respiration and photosynthesis,there is a significant threshold value of soil moisture at 5 cm(0.12 m^(3) m^(-3)),which can serve as a good indicator of the strength of the stimulatory effect of precipitation on both.These results provide important data support for quantifying the contribution of artificial afforestation to carbon sequestration in arid areas,and provide guidance for the development and implementation of artificial forest management measures.

筑牢北方重要生态安全屏障之认知六人谈

为了治理北方生态环境,我国改革开放之初实施了“三北”防护林工程,实施的手段主要是植树造林,用以防沙固沙,业已取得重大成果。北方生态环境明显好转,沙漠治理工作取得显著成效。生态人类学立足“三北”生态环境的特殊性,从生态治理与区域可持续发展的视角,指出该工程下一步应重视草与树的比例,确保固沙植物水资源分配达到平衡状态。同时,要利用当地形成的地方性知识,在保护生态环境的同时,带动当地经济的增长,筑牢北方重要生态安全屏障的同时,实现当地乡村振兴的目标。

三北防护林退化现状及成因分析——以乌拉特中旗为例

三北地区是我国典型的干旱、半干旱地区,经过几十年的防护林建设,进入了林木自然演替和更新时期,三北地区的林木退化问题也日益凸显。为准确和真实地反映三北防护林体系退化现状和成因,以乌拉特中旗为研究对象,通过对其三北工程建设现状和退化状况研究分析,得出结论:乌拉特中旗三北防护林退化程度以重度退化为主,主要原因为灾害,尤以旱灾为主;乌拉特中旗退化乔木林以杨树为主,经过20 a的工程建设,杨树进入了自然成熟期,按照其生长规律,进入成熟期后其生理机能衰退,单位面积蓄积量下降,防护效能降低,退化属于自然演替的过程。

朔州市小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

以朔州市作为试验研究地点,分析小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性和土壤理化性质相关性。方法于小叶杨防护林划分3组不同带间距,分别为5 m、10 m和15 m带间距,测定其不同带间距植被多样性和其土壤理化性质,分析二者相关性。结果:①植被多样性:带间距大小对小叶杨防护林植被多样性有显著影响,植被天然状态下,植被多样性、群落稳定性表现为15 m带间距>10 m>5 m(P<0.05);②土壤理化性质:随着带间距的增加,土壤理化性质(有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾)表现为15 m>10 m>5 m(P<0.05),而土壤容重与其相反,表现为15 m<10 m<5 m(P<0.05);③相关性:植被多样性与土壤理化性质为相辅相成的关系,其中土壤容重与物种多样性指数呈显著负相关,有机碳、全氮、速效磷土壤理化性质与物种多样性指数呈显著正相关,速效磷相关性不显著。经试验研究结果表明,在小叶杨防护林中,适当增加防护林带间距有助于提升植被多样性,增强群落稳定性,改良土壤理化性质,以15 m效果最佳。

林分郁闭度对林下天然构树生长的制约性

通过对鲁西南砂石山构树胁迫防护林生长的调查研究,平茬2 a后构树灌木平均株数、分枝数分别比对照株增加了132.95%、-24.50%,证明构树灌木平茬能够刺激伐桩萌蘖,短期内会加剧对目标林分的生长胁迫。林分郁闭度≥0.75时,林下构树覆盖度≤5%,林下构树种籽或平茬构树失去必须的生存环境;林分郁闭度≤0.3时,林下构树覆盖度≥95%,会对目标林分造成严重的生长胁迫。研究表明,郁闭度低于临界值(郁闭度≤0.3)的目标林分或存在林中空地的林分,有目的选择原生灌木枝条进行人工促进天然更新或补植造林的方式提高林分郁闭度能够使低质低效林达到快速林相改造的目的。

中山杉良种繁育及不同场景下造林技术的应用

中山杉具有速生、耐水、耐旱、耐盐碱、抗风性强、树形优美等特点,被广泛应用于湿地生态修复,以及沿海防护林、城乡绿化和农田林网建设等,生态、经济和社会效益显著。本文结合中山杉在凤台县森林苗圃繁育和在淮南市不同应用场景造林的情况,对中山杉的繁育技术和造林技术进行总结,以期为类似地区开展优良树种中山杉的繁育、造林和推广应用提供参考。

三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析

利用1982~2006年间GIMMSAVHRR NDVI植被覆盖数据和气象站点气候数据,分析了三北防护林工程区25a来植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水变化的相关性,并在此基础上通过采用残差分析法探讨了人类活动对研究区植被覆盖变化影响的空间格局.结果表明：研究区25a的年植被变化量增加幅度略大于减少幅度,植被覆盖整体呈缓慢上升趋势,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区NDVI值上升最明显（P〈0.001）,Ⅱ区则呈微弱下降趋势,而四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高;研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,17.74%的地区植被与气温呈负相关,而6.84%的地区呈正相关,10.60%的地区植被与降水呈负相关,19.53%的地区则呈正相关,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;研究区植被残差年际变化显著正相关面积大于显著负相关面积,人类活动对植被建设作用要强于破坏作用,三北防护林建设工程带来的生态效益正在呈现.

近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

通过分析三北工程区生态系统防风固沙服务量变化,进而评价工程的防风固沙效应。结果表明：（1）近35 a,三北工程区林地面积持续增加、草地面积持续减少,特别是半干旱风沙区和黄土高原区。植被覆盖度在前20 a持续增加,近15 a则呈现先下降而后略微增加趋势。（2）土壤风蚀模数持续减少,近15 a减幅远高于前20 a,沙地、草地、其它类型转林地或转草地区域的减幅尤为明显。生态系统防风固沙服务保有率呈上升态势,干旱荒漠区增幅显著。草地和沙地为工程区生态系统防风固沙服务总量贡献了71%,且转草地区域的贡献高于转林地区域。（3）考虑到植被好转同时受气候变化和人类活动的影响,以风场减弱为主的气候变化导致土壤风蚀力减弱与三北防护林等生态工程对生态系统防风固沙服务变化的贡献率分别介于85%-89%和11%-15%之间。

中国三北防护林工程第二阶段生态效益综合评价

【目的】三北防护林工程第二阶段(2001—2020年)实施以来取得了巨大的生态效益,但局部地区仍然存在问题,甚至出现生态退化。以生态系统结构、质量、服务为核心,综合定量评价工程实施前后生态系统变化,厘清第四期(2001—2010年)和第五期(2011—2020年)工程对生态系统恢复的影响,为后续三北工程的滚动实施提供科学和有针对性的理论依据。【方法】基于“历史动态本底—恢复现状—恢复指数”的生态工程生态效益综合评估方法,以遥感解译反演和模型估算结果为基础,构建生态系统宏观结构变化指数(EMSCI)、质量变化指数(EQCI)、服务功能变化指数(ESCI)和生态系统恢复指数(ERI),全面评估三北防护林工程区生态系统类型结构、质量和关键服务功能的时空格局变化。利用空间叠加分析功能,厘清工程实施期间的生态系统变化过程,定量评价生态系统恢复程度。【结果】1)在三北防护林工程第二阶段,生态系统类型显著变动,整体动态度为12.22%,森林覆盖率持续增加,森林面积占比10.18%,且第四期增量(1.60万km^(2))大于第五期增量(0.69万km^(2))。2)生态系统质量显著改善,平均植被覆盖度和平均植被净初级生产力分别增加了3.77%和82.33 gC·m^(-2) a^(-1),增长率为24.50%和34.96%。生态系统质量持续转好面积占比20.15%。3)与本底期相比,生态系统服务功能全面提升,单位面积水源涵养量增长1.25万m^(3)·km^(-2),单位面积植被固碳量增长134.19 gC·m^(-2) a^(-1),单位面积土壤保持量增长6.76 t·hm^(-2) a^(-1),单位面积防风固沙量增长9.81 t·hm^(-2) a^(-1),分别提升了45.89%、34.96%、74.29%和24.96%。单位面积水蚀模数增加23.88%(因为近年来年均降水量比前期增加,造成侵蚀量和保持量均有所增加),风蚀模数下降25.58 t·hm^(-2) a^(-1),风沙侵蚀危害程度降低46.49%。生态系统服务功能持续转好面积占比15.83%。4)生态系统恢复状况良好,持续转好和保持稳定区域面积占比为21.95%和20.29%。【结论】三北防护林工程区经第二阶段多期连续实施重点生态工程,已取得显著成效。东北华北平原农区、内蒙古高原中部风沙区和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的生态系统恢复良好,森林覆盖率提高,平均植被覆盖度增加,平均植被净初级生产力提高,单位面积水源涵养量、植被固碳量、土壤保持量和防风固沙量等生态系统服务功能明显转好。但西北荒漠区生态系统仍较脆弱,整体生态系统状况并未得到有效改善。在天山附近、准葛尔盆地、柴达木盆地、南疆盆地固沙农牧区、坝上高原、内蒙古西部荒漠半荒漠草原等生态系统脆弱区域,森林面积增长放缓,草地面积减少,荒漠面积增加,防治草地沙漠化仍为未来工程实施的重点。

基于NDVI的三北防护林工程区植被覆盖度变化图谱特征

基于1985、1995、2000、2010年4期GIMMS NDVI3g数据,利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,并运用图谱分析法对三北防护林工程区4期植被覆盖度变化进行了时空分析。结果表明:(1)图谱空间差异上,植被覆盖度变化主要发生在内蒙古东北部、新疆西北部以及陕甘宁地区,且在工程区内先分散再集中;(2)图谱数量变化上,植被覆盖度变化的总面积先减少后增加,总体呈现出上升趋势;(3)图谱变化模式上,以稳定型、最近转换型和平稳转换型为主,而变化最大的图谱单元类型大部分是植被覆盖度等级转好的类型,植被覆盖度呈现稳定增长的态势,尤以2000-2010年最明显。研究结果可以及时准确地反映该工程区植被变化状况,为三北防护林工程进一步建设提供科学指导。

三北防护林工程区气候变化分析

利用三北防护林工程区内气象站点近52a气温与降水资料,研究了工程建设前后该区的气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)近52a工程区增温趋势明显,增温速率为0.346℃/10a;1960—1977年为相对低温期,1978—1995年气温逐渐上升,建设后期1996—2011年气温显著增高;增温趋势具有明显的南北分异特征,显著升温区主要分布在工程区北部内蒙古高原、松嫩平原和吉林西部平原。(2)年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为3.554mm/10a;建设之前降水偏少,建设初期有所增加,1996年以来又呈明显减少趋势;降水变化东西差异明显,东部除嫩江平原、内蒙古阴山地区降水增多外,其他地区普遍减少,而西部大部降水呈增加趋势。(3)工程区气候变化空间差异明显,暖湿化区域主要集中在西部阿勒泰地区、柴达木盆地和东部内蒙古阴山地区、河套平原和松嫩平原,而其他地区如呼伦贝尔草原、大兴安岭山区、辽嫩平原则暖干化趋势显著。