Grassland degradation in the ＂Three-River Headwaters＂ region, Qinghai Province

Supported by MSS images in the mid and late 1970s,TM images in the early 1990s and TM/ETM images in 2004,grassland degradation in the＂Three-River Headwaters＂region （TRH region）was interpreted through analysis on RS images in two time series,then the spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the TRH region were analyzed since the 1970s.The results showed that grassland degradation in the TRH region was a continuous change process which had large affected area and long time scale,and rapidly strengthen phenomenon did not exist in the 1990s as a whole.Grassland degradation pattern in the TRH region took shape initially in the mid and late 1970s.Since the 1970s,this degradation process has taken place continuously,obviously characterizing different rules in different regions.In humid and semi-humid meadow region,grassland firstly fragmentized, then vegetation coverage decreased continuously,and finally＂black-soil-patch＂degraded grassland was formed.But in semi-arid and arid steppe region,the vegetation coverage decreased continuously,and finally desertification was formed.Because grassland degradation had obviously regional differences in the TRH region,it could be regionalized into 7 zones, and each zone had different characteristics in type,grade,scale and time process of grassland degradation.

The complex nonlinear systems with fractal as well as chaotic dynamics of annual runoff processes in the three headwaters of the Tarim River

This paper attempted to identify fractal and chaotic characteristics of the annual runoff processes in headwaters of the Tarim River.Methods of fractal analyses were used to explore several aspects of the temporal changes from 1957 to 2002.The main findings are as follows:(1) The annual runoff processes of the three headwaters of the Tarim River are com-plex nonlinear systems with fractal as well as chaotic dynamics.(2) The correlation dimensions of attractor derived from the time series of the annual runoff for the Hotan,Yarkand and Aksu rivers are all greater than 3.0 and non-integral,implying that all three rivers are chaotic dynamical systems that are sensitive to initial conditions,and the dynamic modeling of their annual runoff process requires at least four independent variables.(3) The time series of annual runoff in each river presents a long-term correlation characteristic.The Hurst exponent for the period of 1989 to 2002 suggests that we may expect to see an increasing trend in the annual runoff of the Aksu and Yarkand rivers in the years after 2002,but a decreasing tendency for the Hotan River in the same period.

Long-term ecological compensation policies and practices in China:Insights from the Three Rivers Headwaters Area

Using the Three Rivers Headwaters Area in China as a pilot project, this study has investigated the effectiveness of the ecological compensation policies and practices have implemented in this area over the past decade. Major issues have encountered during the implementation process, including the formidable extent of grassland degradation, the comprehensive nature of measures needed to restore the ecosystem, and the time needed to achieve these goals. These issues are discussed, and remedial measures proposed. They include: drafting regulations giving the Three Rivers Headwaters Area ecological protection, setting aside funds for ecological compensation and establishing a national park, using an ecological assets accounting methodology for financial reporting purposes, designing a science-based approach for conducting the livestock husbandry population migration, enhancing the oversight capacity for all aspects of the ecological compensation process, and making an overall plan to promote the harmonious development of this area together with other regions in Qinghai Province.

Changing Spring Phenology Dates in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2013

The variation of the vegetation growing season in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau has recently become a controversial topic. One issue is that the estimated local trend in the start of the vegetation growing season(SOS)based on remote sensing data is easily affected by outliers because this data series is short. In this study, we determine that the spring minimum temperature is the most influential factor for SOS. The significant negative linear relationship between the two variables in the region is evaluated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer–Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data for 2000–13. We then reconstruct the SOS time series based on the temperature data for 1960–2013.The regional mean SOS shows an advancing trend of 1.42 d(10 yr)during 1960–2013, with the SOS occurring on the 160th and 151st days in 1960 and 2013, respectively. The advancing trend enhances to 6.04 d(10 yr)during the past 14 years. The spatiotemporal variations of the reconstructed SOS data are similar to those deduced from remote sensing data during the past 14 years. The latter exhibit an even larger regional mean trend of SOS [7.98 d(10 yr)] during 2000–13. The Arctic Oscillation is found to have significantly influenced the changing SOS, especially for the eastern part of the region,during 2000–13.

A method for determining vegetation growth process using remote sensing data: A case study in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China

Accurate measurements of the associated vegetation phenological dynamics are crucial for understanding the relationship between climate change and terrestrial ecosystems. However, at present, most vegetation phenological calculations are based on a single algorithm or method. Because of the spatial, temporal, and ecological complexity of the vegetation growth processes, a single algorithm or method for monitoring all these processes has been indicated to be elusive. Therefore, in this study, from the perspective of plant growth characteristics, we established a method to remotely determine the start of the growth season(SOG) and the end of the growth season(EOG), in which the maximum relative change rate of the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) corresponds to the SOG, and the next minimum absolute change rate of the NDVI corresponds to the EOG. Taking the Three-River Headwaters Region in 2000–2013 as an example, we ascertained the spatiotemporal and vertical characteristics of its vegetation phenological changes. Then, in contrast to the actual air temperature data, observed data and other related studies, we found that the SOG and EOG calculated by the proposed method is closer to the time corresponding to the air temperature, and the trends of the SOG and EOG calculated by the proposed method are in good agreement with other relevant studies. Meantime, the error of the SOG between the calculated and observed in this study is smaller than that in other studies.

Quantitative Allocation Analysis of "Raising by Planting" System Combining Fruits and Poultry for Mountainous Region in Headwaters of Dongjiang River

[Objective] The aim was to promote nutrient cycling and utilization in the mountain＇s system combining fruits and poultry and to control non-point source pollution produced from swine raising and navel orange planting in headwaters of Dongjiang River. [Method] The quantitative analysis was mainly conducted for the so called ＂raising by planting＂ which is about material cycle in ＂pig-methane-fruit-fish＂ model and energy cascade utilization, based on relationship between excreted amount by livestock and the utilized quantity in Xinlin Farm in Longtang Town, Dingnan County, Jiangxi Province. [Result] Considering N requirement by fruit trees, a navel orange orchard （1 mu） could support about 2.72 pigs, the equipped biogas pool （1.88 m3） could support 1 166.67 kg of duckweeds and a fish pond could support 25.57 grass carps. In contrast, a satsuma orchard （1 mu） could support about 1.96 pigs, the equipped biogas pool （1.35 m3） could support 841.53 kg duckweeds and the fish pond could support 18.44 grass carps. [Conclusion] The results provided scientific references for quantitative allocation of members in ＂pig-methane-fruit-fish＂ model when popularized in headwaters of Dongjiang River.

Hydrological effects of alpine permafrost in the headwaters of the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

Against the background of climate change, alpine permafrost active layers have shown a gradual thickening trend and the hydrothermal conditions have undergone significant changes in the Tianshan Mountains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. At the ice-free cirque basins in the headwaters of the Urumqi River （hereafter referred to as the Ice-Free Cirque） in eastern Tianshan, China, the hydrological effects of the alpine permafrost active layers appear to have also exhibited sig- nificant changes recently. The increasing trend of local precipitation is clear in May and June. The onset of winter and spring snowmelt runoff clearly lags behind increases of air temperature, and the runoff peak appears near the beginning of the melting season, which results in the spring rtmoff increasing. In summer, runoff decreases strongly and the maximum runoff occurs earlier. In our analysis of meteorological and hydrologic data from 1959 to 2010, the runoffand precipitation changes are significantly correlated. In the initial stage of runoff, the runoff-producing process is mainly under the control of the soil water content and soil temperature in the 0-30 cm active layers. Spring precipitation and snowmelt water are mainly involved in the processes of infiltration and evaporation while some melt water infiltrates into the seasonal thawed layer and stays above the frozen layers. During the strong ablation period in summer, the runoff-generating process is mainly controlled by soil water content in the active layers deeper than 60 cm. In the active layer, precipitation and sea- sonal snowmelt water infiltrates, migrates, collects, and then forms runoff.

Post-depositional modification of NO_3 in snow layers at East Antarctica and atthe headwater of Urumqi River

Acidic species, such as Nitrate, in polar snow and firn layers are “reversibly” deposited, and are sufficiently volatile to undergo significant post depositional exchange between snow/firn and the atmosphere. Through comparison of the snowpit and snowpack nitrate concentrations from central East Antarctica and the headwater of rumqi River, we conclude that the nitrate peaks in the uppermost surface snow layers in central Antarctica are not related to an atmospheric signal and must account for post depositional effects. Such effects, however, are not found in the surface snowpack nitrate profiles from the headwater of rumqi River. Two reasons may account for the post depositional difference. At first, nitrate in the polar snow and firn layers appears to be hydrated ion, which can be taken up by the atmosphere, while at the headwater of rumqi River it seems mainly as mineral ion, which assembles the behavior of aerosol derived species that are “irreversibly” deposited and do not undergo significant post depositional exchange with the atmosphere. Secondly, the chemical features of the snow and ice on the Antarctica are mainly determined by wet deposition, to the contrary, dry deposition is more significant at the headwater of rumqi River than that on the East Antarctic Plateau.

TEXTUAL RESEARCH ON THE MAIN SOURCE OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

The Chinese people began to research the main source of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River 2,400 years ago. Limited by the scientific level, they did not discover it.The Tuotuo River was determined as the main source of the Changjiang River in the 1970s. However, this was not correct, because when comparing the length of the Tuotuo River with the Dam River, the glacier length at the headwaters was added to the Tuotuo River, resulting in that the Tuotuo River is 1 km longer than the Dam River, keeping in mind that the glacier can not be regarded as part of the river.In the summer of 1986, we investigated the source of the Changjiang River, we accurately measured the length of both the Tuotuo and Dam rivers, we discovered that the Dam River was 353.1 km long, and the Tuotuo River was 346.3 km long, the Dam River thus being 6.8 km longer than the Tuotuo River. The discharge of the Dam River is 196.18 m3/ sec., 2.6 times as large as that of the Tuotuo River, that of the Tuotuo River is 75.10 m3/sec. The

三江源区鱼类多样性调查及保护对策

了解三江源区鱼类多样性及其资源现状,为三江源区生态系统保护和流域管理提供科学依据。2022年8月开展了长江源、黄河源、澜沧江源鱼类调查,分析了3个水系鱼类组成与分布,探讨了鱼类多样性特征,研究了三江源地区鱼类群落的空间格局。结果表明:三江源区共调查到鱼类18种,其中长江源9种,黄河源8种,澜沧江源6种;根据相对重要性指数,长江源优势种3种,依次为细尾高原鳅(Triplophysa stenura)、小头高原鱼(Herzensteinin microcephalus)、裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon),黄河源优势种2种,包括麻尔柯高原鳅(T.markehenensis)和黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi),澜沧江源优势种4种,依次为前腹裸裂尻鱼(S.anteroventris)、裸腹叶须鱼、东方高原鳅(T.orientalis)和细尾高原鳅;三江源区鱼类多样性相对较低,其中澜沧江源最高,长江源次之,黄河源最低。对鱼类种类组成进行聚类分析,结果表明长江源和澜沧江源相近,黄河源则与长江源、澜沧江源差距较大。为切实保护好三江源区鱼类资源,建议加强本底调查,开展关键栖息地生态环境监测和保护,构建三江源区水生生物资源数据库,关注气候变化对水生态环境的影响,预防和控制外来鱼类入侵。

三江源地区夏季-10℃层高度变化及云垂直结构特征

利用三江源地区沱沱河、玉树、达日3个探空站的探空资料对1999—2021年-10℃层高度时间变化趋势、突变时间进行了研究,同时对该地区2021年云出现频率和云垂直分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了-10℃层高度、云层垂直结构与降水的关系。结果表明:(1)近20 a来三江源地区夏季08时和20时的-10℃层高度平均值分别为7 014.1、7 201.6 m,并呈显著上升趋势。突变检验分析确定三江源地区夏季08时-10℃层高度出现突变是从2009年开始,20时出现突变是从2012年开始。(2)08时三江源地区夏季云层结构较为复杂,20时三江源地区夏季主要以单层云为主,6—8月平均出现频率分别为35%、42%、39%。从三江源地区夏季云顶高度、云底高度和云层厚度来看,7月云顶高度最低、云底高度最高、云层厚度最小。(3)三江源地区夏季-10℃层位于该地区云层中下部。产生降水时-10℃层高度主要集中在7 200~7 800 m,云层厚度在4 000~11 000 m。三江源地区夏季降水量与-10℃层高度、云顶高、云层厚之间存在显著的正相关,与云底高存在显著的负相关。-10℃层高度与云顶高度、云层厚度间存在显著的正相关;与云底高度间相关性不显著。

2000–2018年青海省三江源地区250米空间分辨率植被净初级生产力数据集

植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为量化陆地生态系统光合生产的关键指标,随着生态系统过程模拟和卫星遥感技术的发展而得到了广泛应用,为空间异质性较高的陆地生态系统长期时空动态变化及机制研究提供关键数据基础。应用遥感-生态过程耦合模型GLOPEM-CEVSA以2000–2018年空间插值的气象数据和基于遥感反演的植被光合有效辐射吸收率(FPAR)数据为输入,得到2000–2018年青海省三江源地区250米空间分辨率植被净初级生产力(NPP)数据集,并通过国家生态科学数据中心开放共享。通过数据共享,以期为三江源地区陆地生态系统的时空变化研究和可持续发展管理决策提供可靠的科学数据支持。

长江源尕恰迪如岗冰川变化高分七号等多源卫星遥感监测

冰川波动对局地气候具有重要的指示意义,对下游水资源量变化也有重要影响,同时极易引发冰川灾害。格拉丹冬地区冰川作为长江正源沱沱河的发源地,同时也是跃动型冰川集中分布的一个区域,开展该地区长时相的冰川监测非常必要。本文采用GF-7立体影像提取了长江源格拉丹冬地区尕恰迪如岗冰川分布区高程信息,结合SRTM GL1进行冰川高程变化与物质平衡估算,同时利用Landsat系列、高分系列、资源系列卫星影像进行长时间序列冰川边界提取,获取了研究区冰川2000—2021年高程和物质平衡变化及1986—2021年面积变化。结果表明,GF-7卫星用于冰川三维监测是可行性的,研究区冰川面积从1986年的193.85 km^(2)减少至2021年的176.98 km^(2),35年间冰川面积减少18.87 km^(2)(9.73%),年均面积萎缩速率为0.54 km^(2)·a^(-1);2000—2021年间(GF-7 DEM覆盖区)冰川厚度平均减薄6.10 m(0.29 m·a^(-1)),冰川体积减少1.02 km^(3),储量累计亏损(0.87±0.06)Gt[(5.19±0.37)m w.e.];4条跃动型冰川虽存在跃动,但储量仍在减少;长江源头江源点冰川平均减薄程度最大,21年平均减薄11.34 m,减薄速率为0.54 m·a^(-1)。

三江源区草地水土保持与防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度时空变化分析

三江源区是中国重要的生态安全屏障,其水土保持与防风固沙功能对中国及其周边地区生态安全具有重大意义。水土保持与防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度是三江源草地生态保护与恢复的关键指标,但其变化尚不明确。本研究利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)和修正通用土壤风蚀方程(RWEQ)模拟了1979—2018年三江源区草地水土保持与防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度并分析了其时空变化。结果表明:(1)近40年来,三江源区草地水土保持功能临界植被覆盖度东南高、西北低,多年平均值为12.21%±1.42%,年增长率为0.30%(P<0.01)。(2)防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度西北高、东南低,多年平均值为39.84%±11.94%,有不显著增长趋势。(3)水土保持及防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度西北高、东南低,多年平均值为45.38%±10.04%,年增长率为0.32%(P<0.05),变化范围为11.73%~58.56%。三江源区西北部水土保持及防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度大于50%,西南大部分区域不超过40%。(4)水土保持及防风固沙功能临界植被覆盖度在长江源区和黄河源区东北部呈下降趋势,其中黄河源东北部下降趋势显著(P<0.01),在黄河源区南部和澜沧江源区呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01)。本研究结果可为三江源生态环境保护以及高寒草地多目标管理提供科学依据与数据支撑。

亚热带江河源头区径流对土地利用及气候变化的响应研究

[目的]厘清不同情景下亚热带江河源头区的径流量变化,为流域水资源的综合管理调控和水资源开发利用提供决策依据,并为亚热带江河源头区生态安全保障提供科学参考。[方法]以赣江主要源头区域的桃江流域为研究区,采用2000—2019年的气象及降水数据开展SWAT模型的率定与验证,进而模拟了不同土地利用与气候变化及其组合情景下的径流响应特征。[结果]SWAT模型对于桃江流域具有良好的适用性,模拟径流与实测径流拟合效果良好。建设发展情景下的产流能力最强,生态保护情景下的产流能力最弱。不同季节的产流能力存在明显差异,丰水期各情景产流能力差异较大,而枯水期不同情景地表径流量差异较小。15种气候变化情景中,流域径流量与降水量呈正相关(p<0.01),与温度呈负相关。相较于气温变化,降水量的变化对桃江流域的径流量影响更大,是径流量变化的主要影响因素。L_(1)&C_(5)情景(耕地扩张情景,温度不变,降水量增加20%)下的年均径流量最大,达267.15 m^(3)/s。[结论]土地利用对于径流变化影响相对较弱,气候因素在桃江流域径流变化中起主要作用。

长江源草地生物量空间分布及分配初步研究

草地生态系统是人类应对气候变化的重要资源,三江源区的草地生态系统脆弱而敏感,是研究草地生态系统状况的重要区域。利用长江南源当曲水系源头、干流、支流区域3种不同覆盖度5次重复采样共45个样方的草地生物量,初步分析了长江南源的草地生物量的空间分布和地上地下分配比差异。结果表明,越靠近源头(海拔升高),草地地上地下生物量越低,长江南源当曲草地地上生物量分布在21.12~850.61 g/m^(2)之间,草地地下生物量在50.34~6810.68 g/m^(2)之间,且草地覆盖度越高,生物量随高度增加而递减的趋势越明显。草地地上地下生物量的比值都<0.5,且草地覆盖度越高,草地地上地下生物量的比值越低。研究对长江南源当曲的草地生物量分布及其分配进行了初步分析,为了解三江源草地状态提供了前期探索和数据积累。

青藏高原源头河流水体溶解性有机物组分及其关键调控因素

水体溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,其含量及组分的变化与生态系统功能密切相关。以青藏高原东缘龙苍沟流域27条Strahler 1级源头河流为研究对象,采用DOM荧光特性表示组分特征,同时调查各河流地理特征、气候特征和水化学特征,探究源头河流DOM含量和组分的关键调控因素。研究结果表明:溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度在0.35—1.50 mg/L之间,平均值为0.85 mg/L。荧光指数(Fluorescence index,FI)的均值分别为0.91和1.11,类色氨酸与类酪氨酸比值(Trypto/Tyro)的均值为0.76,新鲜度指数β/α均值为0.61,表明蛋白质的生物可利用性较差、微生物活性较低。随着海拔的降低,龙苍沟流域河流DOC浓度降低,DOM组分外源性降低,而微生物生物活性升高(P<0.05)。DOM组分受地形、流域面积和气候因素影响不显著(P>0.05)。荧光指数FI、新鲜度指数β/α与Ca^(2+)/Mg^(2+)和NO_(3)^(-)浓度显著正相关(P<0.05)。逐步回归结果显示,海拔、坡降、温度、pH、氧化还原电位、DOC浓度、Ca^(2+)/Mg^(2+)和NO_(3)^(-)浓度都对DOM组分起到了一定作用(P<0.05)。结构方程模型结果显示,在Strahler 1级源头河流中Ca^(2+)/Mg^(2+)和NO_(3)^(-)浓度是驱动DOM组分海拔变异的主要环境因素。综合以上分析,随着海拔降低,岩石风化加剧,同时人类活动的增加引起NO_(3)^(-)浓度的增加改变了水化学环境,导致DOM组分品质改善。对源头河流DOM组分空间变异和调控因素进行了研究,加深对源头河流有机物代谢过程的认识。

三江源地区土壤和牧草中的有机氯污染物:分布、来源和生态风险

三江源地区是“亚洲水塔”的重要组成部分。该地区复杂的大气环流可能为持久性有机污染物(POPs)的输入提供动力。在采集三江源地区土壤和牧草的基础上,获得该地区有机氯类污染物(OCPs,POPs的一类)的污染水平并进行来源解析,以期对POPs的潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明,1)三江源地区土壤和牧草中滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为低于检出限(BDL)-2.32×10^(4)pg·g^(-1)(平均3003 pg·g^(-1))和BDL-2.44×10^(4)pg·g^(-1)(平均3539 pg·g^(-1)),高于全球其他高海拔草地地区;而土壤和牧草中六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量则与全球背景水平相当。2)三江源地区的OCPs整体呈现东高西低的空间分布特征。反向气团轨迹显示高含量的OCPs主要来自于三江源以东的地区。此外,人口密集的城镇地区具有相对高的OCPs含量,表明当地的零星地区可能存在OCPs使用/排放史。3)三江源地区土壤和牧草中的OCPs含量与年降水量显著正相关(P值分别小于0.05和0.1),而土壤DDTs与热力学温度的倒数(1/T)线性关系的斜率可达-9×10^(7)。降水冲刷和地气交换很可能是大气中OCPs向三江源地区地表介质输入的关键过程。4)三江源地区有机氯污染物在土壤-牧草间的平均生物浓缩系数为11,表明有机氯污染物在牧草中发生了富集。基于定性评价的效应区间低/中值法和危害商法的生态风险评估显示,三江源地区OCPs对生态系统的总体风险较小,但后续研究中仍需关注该地区东部城镇的DDTs生态风险。研究结果可为青藏高原生态环境保护和三江源国家公园建设提供数据支撑。

近60年三江源地区降水集中度和季节性降水特征变化分析

三江源作为“中华水塔”,是中国重要的淡水之源和生态系统屏障。降水集中度、季节降水量、降水频率和降水强度的演变是气候变暖背景下水循环的关键过程,对植被生长和水资源管理具有重要意义。本研究利用中国气象局1961-2020年的CN05.1日降水格点数据,计算了三江源的降水集中度指数(Precipitation Concentration Index,PCI),厘清了三江源降水集中度和降水年内分配的演变规律,研究了季节降水量、降水频率和降水强度的气候态、年际变化、长期趋势以及距平变化。研究结果表明:(1)三江源地区降水集中指数PCI为17.5,降水具有一定集中性;整个区域PCI由东南向西北递增,降水集中度增大;近60年三江源地区PCI以-1.71%·(10a)^(-1)的变化率减小,降水的年内分配趋于均匀;生长季降水分配的减少将影响该地区农业生产和生态系统的维持。(2)近60年不同季节降水量和降水强度整体呈现显著增加趋势,夏季降水频率减少,其他季节降水频率增加;春夏秋三个季节降水强度的增加主导了降水量的增加,冬季降水频率的增加主导了降水量的增加。冬春季增湿高于夏秋季,春季降水量和降水强度的增长率为8.09%·(10a)-1和6.94%·(10a)^(-1),冬季降雪量和降雪频率的增长率为7.27%·(10a)^(-1)和4.4%·(10a)^(-1);长江源区部分地区的旱涝分布趋于极端化,生态系统的脆弱性加剧。(3)近60年三江源区域平均的降水量、降水频率和降水强度以每年1.36 mm、0.024%和0.0056 mm·d^(-1)的数值增加;降水量、降水频率和降水强度累积距平整体呈现负距平,突变年份分别为2003年、1989年和2003年;雨季降水频率减小,降水强度增加,旱季降水频率和降水强度均增加,这种变化在近10年尤为剧烈。本研究可以为该地区土壤侵蚀、农业生产、水资源管理以及气候变化相关研究提供参考。

三江源地区春季流量与积雪的年际变化关系

基于三江源区站点流量资料、中国区域格点降水气温资料及遥感积雪资料,分析了长江、黄河和澜沧江源区春季流量的年际变化及其与降水、积雪、气温的关系。结果表明,1980~2020年三江源地区春季流量年际变化显著,其中5月流量的年际变率最大;三江源地区春季流量受春季雪深影响最大,其中4月、5月流量受雪深、积雪覆盖率、前期累积降水的影响显著,且流量与雪深的正相关性最强,5月流量与雪深相关系数可达0.7以上。进一步分析表明,高原积雪对流量的影响随源区不同流域、春季不同月份呈现一定的差异,其中黄河源区4月、5月流量受4月雪深影响最明显,澜沧江源区4月、5月流量与2~5月的雪深均存在较好关系,而长江源区5月流量则主要与4~5月雪深显著正相关。源区积雪对春季流量的影响也存在一定的海拔依赖性,其中低海拔区域积雪对流量的影响更多体现在春季前期,而黄河源区阿尼玛卿山、长江源区巴颜喀拉山脉及唐古拉山脉等高海拔区域的积雪对流量的影响可以持续到5月。气温作为春季融雪径流的关键因子,主要是通过影响源区前期积雪量、融雪产流过程,进而影响春季流量的异常。本研究结果在深入认识青藏高原气候变化对三江源地区春季流量的影响及过程等方面具有重要意义。