Characteristics of an Axial-flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Contra-rotating Rotors under Unbalanced Load Condition from 3-D Finite Element Analysis

During recent years,the axial-flus PMSM with contra-rotating rotors has become a hot topic in academic research due to its high efficiency and simple structure.However,its back-EMF may be distorted under the condition of different angular positions.This paper investigates characteristics of the novel motor used for contra-propeller driving.Considering the torque ripple and current oscillation under unbalanced load condition,this paper analyzes the distorted back-EMF of the machine when its two rotors get different angular positions during rotating.The analysis results are validated by transient-magnetic 3-D FEA method,which the 3-D FEA software is used to model this motor and transient simulations are carried out to obtain its magnetic characteristic and main performances.A main focus is put on the back-EMF characteristic with different angular positions between the two rotors.Furthermore,the characteristic of torque production under unbalanced load is investigated.Finally,a prototype motor is fabricated to validate the analyses of this paper.

Numerical and Dimensional Analysis for Prediction of Line Heating Residual Deformations

Line heating process is a very complex phenomenon as a variety of factors affects the amount of residual deformations. Numerical thermal and mechanical analysis of line heating for prediction of residual deformation is time consuming. In the present work dimensional analysis has been presented to obtain a new relationship between input parameters and resulting residual deformations during line heating process. The temperature distribution and residual deformations for 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm thick steel plates were numerically estimated and compared with experimental and published results. Extensive data generated through a validated FE model were used to find co-relationship between the input parameters and the resulting residual deformation by multiple regression analysis. The results obtained from the deformation equations developed in this work compared well with those of the FE analysis with a drop in the computation time in the order of 100 (computational time required for FE analysis is around 7 200 second to 9 000 seconds and where the time required for getting the residual deformation by developed equations is only 60 to 90 seconds).

3D finite element method （FEM） simulation of groundwater flow during backward erosion piping

Backward erosion piping is an important failure mechanism for cohesive water retaining structures which are founded on a sandy aquifer. At present, the prediction models for safety assessment are often based on 2D assumptions. In this work, a 3D numerical approach of the groundwater flow leading to the erosion mechanism of backward erosion piping is presented and discussed. Comparison of the 2D and 3D numerical results explicitly demonstrates the inherent 3D nature of the piping phenomenon. In addition, the influence of the seepage length is investigated and discussed for both piping initiation and piping progression. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the presented 3D numerical model compared to the established 2D approach. Moreover, the 3D numerical results enable a better understanding of the complex physical mechanism involved in backward erosion piping and thus can lead to a significant improvement in the safety assessment of water retaining structures.

基于FEM-MEI和正余弦算法的二维电磁成像方法

针对二维介质目标的电磁成像问题,将正余弦算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm,SCA)与有限元方法(Finite Element Method,FEM)和不变性测试方程(Measured Equation of Invariance,MEI)进行结合提出一种新的成像方法。将FEM与MEI进行结合求解二维介质目标的电磁散射正问题,即求解Helmholtz方程。其中,MEI保证边界截断的精度,FEM适用于复杂介质目标的准确模拟。对于电磁散射逆问题,引入SCA并加以改进提出一种新的重构方法。该方法采用等效原理与格林函数的渐近式求得远区散射场,以测量的散射场和计算的散射场最大偏差为目标函数,采用改进的SCA优化介质参数,使目标函数达到最小值,以此重构散射体。为提高计算效率,采用MPI算法进行并行计算。文中采用基准函数展示了改进的SCA算法的快速收敛性,并采用非规则的均匀介质柱目标验证了成像方法的正确性。

Developing a 3D-FEM Model for Electromagnetic Analysis of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine

Recently, many optimal designs for axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors were performed based on finite- element (FE) analysis. Most of the models are based on reduction of 3D problem to 2D problem which is not accurate for design aspects. This paper describes an accurate electromagnetic analysis of a surface mounted, 28 pole AFPM with concentrated stator winding. The AFPM is modeled with three-dimensional finite-element method. This model in-cludes all geometrical and physical characteristics of the machine components. Using this accurate modeling makes it possible to obtain demanded signals for a very high precision analysis. Magnetic flux density, back-EMF, magnetic axial force and cogging torque of the motor are simulated using FLUX-3D V10.3.2. Meanwhile, the model is paramet-ric and can be used for design process and sensitivity analysis.

熔融堆积3D打印成形金属件层间结合研究

金属件熔融堆积3D打印过程中,制件的层间结合性能主要取决于热作用过程,因此对成形过程温度变化进行研究显得尤为重要。该研究基于熔融堆积3D打印成形特点,建立了成形过程有限元分析数学及物理模型,并使用ANSYS有限元软件对不同熔融金属温度、基板温度及堆积速度条件下成形过程温度场变化进行模拟研究。结合相同参数条件下的对比工艺试验,研究了这些参数对最终成形金属实体层间结合性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着熔融金属温度、基板温度的升高,以及堆积速度的增加,成形实体温度上升速度加快,高温热影响区增大,温度梯度减小,实体层间结合及拉伸性能提高,并在熔融金属温度160℃,基板温度90℃,堆积速度16mm/s参数条件下打印出了层间结合良好的铋锡合金实体。

3D GIS与有限元模拟无缝耦合方法及其在隧道工程中的应用研究

为实现数值模拟获得的各种场数据与GIS空间信息的综合集成,有必要对GIS中融合有限元数值计算的方法开展研究。本文采用GRASS GIS、VTK等开源软件,通过Python语言建立了GIS与有限元模拟的复合系统开发框架,针对隧道开挖编写了3DGIS与有限元数值计算无缝耦合分析程序(3DPyGisTFEM)。给出了由中心线上多条轮廓线生成隧道模型的算法,提出了对各地层DEM与隧道模型进行剖切运算获得隧道开挖地质剖面的方法。引入Delaunay网格剖分算法,对GIS中TIN模型不断改良,获得了适合有限元模拟的地质剖面三角形网格。基于多个剖面计算结果,运用插值手段,形成研究区域场数据,结合GIS空间分析方法,对场数据分布规律进行综合分析,实现了GIS与有限元的无缝耦合。黄家寨隧道工程实例表明,相对坡度、隧道中心线缓冲区等因素,地表距隧道拱顶高差的空间分布特征与地表沉降规律相关性更强。

基于MeshPy的3DGIS与三维有限元数值计算无缝耦合方法

3DGIS与有限元数值计算耦合方法及其系统开发,是目前GIS与岩土工程交叉学科的重要研究内容。通过对MeshPy、GRASSGIS、vtk Python以及Scipy等多个开源库的探索与编程实践,以Python为"黏合剂",构建了GIS与三维有限元数值计算无缝耦合的平台框架。在满足几何形状、Delaunay特性、角度、面积以及体积等约束条件下,通过MeshPy包含的Triangle与TetGen库获得能用于有限元数值计算的三角形与四面体网格,并阐述了限定Delaunay三角化(CDT)节点插入算法与四面体网格质量控制方法。以排土场为例,针对CDT网格建立的地表模型,结合vtkPython封装的模块与算法,提出了根据节点分布位置综合采用线性与三角形重心坐标的插值方法,有效消除了其他插值手段导致的部分地表高程畸变的现象。借助Scipy提供的矩阵运算模块,开发了邓肯-张E-?模型,给出了采用中点增量法进行非线性求解的算法,并通过对室内大型三轴剪切试验的数值模拟验证了程序的正确性。最后,对准东露天煤矿北部排土场堆排过程开展三维有限元数值计算,结合GRASSGIS对排弃物料高度与厚度空间分布规律的分析结果,对排土场边坡位移变化规律进行初步研究,结果表明,排土场垂直位移与排弃料高度及厚度相关,而最大水平位移则出现在各台阶坡体边缘位置,与实际情况一致。

基于多面体单元的三维ES-FEM理论研究

建立了基于多面体单元的三维光滑边域有限元法(ES-FEM-Poly),包括多面体单元中光滑域的划分方法、形函数的构造,以及几何矩阵、刚度矩阵的推导。同时利用Matlab软件编制了相应的计算程序,研究了空心球模型和梁模型在不同数量多面体单元下的应力分布,与常规四面体单元和六面体单元有限元计算结果通过应力相对误差和能量相对误差进行比较。研究结果表明,基于多面体网格的三维光滑边域有限元法相比常规有限元法具有更好的精度和收敛性,且对于复杂的几何结构也有较好的适应性。

Numerical simulation of 3-D water collapse with an obstacle by FEM-level set method

An interface capturing approach based on a level set function for simulating transient two-phase viscous incompressible flows is applied in this paper. A narrow-band signed distance function is adopted to indicate the phase fields and the interface. The multiphase flow is numerically solved by three stages with finite element method （FEM）： （1） solving a two-fluid Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations over the whole domain, （2） transporting the level set function with the obtained velocity field, （3） the level set function correction through a renormalization with continuous penalization which preserves the thickness of the interface. In this paper, the 3-D water colunm collapse with an obstacle is simulated, which yielded good agreement with the experimental data.

针对3D打印材料孔洞应力集中计算的映射算法

目的利用映射算法以较小计算成本获得3D打印材料孔洞应力集中分布情况,为3D打印材料疲劳寿命预测及结构优化设计的有限元分析提供新方法。方法提取单个孔洞应力集中影响范围内的节点及应力,并计算出各节点的应力集中系数。以寻找最近点的方式将无孔洞模型相应节点的应力值乘以不同的应力集中系数来体现孔洞的应力集中。若多节点映射到同一节点,则乘以多个应力集中系数的平均值;对距离边界较近的点,则乘以边界影响系数。结果材料内部孔洞的映射结果与实际计算结果误差小于8%;而对于自由边界孔洞聚集的情况,误差小于15%。结论映射算法能够有效表征3D打印材料孔洞的应力集中,以较小的成本获得含孔洞缺陷模型的应力分布。该算法为临床植入体优化设计及疲劳分析提供有限元结果。

基于PZFlex的1-3压电复合材料横向振动模仿真

1-3型压电复合材料具有高机电耦合系数和低声阻抗,适用于制作水声和医疗超声换能器,但是1-3型压电复合材料的横向振动模会降低换能器的性能,限制换能器的小型化和高频化。该文设计了一组具有矩形压电陶瓷柱的1-3型压电复合材料,复合材料的厚度为0.32 mm,陶瓷柱宽度为0.08 mm,长度为0.10~0.25 mm,刀缝宽度为0.05 mm。利用有限元软件PZFlex进行了建模计算,仿真结果表明,复合材料的厚度谐振频率和反谐振频率分别为4.5 MHz、6 MHz,随着陶瓷柱长度的增大,横向谐振频率逐渐向低频处移动,当陶瓷柱长度和高度比值大于0.69时,横向谐振和厚度谐振发生模式耦合。该文基于复合材料设计了换能器,利用PiezoCAD软件计算得到换能器的中心频率为4.7 MHz。

Detection technology and application of electromagnetic method for hidden danger of water gushing at coal face

The principles, methods, technologies and application effects of several electromagnetic methods for the detection of the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face were introduced. Also, emphasis was laid on expounding the methods, principles and effects of down-hole detections by electric transmission tomography and transient electromagnetic method. The potential of point power supplied in the underground homogeneous semi-space, as well as the response to a low-resistivity abnormal body in the homogeneous semi-space, was simulated by adopting 3-D finite element method to interpret the basic theory of the electric transmission tomography. The results of actual measurement show that the mine electromagnetic method is sensitive to water-bearing low-resistivity bodies and can play a unique role in detecting the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND ANALYSIS FOR CHEMICAL-FLOODING SIMULATION

This article discusses the enhanced oil recovery numerical simulation of the chemical-flooding (such as surfactallts, alcohol, polymers) composed of three-dimensional multicomponent, multiphase and incompressible mixed fluids. The mathematical model can be described as a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations with initialboundary value problerns. viom the actual conditions such as the effect of cross interference and the three-dimensional charederistic of large-scale science-engineering computation,this article puts forward a kind of characteristic finite element fractional step schemes and obtain the optimal order error estdriates in L2 norm. Thus we have thoroughly solved the well-known theoretical problem proppsed by a famous scientist, R. E. Ewing.

二维复杂弹性空腔的边光滑有限元建模及分析

在弹性空腔结构上敷设被动约束层阻尼(passive constraint layer damping, PCLD)可达到减振降噪的效果,针对这类复杂结构建立了二维复合弹性空腔的边光滑有限元耦合动力学模型。其中,PCLD结构采用两节点四自由度的PCLD梁单元,声场采用边光滑有限元模型。以二维全敷设复合矩形空腔模型为数值算例,以精细网格下的有限元法结果作为参考解,对比研究了在相同背景网格下,边光滑有限元法和有限元法的频响结果,发现前者更接近参考解,说明同样的计算成本下,边光滑有限元法具有更高的精确性,特别是在中频计算中。最后,分析了PCLD结构对某汽车驾驶舱的降噪效果,以及黏弹层和约束层厚度参数的影响规律,发现黏弹层厚度增大,可一定程度上降低空腔噪声,而约束层厚度增大,并不能在整个频段得到很好的降噪效果。

高铁荷载下路堤和路堑段地面振动特性现场测试与数值分析

对巴黎-布鲁塞尔高速铁路地面振动开展现场测试,对比分析了高铁运行引起的路堤和路堑段地面振动特性以及传播衰减规律。基于2.5维有限元法基本原理,推导并建立了高铁荷载下路堤和路堑段2.5维有限元动力计算模型,详细讨论了路堤和路堑设计参数对地面振动特性的影响。结果表明:距轨道较近处的地面振动幅值主要受列车轴重影响,而距轨道较远处则由中间车相邻转向架轮对的叠加效应主导。高铁运行引起的路堤和路堑段地面振动随与轨道距离增加而减小,中高频成分振动的衰减速率显著大于其他频段。路堤和路堑段地面振动1阶主频主要由列车荷载的基频f_1主导,随车速提高逐渐向高频方向移动。路堤和路堑对地面振动的衰减规律有重要影响,路堤段地面振动随与轨道间距的衰减过程可分为两个阶段,而路堑段地面振动衰减过程则可分为三个阶段,且振动在堑顶处有较为明显的局部放大现象。当与路堤段轨道间距≥19.0 m(路堑段≥23.0 m)后,地面振动Z振级VL_Z均小于80.0 dB。同时,高铁荷载下地面振动随路堤高度或路堑深度的增加而减小,当超过某一限值时,继续增加路堤高度或路堑深度难以有效减小地面振动。路堤段地面振动随路堤弹性模量的增大而减小。此外,在确保稳定性的前提下,较陡的路堑边坡更有利于减小高铁运行引起的地面振动。

盐水泥浆条件下定向井双侧向测井环境校正方法研究

在定向井中,双侧向测井数据由于受井眼、围岩、井斜、径向侵入等环境因素的影响,难以准确地估算储层的电阻率和更准确地识别储层流体.本文拟提出图版法和反演法相结合的思路来研究地层视电阻率的校正问题.首先,针对研究区的测井环境和钻井液电阻率,计算了不同尺寸井眼的双侧向测井响应,绘制了井眼校正图版;然后,针对斜度井地层模型,采用三维有限元方法计算了不同井斜、不同厚度地层的测井响应,构建了井斜-围岩/层厚图版,利用该图版实现了井眼校正和井斜-围岩/层厚的电阻率快速校正.最后,针对钻井液侵入的影响,采用反演方法计算了侵入半径和地层真电阻率,最终实现了双侧向测井的环境校正.利用上述理论与方法对海洋中定向井的双侧向测井资料进行了环境校正,提高了储层流体定性识别和定量评价的精度.

复杂地形三维直流电阻率有限元数值模拟

系统地论述了用有限单元法研究复杂地形条件下三维直流电阻率的正演计算技术.首先给出了三维构造中点源电场的边值问题以及相应的变分问题;然后利用有限单元法求解变分问题,采用四面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,在单元中进行三线性函数插值,将变分方程化为线性代数方程组;最后,考虑到节约计算时间,利用对称超松弛预条件共轭梯度迭代算法求解大型线性方程组,得到了各节点的电位值,进而计算出地表的视电阻率.通过理论模型的计算检验了算法的可行性之后,给出了几种常见纯地形异常的数值模拟结果和一个组合模型的计算结果,其研究工作为研究三维直流电阻率反演奠定了基础.

永磁转子偏转式三自由度电机磁场解析建模与分析

永磁多自由度运动电机与常规电机相比,优点突出,有着广阔的应用前景。该文提出一种新型永磁转子偏转式三自由度电机,介绍其基本结构和工作原理,分别利用解析法和三维有限元法对电机磁场进行建模分析,得出气隙磁通密度三维模型,并对电机内部的空间谐波进行分析,得到了气隙磁密径向分量的分布数据。通过两种方法的分析对比,结果表明,解析法计算的气隙磁密径向分量与有限元法结果吻合,计算值误差在3.5%以内,验证了所建立磁场模型的正确性。

三维地形直流电阻率有限元法模拟

基于稳定电流场的基本方程、三维区域满足的边值问题以及相应的变分问题,研究了三维起伏地形条件下电阻率的有限单元数值模拟算法.离散积分区域时,以三棱柱为最小研究单元,推导了含有地形特征信息的三线性插值型函数以及单元刚度矩阵.采用变带宽、一维数组方式只存储稀疏刚度矩阵中非零元素,能够节约内存.利用Cholesky分解法只分解一次大型稀疏矩阵,通过回代可以求出方程组的全部解,当求解有多个供电点的测深问题时可以缩短计算时间.模型计算表明,在水平层状介质模型上,三维计算结果与解析解或二维数值解十分吻合,计算精度满足误差要求.在二维山脊上的二极剖面或三维山谷上的中间梯度剖面上,其三维计算结果与相应模型的土槽实验结果或边界元法计算结果也非常接近.