High-speed autopolarization synchronization modulation three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy

In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3DSIM)has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation.We introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system,leveraging the polarizationmaintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micromirror device(DMD)in conjunction with an electrooptic modulator.The DMD-3DSIM system yields a twofold enhancement in both lateral(133 nm)and axial(300 nm)resolution compared to wide-field imaging and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024 pixels×1024 pixels,with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume.The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens,including fluorescent beads,nuclear pores,microtubules,actin filaments,and mitochondria within cells,as well as plant and animal tissues.Notably,polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments.Furthermore,the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances 3D resolution.The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena,boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution,fast temporal resolution,and polarization imaging.

Orthogonal matrix of polarization combinations:concept and application to multichannel holographic recording

Orthogonal matrices have become a vital means for coding and signal processing owing to their unique distributional properties.Although orthogonal matrices based on amplitude or phase combinations have been extensively explored,the orthogonal matrix of polarization combinations(OMPC)is a novel,relatively unexplored concept.Herein,we propose a method for constructing OMPCs of any dimension encompassing 4n(where n is 1,2,4,8,…)mutually orthogonal 2ncomponent polarization combinations.In the field of holography,the integration of polarization multiplexing techniques with polarization-sensitive materials is expected to emerge as a groundbreaking approach for multichannel hologram multiplexing,offering considerable enhancements in data storage capacity and security.A multidimensional OMPC enables the realization of multichannel multiplexing and dynamical modulation of information in polarization holographic recording.Despite consolidating all information into a single position within the material,we effectively avoided extraneous crosstalk during the reconstruction process.Our results show that achieving four distinct holographic images individually and simultaneously depends on the polarization combination represented by the incident wave.This discovery opens up a new avenue for achieving highly holographic information storage and dynamically displayed information,harnessing the potential of OMPC to expand the heretofore limited dimensionality of orthogonal polarization.

Power-induced polarization switching and bistability characteristics in 1550-nm VCSELs subjected to orthogonal optical injection

The polarization switching（PS） and polarization bistability（PB） characteristics of a 1550-nm vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser（VCSEL） subjected to orthogonal optical injection are systematically investigated.The simulated results show that the PS and polarization-resolved nonlinear dynamical states of the VCSEL are critically dependent on the changing paths of the injected power.The polarization dynamics for different scanning directions of the injected power is presented to explain the polarization evolution during the formation of PS.In the case of forward scanning injected power,with the increase of frequency detuning level between the VCSEL and the injected light,the injected power required for PS gradually increases for negative frequency detuning but exhibits fluctuations for positive frequency detuning.In the case of reversely scanning injected power,the injected power required for PS displays fluctuant changes within the whole frequency detuning range.Specifically,PS may disappear under certain negative frequency detuning and large bias current.Furthermore,the hysteresis width as a function of the frequency detuning is calculated,and the regions for the appearance and disappearance of PB have been determined in the parameter space of the bias current and frequency detuning.

Steering the energy sharing of electrons in nonsequential double ionization with orthogonally polarized two-color field

Using the semiclassical ensemble model,the dependence of relative amplitude for the recollision dynamics in nonsequential double ionization(NSDI)of neon atom driven by the orthogonally polarized two-color field(OTC)laser field is theoretically studied.And the dynamics in two typical collision pathways,recollision-impact-ionization(RII)and recollisionexcitation with subsequent ionization(RESI),is systematically explored.Our results reveal that the V-shaped structure in the correlated momentum distribution is mainly caused by the RII mechanism when the relative amplitude of the OTC laser field is zero,and the first ionized electrons will quickly skim through the nucleus and share few energy with the second electron.As the relative amplitude increases,the V-shaped structure gradually disappears and electrons are concentrated on the diagonal in the electron correlation spectrum,indicating that the energy sharing after electrons collision is symmetric for OTC laser fields with large relative amplitudes.Our studies show that changing the relative amplitude of the OTC laser field can efficiently control the electron–electron collisions and energy exchange efficiency in the NSDI process.

LIQUID CRYSTAL BASED ROTATING ORTHOGONAL POLARIZATION IMAGING SYSTEM

Rotating orthogonal polarization imaging provides images of the polarization properties of scattering media which are free from surface reflections.Previously the technique has been demonstrated using manually rotated Glan–Thompson polarizers to control and analyze the polarization state of the light entering and emerging from the tissue.This paper describes a system that performs these functions using liquid crystal retarders.The system is tested using a polarizing target embedded within a scattering medium and is compared with Monte Carlo simulations.The results compare well with those obtained with manual rotation of polarizers.The liquid crystal based approach has advantages over the previous system in terms of ease of use,speed,and repeatability and is therefore an important step towards taking the technique into routine clinical use.

Controlling Three-Dimensional Electron-Electron Correlation via Elliptically Polarized Intense Laser Field

The three-dimensional electron-electron correlation in an elliptically polarized laser field is investigated based on a semiclassical model. Asymmetry parameter α of the correlated electron momentum distribution is used to quantitatively describe the electron-electron correlation. The dependence of α on elliptieity e is totally different in three directions. For the z direction （maJor polarization direction）, α first increases and reaches a maximum at ε = 0.275, then it decreases quickly. For the y direction in which the laser field is always absent, the ellipticity has a minor effect, and the asymmetry parameter fluctuates around α = -0.15. However, for the x direction （minor polarization direction）, α increases monotonously with ellipticity though starts from the same value as in the y direction when ε = 0. The behavior of α in the x direction actually indicates a transformation from the Coulomb interaction dominated correlation to the laser field dominated correlation. Therefore, our work provides an efficient way to control the three-dimensional electron electron correlation via an elliptically polarized intense laser field.

Three-dimensionally interconnected Co9S8/MWCNTs composite cathode host for lithium–sulfur batteries

Several challenging issues,such as the poor conductivity of sulfur,shuttle effects,large volume change of cathode,and the dendritic lithium in anode,have led to the low utilization of sulfur and hampered the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries.In this study,a novel three-dimensionally interconnected network structure comprising Co9 S8 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was synthesized by a solvothermal route and used as the sulfur host.The assembled batteries delivered a specific capacity of1154 m Ah g-1 at 0.1 C,and the retention was 64%after 400 cycles at 0.5 C.The polar and catalytic Co9 S8 nanoparticles have a strong adsorbent effect for polysulfide,which can effectively reduce the shuttling effect.Meanwhile,the three-dimensionally interconnected CNT networks improve the overall conductivity and increase the contact with the electrolyte,thus enhancing the transport of electrons and Li ions.Polysulfide adsorption is greatly increased with the synergistic effect of polar Co9 S8 and MWCNTs in the three-dimensionally interconnected composites,which contributes to their promising performance for the lithium–sulfur batteries.

Controlling the contributions to high-order harmonic generation from different nuclei of N_2 with an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field

The generation of high-order harmonic and the attosecond pulse of the N2 molecule with an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field are investigated by the strong-field Lewenstein model.We show that the control of contributions to high-order harmonic generation（HHG） from different nuclei is realized by properly selecting the relative phase.When the relative phase is chosen to be φ= 0.4π,the contribution to HHG from one nucleus is much more than that from another.Interference between two nuclei can be suppressed greatly; a supercontinuum spectrum of HHG appears from 40 e V to125 e V.The underlying physical mechanism is well explained by the time–frequency analysis and the semi-classical threestep model with a finite initial transverse velocity.By superposing several orders of harmonics,an isolated attosecond pulse with a duration of 80 as can be generated.

A Stable Wavelength Operation Ho:YAG Laser with Orthogonally Polarized Pump

A stable wavelength operation Ho:YAG laser dual-pumped by two orthogonally polarized Tm:YLF lasers is reported. Under the cw operation mode, a laser output power of 24 W is measured. The corresponding opticaloptical conversion efficiency is 44.75% and the slope efficiency is 50.12%. Under the Q-switched operation mode,the output maximum average power is 22.8 W at the re-frequency of 6 kHz. The corresponding optical-optical conversion efficiency and slope efficiency are 42.64% and 48.01%, respectively. The output central wavelength is 2090.73 nm, the linewidth is 0.40 nm, and the beam quality is M^2< 1.6. Moreover, the shift of the output central wavelength is less than 0.01 nm, and the linewidth shift is also less than 0.01 nm.

Simultaneous polarization separation and switching for 100-Gbps DP-QPSK signals in backbone networks

We propose a novel scheme of simultaneous polarization separation and switching, based on the orthogonallypolarized four-wave mixing(FWM) effect, for ultra-high-speed polarization multiplexing(Pol-MUX) fiber networks such as 100-Gbps and 400-Gbps backbone networks. We use theoretical and experimental analysis of the vector theory of FWM to successfully achieve polarization separation and all-optical switching by utilizing a 100-Gbps dual polarizationquadrature phase shift keying(DP-QPSK) signal and two orthogonally-polarized pumps. Both of the polarization-separated QPSK signals have clear constellation diagrams, with root mean square(RMS) error vector magnitudes(EVMs) of 14.32%and 14.11% respectively. The wavelengths of idlers can be created at 30 different wavelengths, which are consistent with International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication(ITU-T) wavelengths, by flexibly changing the wavelength of the pump light. Moreover, the idlers that have distinct wavelengths have power distributed in a range from-10 dBm to-15 dBm, which can support error-free transmission. The power penaltyis 5 d B lower than that of back-to-back(BTB)signal for both the X-and Y-polarization components measured at a bit error ratio(BER) of 3.8×10^(-3). Our experimental results indicate that this scheme has promising applications in future backbone networks.

A novel orthogonally linearly polarized Nd:YVO_4 laser

We presented a novel orthogonally linearly polarized Nd：YVO4 laser. Two pieces of a-cut grown-together composite YVO4/Nd：YVO4 crystals were placed in the resonant cavity with the c-axis of the two crystals orthogonally. The polarization and power performance of the orthogonally polarized laser were investigated. A 26.2-W orthogonally linearly polarized laser was obtained. The power ratio between the two orthogonally polarized lasers was varied with the pump power caused by the polarized mode coupling. The longitudinal modes competition and the corresponding variable optical beats were also observed from the orthogonally polarized laser. We also adjusted the crystals with their c-axis parallele to each other, and a 40.7-W linearly polarized TEM00 laser was obtained, and the beam quality factors were Mx^2 = 1.37 and My^2 = 1.25.

Synthesis of Antennas for Field and Polarization Control

This article presents a procedure for electromagnetic field and polarization control with antennas. The concept previously introduced by the authors for spatially distributed three-dimensional electromagnetic polarization (as time varies) is discussed and extended also to include non-ideal antennas and the control of electromagnetic field distributions (at a given instant of time). These polarizations and fields are herein referred to as “3D”, although time is also inherent to them. Even that the main objective is to introduce a mathematically/numerically consistent synthesis technique for controlling the 3D electromagnetic fields and polarizations, an effort is made to present and discuss possible applications, including but not limited to torus-knotted distributions and spatial multiplexing for transmission of information in wireless digital communication systems.

Reflection for three-dimensional plane waves in triclinic crystalline medium

The propagation of three-dimensional plane waves at a traction free boundary of a half-space composed of triclinic crystalline material is discussed. A method has been developed to find the analytical expressions of all the three phase velocities of quasi-P （qP）, quasi-SV （qSV） and quasi-SH （qSH） in three dimensions. Closed form expressions in three dimensions for the amplitude ratios of reflection coefficients of qP, qSV and qSH waves in a triclinic medium are obtained. These expressions are used for numerically studying the variation of the reflection coetticients with the angle of incidence. The graphs are drawn for different polar angle and azimuth. Numerical results presented indicate that the anisotropy affect the reflection coetticients significantly in the three dimensional case compared to the two-dimensional case.

Solution and simulation algorithm of microseismic events location to three-dimensional model by comprehensive location method based on Matlab

The essential for microseismic monitoring is fast and accurate calculation of seismic wave source location. The precision of most traditional microseismic monitoring processes of mines, using TDOA location method in two-dimensional space to position the microseismic events, as well as the accuracy of positioning microseismic events, may be reduced by the two-dimensional model and simple method, and ill-conditioned equations produced by TDOA location method will increase the positioning error. This article, based on inversion theory, studies the mathematical model of TDOA location method, polariza- tion analysis location method, and comprehensive difference location method of adding angle factor in the traditional TDOA location method. The feasibility of three methods is verified by numerical simulation and analysis of the positioning error of them. The results show that the comprehensive location method of adding angle difference has strong positioning stability and high positioning accuracy, and it may reduce the impact effectively about ill-conditioned equations to positioning results. Comprehensive location method with the data of actual measure may get better positioning results.

Ultrafast photoionization of ions and molecules by orthogonally polarized intense laser pulses: Effects of the time delay

We present the photoelectron momentum distributions(PMDs) and the photoelectron angular distributions(PADs) of He+ ions, aligned H2+ molecules and N2 molecules by intense orthogonally polarized laser pulses. Simulations are performed by numerically solving the corresponding two-dimensional time-dependent Schr?dinger equations(TDSEs) within the single-electron approximation frame. Photoelectron momentum distributions and photoelectron angular distributions present different patterns with the time delays Td, illustrating the dependences of the PMDs and PADs on the time delays by orthogonally polarized laser pulses. The evolution of the electron wavepackets can be employed to describe the intensity of the PADs from the TDSE simulations for N2 molecules.

Mathematical Description of Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Orthogonal Polarizing Method

The transfer function of the optical splitting system of the acousto-optic tunable filter （AOTF） is deduced to be a reference to optical design. The characteristic matrix （ transfer function） of AOTF is used to describe quantitatively the characters of polarization elements in the orthogonal polarizing system. According to the characteristic matrix, the included angle of polarizer＇s transmission direction and polarization analyzer＇s transmission direction should be 90°. As a result the signal to noise ratio increased about 20 times though the light intensity was reduced to 54.3%,because both the transmittances of polarizer and polarization analyzer are 0. 74, which is an intrinsic character. The orthogonal polarizing method is an effective method to get rid of the influence of zero order light and improve the spectrum resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.

Polar codes based OFDM-PLC systems in the presence of impulsive noise

Power line communication(PLC)has the potential to become the preferred technique for providing broadband communication to homes and offices with advantage of eliminating the need for new wiring infrastructure and reducing the cost.But it suffers from the impulsive noise because it introduces significant time variance into the power line channel.In this paper,a polar codes based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)PLC system is proposed to deal with the impulsive noise and thereby improve the transmission performance.Firstly,the impulsive noise is modelled with a multi-damped sine function by analyzing the time behavior of impulse events.Then the polar codes are used to combat the impulsive noise of PLC channel,and a low complexity bit-flipping decoding method based on CRC-aided successive cancellation list(CA-SCL)decoding algorithm is proposed.Simulations evaluate the proposed decoding algorithm and the results validate the suggested polar codes based OFDM-PLC scheme which can improve the BER performance of PLC with impulsive interference.

Channel modeling and influenced factor analysis of the broadband dual-orthogonal polarized MIMO land mobile satellite channel

An accurate, complete and realistic channel model is re- quired to accurately analyze the system performance of a multiple input multiple output （MIMO） broadband satellite mobile commu- nication system with dual-orthogonal polarized antennas （DPAs）. In most current studies, the channel characteristic matrix （CCM） is always formed by an independent identical distribution （i.i.d） model of Rayleigh or Rice distribution and nevertheless incomplete and inaccurate to describe a broadband dual-orthogonal polarized MIMO land mobile satellite （BDM-LMS） channel. This paper fo- cuses on establishing the BDM-LMS channel statistical model, which combines the 4-state broadband LMS channel model, the time selective fading features, the channel covariance information （CCI） channel model and polarization correlations between an- tennas. The modeling steps of the channel model are introduced. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of the factors, such as antenna numbers, temporal correlations, terminal environments, elevation angles and polarization correlations between the DPAs, on the channel capacity in the BDM-LMS system. Many simulation results are provided to illustrate the effects of these factors through comparisons of the transmit rate, ergodic capacity and outage capacity with different factor values. Besides, the MIMO outage capacity advantages, which indicate the benefits of MIMO com- pared with a single input single output （SISO） system under the same channel condition, are also studied under i.i.d or BDM-LMS channel.

A High Spectral Efficient Frequency-Domain Channel-Estimation Method for the Polarization-Division-Multiplexed CO-OFDM-OQAM System

Contrary to the other multi-carrier modulation systems, the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system with an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CO-OFDM-OQAM) possesses inherent imaginary interference (IMI). This has an important impact on the channel estimation process. Currently, a variety of frequency-domain channel estimation methods have been proposed. However, there are various problems that still exist. For instance, in order to reduce the influence of IMI, it is necessary to insert more guard intervals between the training sequence and the payload, leading to the occupation of excessive spectrum resources. In order to address this problem, this work designs a high spectral efficient frequency-domain channel estimation method for the polarization-division-multiplexing CO-OFDM-OQAM systems. First, the working principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Then, its spectral efficiency, power peak-to-average ratio, and channel estimation performance are studied based on simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves the spectral efficiency without worsening the power peak-to-average ratio. The channel estimation capability of this method is verified in three scenarios of long-distance transmissions, including back-to-back, 100 km, and 200 km transmissions. .

碳纤维复合材料与极地环境因素交互关系研究

目的揭示低温环境对碳纤维复合材料静态力学性能的影响,探讨极地环境因素的交互关系及其性能敏感性。方法采用正交试验设计,并通过极值与方差分析法探究各因素对材料性能影响的显著性与主次顺序。基于响应面法,建立力学性能指标与各环境因素间的二次回归模型,分析各因素之间的交互作用。结果碳纤维复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度和弹性模量对环境因素的敏感性存在差异。材料硬度和抗拉强度主要受辐照影响,其次为温度和覆冰厚度;弹性模量则受温度影响显著。响应面分析结果表明,温度、覆冰厚度与辐照之间存在明显的交互效应,尤其是对抗拉强度和弹性模量的影响更为显著,而对硬度的交互影响较弱。结论碳纤维复合材料在极地环境下表现出良好的稳定性与环境适应性,该研究将为碳纤维复合材料的极地应用提供一定的数据支持与理论基础。