Three-Gorges Reservoir Area on the Yangtze River Faced with Risk of Induced Destructive Earthquakes

The Three-Gorge Water Conservancy Project on the Yangtze River started to impound water by locking gates on June 1, 2003. A swarm of more than 2000 small earthquakes suddenly occurred densely along the river section in Xinling Town north of Badong, Hubei Province, on June 7. This caused grave concern in the following years, but, with the completion of the second- and third-phase engineering construction, the water level in the reservoir will rise up to 156 m and 175 m respectively, no matter whether it can induce larger and stronger earthquakes. After an analysis of the distribution of active faults in the eastern part of the reservoir area, their intersections and capability to generate earthquakes from a seismo-tectonic viewpoint, we consider that after the reservoir impounding, two potential focal zones existing in Badong and Zigui counties may generate M 5.5 earthquake, the seismic intensity of which may reach Ⅷ. It will induce landslide bodies in the reservoir area to be reactivated and slide. The evidence is the large-scale landslide occurring on the Shazhenxi Creek river in Zigui County on June 12, 2003.

Influence of the Three Gorges Dam on schistosomiasis control in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

This paper summarizes the factors affecting schistosomiasis transmission in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River before and after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam and analyzes schistosomiasis prevalence trends to provide a basis for the application of the Three Gorges project methodologies in other areas.The Three Gorges Dam has demonstrated a positive effect on schistosomiasis control.Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Jiangsu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are currently regions with a high prevalence of schistosomiasis.These five provinces contained 97.62% of known snail areas and 93.66% of calculated schistosomiasis cases with 90.07% of counties (cities,districts) not yet meeting the criteria for schistosomiasis transmission interruption by the end of 2016.After the Three Gorges Dam was built,the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River decreased.By the end of 2016,the estimated number of cases decreased by 92.75% and the snail habitat areas decreased by 6.56% compared to 2004.No acute schistosomiasis cases have occurred for two consecutive years since 2015.

Impact of the Three Gorges Dam on reproduction of four major Chinese carps species in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River

Silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis),grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella),and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) are the four major Chinese carps and are commercially important aquaculture species in China.Reproduction of these carp has declined since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD) due to an altered water flow and thermal regime in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River.However,details of the changes in reproduction of the four species are not well understood.To assess the impact of the TGD on reproduction of the four carp,we investigated their eggs and larvae at Yidu City,which is 80 km below the TGD,during 2005-2012.We examined differences in larval abundance of the four species in the Jianli section(350 km downstream of the TGD) before(1997-2002)and after(2003-2012) construction of the TGD.Based on these observations,the first spawning date of the four species was delayed a mean of about 25 days after the dam was constructed.Mean egg abundance in the Yidu section of the river was 249 million and mean larval abundance was 464 million,which were significant decreases since the 1980 s.Moreover,larval abundance in the Jianli section after the dam was constructed was significantly lower than that before construction(ANCOVA,P<0.05).The observed larval abundance accounted for only 24.66%of the predicted value in 2003 when the dam was first inundated.The present spawning grounds between the TGD and Yidu section of the river are very similar to those described in the 1980 s,and some spawning grounds exist upstream of the TGD.Large free-flowing stretches upstream of the TGD and the creation of artificially flooded downstream reaches are needed to stimulate spawning and effectively conserve these four major Chinese carps species.

基于环境DNA技术的梯级水坝对长江上游重要支流鱼类多样性的影响研究--以綦江为例

为了探究梯级水坝对长江上游重要支流中不同鱼类的阻隔效应,利用环境DNA(Environmental DNA,eDNA)技术于2021年5月对綦江9个区段鱼类物种组成与多样性进行了分析,并与传统渔业资源调查的结果进行了比对,探讨了eDNA技术在长江水系鱼类监测中的应用前景。结果显示基于eDNA技术在綦江中共检测到鱼类7目16科49属59种。其中,鲤形目41种,占比69.49%;珍稀特有鱼类12种,占比20.34%。通过传统渔业资源调查方法共监测到鱼类7目17科64属92种。两种调查方法的综合分析结果表明綦江中共有鱼类96种,其中55种为共同调查到的鱼类,占比57.29%。此外,基于eDNA技术检测到的59种綦江鱼类,按照下游至上游次序呈现如下趋势:(1)不同区段的鱼类物种多样性阶梯式降低;(2)各采样点与全流域间的鱼类物种相似性阶梯式降低;(3)喜流水鱼类与喜静缓流鱼类物种数之间的比值,以及洄游性鱼类的物种数量及其所占比例逐渐减小;(4)各区段底层鱼类的物种数量百分比逐渐减小,而中上层和中下层鱼类的物种数量百分比逐渐增大。研究表明水坝的长期阻隔对綦江中鱼类物种组成和多样性产生了较大影响,且梯级水坝造成的影响较单个水坝更加严重;梯级水坝对喜流水、洄游性鱼类以及底层鱼类(包括多种长江上游珍稀特有鱼类)有较明显的阻隔效应。在现有研究基础和背景条件下,认为如果用于物种注释的本地数据库已充分完善,将eDNA技术应用于长江水系的鱼类监测总体可行;否则,在监测过程中应将eDNA技术与传统渔业资源调查方法进行适当结合,进而有效提高调查结果的全面性与可信度。

长江上游高坝大库垂向微生物结构及其网络互作

长江上游一系列高坝大库导致水体光、温、氧等呈现特有的垂向分层特征,导致垂向微食物网结构发生变化。本文选取长江上游典型高坝大库溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡大坝坝前垂向生境为研究对象,于2019年从坝前垂向采集了5个不同深度水层的水样,开展了坝前垂向生境特性和微生物群落结构的调查研究。研究发现,7月溪洛渡坝前垂向从90到140m,溶解氧浓度先降低后增加。溪洛渡水库5月在距水体表层40~60m处发生温跃,7月在距水体表层80~120m处发生温跃。向家坝水库5月在水层底部附近出现温跃。不同深度水层物种组成种类和丰度无显著差异,但香农多样性存在差异,并且从表层到底层,香农指数先降低后增加。蓝藻丰度在不同水深差异显著。共现网络分析表明,不同深度水层微生物间的相互作用以正相互作用为主;第二层水层水样微生物群落具有最高的模块化程度,比其他水深处的共发生网络具有更高的复杂度;藻类在微食物网中具有重要作用:藻类与细菌、藻类与原生动物、细菌与原生动物的互作是水生生态系统微食物网之间的主要互作类型,占物种间总互作的81.50%。研究结果表明,坝前垂向不同深度水层微食物网结构和物种间的相互作用在温度、溶解氧浓度等环境因子的作用下存在差异。

长江正源当曲流域夏季高寒湿地信息遥感分类提取

当曲作为长江正源,其流域内覆盖着成片的高寒湿地。由于早年在江源定位上存在的争议及自然环境恶劣科考困难,当曲流域未能受到广泛关注,湿地研究工作薄弱,在高分辨率湿地分类研究上仍处于空白。基于2020年8月19日的Sentinel-2B影像(10 m分辨率多光谱数据),采用面向对象特征的分层分类法,对当曲流域各类别高寒湿地的信息进行提取,结合研究区地表形态、质地等对湿地的水平及垂直分布规律进行总结。结果表明:1)当曲流域高寒湿地共分为3个一级类和9个二级类,总面积为3 364.74 km^(2)。其中主体部分为沼泽湿地,分布面积达2 908.94 km^(2),占湿地总面积的86.45%,河流湿地和湖泊湿地面积相近,分别为269.28 km^(2)和186.52 km^(2)。除高寒湿地外,流域内覆盖有永久冰川积雪,分布面积为107.17 km^(2)。2)当曲流域内湿地在水平分布上总体呈现东南多西北少的特点,主要集中于丘陵环绕的平滩或地势低缓、排水不畅的汇流地带,以及阴坡山脚地区。3)高寒湿地在垂直方向上的分布以海拔4 650~5 100 m为主,随着地势升高湿地资源逐渐减少,海拔5 400 m以上为冰川积雪集中覆盖区,几乎无高寒湿地分布。

旭龙水电站枢纽布置设计研究

为整体提高旭龙水电站主体工程的安全可靠性与经济环保性,通过对大坝、泄洪消能、地下厂房等建筑物布置的深入研究与方案比选,使枢纽主要建筑物避开不良地质构造范围,并利用优良的河床坝基与右岸地下电站围岩条件,确定了河床布置混凝土双曲拱坝、采用全坝身泄洪3表孔加4中孔,右岸布置地下厂房,左岸布置导流洞的紧凑枢纽布置格局。该方案降低了边坡开挖高度,减小对工程区环境影响,优化减少工程占地面积与开挖等土建工程量,显著节省了工程投资,充分体现了环保设计理念,可为《长江保护法》实施后的水电站枢纽布置设计提供参考。

FerryBox: Using Automated Water Measurement Systems to Monitor Water Quality: Perspectives for the Yangtze River and Three Gorges Dam

The building of the Three Gorges Dam （Hubei （湖北） Province, China） has transformed a region with an economy based on sustainable agriculture for millennia into an entirely different environment within an exceptionally short time. This disrupts the natural biogeochemieal cycles of carbon, nutrients, and metals and possibly will affect the whole catchment including downstream ecosystems, such as wetlands, estuaries, deltas, and adjacent sea areas. Starting from changes that have already been documented, this article concentrates on the possible use of a ＂FerryBox＂, which is an automated water quality measurement system on board a ship or on shore, to monitor the short and long term development of the quality of the river water in the backwater area and downstream of the dam. While there are already research programmes running to monitor the water quality of the river and the backwater area, these programs are limited to ship campaigns with sampling and laboratory analysis. The spatial and temporal resolution of such measurements is not sufficient for an overall assessment of the water quality and for prognoses in the context of anthropogenic and climate change. Therefore, a concept of applying regular automated observations by a FerryBox is presented. It is shown that such systems are very well suited to give feedback for the assessment of measures to improve the water quality.

Inducing Flow Velocities to Manage Fish Reproduction in Regulated Rivers

Conservation of endangered or economic fish and control of invasive fish is a great challenge of hydraulic engineering worldwide.Flow velocity has been recognized to affect the spawning of fishes delivering drifting eggs in rivers.However,solid scientific supports and associated mechanisms to establish quantitative relations between flow velocity and fish reproduction,taking into account spawning,fertilizing,hatching,as well as surviving,are lacking.In this paper,we quantified the relationship between flow velocity and reproduction of Chinese carps through both lab and field experiments.The results showed that a minimum velocity was required to trigger Hypophthalmichthys molitrix(H.molitrix)releasing eggs,and a velocity range was preferred to sustain spawning activity.However,the embryo incubation and larvae development of H.molitrix were found to be inhibited with the increase in flow velocity.Considering the requirements of spawning and hatching,as well as larvae surviving,an optimized flow velocity processes was identified for the reproduction of H.molitrix in rivers.These findings were of great significance to the adaptive operation of reservoirs to create reasonable and precise ecological flows for managing fish reproduction,as shown by the promising results in the engineering application to the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Change patterns of oncomelanid snail burden in areas within the Yangtze River drainage after the three gorges dam operated

Background:An"integrated control"strategy has been implemented within seven provinces at highest risk for schistosomiasis along Yangtze River in Peoples'Republic of China(P.R.China)since 2004.Since O ncom elania hupensis is the only intermediate host of the blood fluke(Schistosom a japonicum),controlling the distribution of snails is considered an essential and effeaive way to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis infection.The study aimed to determine the snail area burden and annual trend among provinces with potential risk for schistosomiasis along the Yangtze River,above and below the Three Gorges Dam(TGD).Methods:This retrospective study utilized data previously collected from the National Parasitic Diseases Control Information Management System(NPDCIMS)on annual snail surveys from 2009 to 2017.Descriptive statistics were performed for analyzing the snail burden by provinces,counties,type of environmental location and year,and mapping was conducted to present the snails distribution.Results:From 2009 to 2017,the total snail infested area decreased by 4.22%,from 372253 hm^2 to 356553 hm^2 within the seven high risk provinces.The majority of snails were found in the marshland and lake regions,outside of control embankments.The total snail burden trend remained relatively stable in upstream regions above the TGD from 2010 to 2015,while the trend decreased within downstream regions during this period.In 2016 and 2017,the total snail burden trend increased in both upstream and downstream provinces,however,upstream saw a larger increase.From 2009 to 2017,there were a total of 5990 hm^2 of newly developed snail areas in the seven study provinces and the majority were concentrated in regions below the TGD,accounting for 5610 hm^2(93.70%).Conclusions:There has been a decline in total snail counts from 2009 to 2017.Meanwhile,new snail breeding areas were formed mainly within provinces downstream the TGD due to spread of snails,indicated that the oncomelanid snail would be difficult to completely eliminate.We suggest that the national schistosomiasis integrated control strategy,including mollusciding and environmental modification,will need to be enhanced significantly going forward to achieve a greater reduaion in snail burden and ultimately to achieve elimination.

Flow resistance adjustments of channel and bars in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Since the Three Gorges Dam(TGD)was put into operation,the flood water level at an identical discharge rate has not displayed a decreasing trend along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR).The flow resistance variations of the channel and bars in response to the operation of the TGD remain poorly understood,despite the importance of understanding these for water disaster mitigation and water environment regulation.Herein,the impacts of the TGD on the downstream flow resistance of the channel and bars in the MYR were analyzed using systematic surveys of hydrological datasets,cross-sectional profiles,sediment datasets,and remote sensing images,during different periods.Under the actual natural conditions in the MYR,a modified semi-empirical formula,which considered the grain,dune resistance,as well as the topographic features of the riverbed,was proposed to predict the channel resistance.Furthermore,the effect of various dam-control flow and sediment elements on the variation in different flow resistance components,and the corresponding relationships among them were investigated.Results showed a decline in the comprehensive,channel,and bar resistances as the discharge increased,whereas there was a slight increase when reaching the bank-full discharges.Notably,the bar resistance occupied 65%,while the channel resistance,in which dune resistance was much larger than grain resistance,contributed 35%to the comprehensive resistance.In addition,while flow resistance rose over time,there was a decline as the distance from the TGD increased.In conclusion,the increased dune and bar resistances,interpreted by the fluctuated channel longitudinal profile and growing vegetated area on bars,were the dominant factors preventing the flood water level from dropping.

ADP-flow velocity profile to interpret hydromorphological features of China's Yangtze Three-Gorges valley

In late May and early June, 2002, a field inves- tigation was conducted along the Three-Gorges valley of the upper Yangtze catchment by ADP (Acoustic Doppler Profile SONTEK-500). Data obtained when surveying were accom- panied with discharge of <15000 m3/s in the valley and char- acterize the unique river-flow velocity profile and riverbed morphology. Taking into consideration the relationship be- tween the average flow velocity and fluvial variables, four distinct river sections can be highlighted, i.e. Chongqing- Wanxian, Wanxian-Fengjie, Fengjie-Zigui and Gezhou res- ervoir area (upstream to downstream). The average flow velocity is in-phase with river width from Chongqing to Wanxian. High-flow velocity ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 m/s is recorded at many sites, where the wider river channel (>1000 m) and shallower water depth (<20 m) occur and large-size gravel shoals prevail. Alternated low-flow velocity (<1.5 m/s) appears at those river sections with deep water (>50 m) and U-shaped river-channel morphology. Mapping the river cross-section area at those sites can determine that smaller cross-section area accelerates the flow velocity. From Wanxian to Fengjie, the average flow velocity ranging from 3.0 to 4.5 m/s is in-phase with the water depth. The high-flow velocity is associated with narrower river-channel, where V-shaped gorges valley occurs with small cross-section area. Further downstream from Fengjie to Zigui, the low flow ve- locity is linked to deep river channel characterized by W-shaped valley morphology of large cross-section area, in general. The average flow velocity is 2.5―3.5 m/s, and maxi- mum can reach 6.0 m/s near Wu-Gorge. Our survey had also detected a slow-flow velocity (mostly <1.0 m/s) in the river channel of about 100 km long in the Gezhou reservoir downstream. Heavy siltation to 20 m thick above the former riverbed and about 20 km extending upstream from the Dam site occurs above Gezhou Dam. The backwater can reach 150 km due to elevated water level to 27 m by the damming at the end of 1970s, and riverbed erosion below the dam reaches 15—20 m. In addition, our survey records the deeper water river valley from Fengjie to Yichang, ranging from 70 to 80 m (>100 m; maximum) in the gorges valley (30―40 m below the present mean sea level). This contrasts to the relative shallow water river-channel above Fengjie, i.e. 20―30 m in general and 50―60 m, maximum at gorges site. The present ADP investigation displays the hydromorphological feature in the Three-Gorges valley, and most importantly, it accu- mulates invaluable dataset for the post-dam study in the near future.

A new era of flood control strategies from the perspective of managing the 2020 Yangtze River flood

Flood control of the Yangtze River is an important part of China’s national water security.In July 2020,due to continuous heavy rainfall,the water levels along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and major lakes constantly exceeded the warning levels,in which Taihu Lake exceeded its highest safety water level and some stations of Poyang Lake reached their highest water levels in its history.In August 2020,another huge flood occurred in the Minjiang River and the Jialing River in the upper Yangtze River,and some areas of Chongqing Municipality and other cities along the rivers were inundated,resulting in great pressure on flood control and high disaster losses.The 2020 Yangtze River flood has received extensive media coverage and raised concerns on the roles of the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs in flood control.Here we analyze the changes in the pattern of the Yangtze River flood control by comparing the strategies to tackle the three heavy floods occurring in 1954,1998,and 2020.We propose that the overall strategy of the Yangtze River flood control in the new era should adhere to the principle of"Integration of storage and drainage over the entire Yangtze River Basin,with draining floods downstream as the first priority"by using both engineering and non-engineering measures.On the basis of embankments,the engineering measures should use the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs as the major regulatory means,promote the construction of key flood detention areas,keep the floodways clear,and maintain the ecosystem services of wetlands and shoals.In terms of non-engineering measures,we should strengthen adaptive flood risk management under climate change,standardize the use of lands in flood detention areas,give space to floods,and promote the implementation of flood risk maps and flood insurance policies.The ultimate goal of this new flood control system is to enhance the adaptability to frequent floods and increase the resilience to extreme flood disasters.

葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系

国家一级保护动物中华鲟为江海溯河产卵的洄游性鱼类，1981年即葛洲坝截流前，其产卵场分布在金沙江下游和长江上游的约600km江段。葛洲坝水电工程阻断了其产卵洄游通道，调查发现自1982年以来，中华鲟在葛洲坝下游江段的狭小范围成功产卵。对中华鲟繁殖季节葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场的水温、流速、流量、含沙量和水位等水文数据进行了分析，并对其与中华鲟产卵的关系进行了探讨。结果表明，葛洲坝截流后，宜昌中华鲟产卵场江段10～11月份的月平均流速及11月份的月平均含沙量发生明显变化（P〈0．001），而月平均水位、流量及水温的变化不明显。多年观察结果显示，中华鲟产卵时，5种水文因子的参数均有一定的变动范围。1983～2004年期问，37次中华鲟产卵时的日平均水温范围为16．10～20．60℃，平均为18．63℃；日平均水位范围为40．69～47．32m（黄海高程），平均为43．91m；日平均流量范围为7170～26000m^3／s，平均为13908m^3／s；1983～2000年31次中华鲟产卵时的日平均含沙量范围为0．10～1．32kg／m。，平均为0．46kg／m。；日平均流速为0．81～1．98m／s，平均为1．30m／s。分析得到较适宜中华鲟产卵的水温是18．0～20．0℃，流量是14100m^3／s，水位是42．0～45．0m，含沙量是0．2～0．3kg／m^3，底层流速是1．0～1．7m／s。水温是中华鲟产卵的必备条件，水温适宜的情况下，水位、流速和含沙量出现逐渐从高位下降的趋势、而且各水文要素值均达到其适宜范围时，中华鲟即产卵繁殖。三峡工程运行后，下游江段水温的变化可能会对中华鲟的性腺发育和产卵繁殖产生不利影响，而江水含沙量下降对其产卵繁殖较有利。

葛洲坝截流24年来中华鲟产卵群体结构的变化

以1981～2004年间捕获的中华鲟(AcipensersinensisGray)亲鲟样本为研究材料,研究葛洲坝截流24年来中华鲟繁殖季节中坝下30km范围内产卵群体结构的变化情况。测定与统计结果显示,中华鲟雌雄性比由1981～1983年的1.10∶1降低到1987～1989年的0.63∶1,而后上升到2003～2004年的5.86∶1。雌鲟平均体长由1990～1992年的263.1cm增加到1999～2001年的276.7cm,升幅为5.2%(差异极显著);平均体重由1990～1992年的202.4kg增加到2003～2004年的237.4kg,升幅为17.3%(差异显著)。雌鲟年龄的平均值在24年中的前9年里(1981～1989年)波动于19.0～20.7龄,在后15年(1990～2004年)里,雌鲟年龄平均值在21.1～22.7龄之间波动,普遍高于前9年中的年龄平均值。雄鲟群体变化比雌鲟群体变化大。雄鲟平均体长、体重分别由1981～1983年的205.1cm、89.8kg下降到1987～1989年的197.5cm、72.7kg(降幅分别为3.7%、19.0%),然后上升到2003～2004年的229.4cm、121.1kg(升幅分别为16.4%、65.2%);平均年龄由1981～1983年的15.4龄下降到1987～1989年的13.3龄(降幅为13.6%),然后上升到1996～1998年的17.6龄(升幅32.3%)。在1993～2004年中华鲟产卵场采集并鉴定了年龄的中华鲟亲鲟中,共发现28尾1981～1989年出生的个体即葛洲坝截流后出生的个体,这证明了在洄游路径缩短622～1166km后,中华鲟的回归本能尚未丧失,同时,由于在葛洲坝截流后的初期并没有实施人工繁殖放流,这佐证了葛洲坝截流后新形成的中华鲟产卵场的有效性。

葛洲坝下中华鲟自然繁殖流速场的初步观测

2004和2005年10~11月间,在中华鲟产卵区葛洲坝至庙咀江段利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)自然繁殖期间的流速进行了测量。在该江段沿水流方向设置监测断面共20个,其中2004年设12个(编号1~12),2005新增8个(编号A^H)。监测结果表明,产卵区内所有断面平均流速变化范围为72.99~175.23 cm/s,平均值为(128.89±26.28)cm/s;产卵区内12、和4号断面的垂向平均流速值较其他断面约高2.10 cm/s;从A至12号断面,各断面的平均流向大约从225.91°下降至164.39°,并且产卵区内1、2和4号断面的流向变幅较大,变异系数比其他断面约高18.4%;下产卵区内脉动流速测量结果表明平均流速变化较大,而平均流向变化相对较小,变异系数分别为7.1%和2.9%;葛洲坝下所进行的河势调整工程使中华鲟产卵场内的流速发生了较大程度的改变,主要表现为在导流堤两侧形成了一个流速较缓的区域。导流堤的建设可能会导致上产卵区的位置改变甚至消失,下产卵区改变其具体位置。

葛洲坝水利枢纽下游宜昌江段渔业资源现状

1997-1999年间统计了葛洲坝水利枢纽工程下游宜昌江段的不同渔具渔获物3254kg。共获得鱼类45种,优势种类为铜鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、长鳍吻鮈、圆筒吻鮈、草鱼、鲢、长吻鮠、南方鲇等,鳊、青鱼、鳡等的相对数量比建坝前减少,(鱼宗)、鳜、鳤、鲌类等建坝前的常见种类现在较为少见或罕见。鲥、裂腹鱼、华鲮、暗纹东方鲀等偶见种类以及珍稀鱼类白鲟未被发现。目前该江段渔获物中低龄个体比重较高,性成熟个体较少。过度捕捞是影响坝下江段渔业资源衰退的主要原因。

三峡水库蓄水运用初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应

根据来自长江水利委员会的2003年三峡水库蓄水前后出(入)库水沙变化的逐日数据(2003.5.25-6.12)以及长江中下游2003年和多年平均的干支流测站数据,本文对三峡水库蓄水初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应进行了初步研究。三峡水库蓄水后,拦沙作用十分明显,仅2003年6-12月份,水库淤积泥沙即达1.24亿t。由于泥沙被水库拦截,其下游各站输沙量均降低,河道沿程普遍发生冲刷(除监利至螺山段外)。各江段冲淤响应表现不一,从宜昌至监利冲刷量逐渐减小,监利至螺山段淤积,而从螺山到大通冲刷量逐渐增大。宜昌站至大通站间长江河道2003年总冲刷量为0.798亿t,比预测值小。三峡水库蓄水运用后长江河道冲淤形势发生的变化将对长江中下游环境带来一定的影响,加强及时的监测与研究十分必要。

长江三峡建坝对江汉平原血吸虫病传播的影响——农业生产结构与血吸虫病的关系

为探讨三峡建坝对江汉平原血吸虫病传播的影响,采用历史回顾的方法,在湖沼垸内水网型血吸虫病流行区潜江市收集1985—1994年10年间工、农业生产结构及血吸虫病流行情况的资料。结果表明,当地水田面积与钉螺面积、水田面积与人群感染率、钉螺面积与人群感染率之间均呈正相关关系。牲畜血吸虫感染率与人群感染率之间亦有密切相关。

三峡大坝启用后长江口及邻近海域秋季悬浮体、叶绿素分布特征及影响因素

基于2010年10月在长江口海域海洋综合调查,利用多参数CTD现场调查数据、悬浮体浓度测定数据,对该区悬浮体和叶绿素的空间分布及影响因素进行系统的研究,探讨三峡工程蓄水7a以来长江口的悬浮体和叶绿素的分布特征及变化。结果表明:浊度值与悬浮体浓度存在良好的线性关系,盐度对该线性关系没有明显的影响;长江口及其邻近海域悬浮体主要分布在123°E以西的海域,表现为近岸高、离岸低,表层低、底层高,其分布主要受到水团、长江输入、上升流等的影响;叶绿素在123°E往东的海域含量较高,近岸低,在123°E～124°E之间叶绿素含量最高,其分布主要受到水团、浮游植物种类和季节变化及营养盐的共同影响。与三峡工程蓄水前对比,悬浮体高值区的界限往西移动了近半个经度,同季节的叶绿素含量的平均值降低。