Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO_(2)and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow,proppant migration and fracture closure,which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation.In this paper,we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses.A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional(3D)scanning data.In micro-level,scanning electron micrograph(SEM)was used to analyze the features of fracture surface.The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO_(2)and water fracturing,and the surface area of SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture is 6.49%e58.57%larger than that of water-induced fracture.The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle,while those of SC-CO_(2)-induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle.A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images,indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO_(2)fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles.These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

Development of 3D Scanning System for Robotic Plasma Processing of Medical Products with Complex Geometries

This paper describes the development of an intelligent automated control system of a robot manipulator for plasma treatment of medical implants with complex shapes.The two-layer coatings from the Ti wire and hydroxyapatite powders are applied on the surface of Ti medical implants by microplasma spraying to increase the biocompatibility of implants.The coating process requires precise control of a number of parameters,particularly the plasma spray distance and plasma jet traverse velocity.Thus,the development of the robotic plasma surface treatment involves automated path planning.The key idea of the proposed intelligent automatic control system is the use of data of preliminary three-dimensional (3D) scanning of the processed implant by the robot manipulator.The segmentation algorithm of the point cloud from laser scanning of the surface is developed.This methodology is suitable for robotic 3D scanning systems with both non-contact laser distance sensors and video cameras,used in additive manufacturing and medicine.

Characterization of 3D pore nanostructure and stress-dependent permeability of organic-rich shales in northern Guizhou Depression,China

The three-dimensional(3D)pore structures and permeability of shale are critical for forecasting gas production capacity and guiding pressure differential control in practical reservoir extraction.However,few investigations have analyzed the effects of microscopic organic matter(OM)morphology and 3D pore nanostructures on the stress sensitivity,which are precisely the most unique and controlling factors of reservoir quality in shales.In this study,ultra-high nanoscale-resolution imaging experiments,i.e.focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy(FIB-SEMs),were conducted on two organic-rich shale samples from Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations in northern Guizhou Depression,China.Pore morphology,porosity of 3D pore nanostructures,pore size distribution,and connectivity of the six selected regions of interest(including clump-shaped OMs,interstitial OMs,framboidal pyrite,and microfractures)were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized.Pulse decay permeability(PDP)measurement was used to investigate the variation patterns of stress-dependent permeability and stress sensitivity of shales under different confining pressures and pore pressures,and the results were then used to calculate the Biot coefficients for the two shale formations.The results showed that the samples have high OM porosity and 85%of the OM pores have the radius of less than 40 nm.The OM morphology and pore structure characteristics of the Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations were distinctly different.In particular,the OM in the Wufeng Formation samples developed some OM pores with radius larger than500 nm,which significantly improved the connectivity.The macroscopic permeability strongly depends on the permeability of OM pores.The stress sensitivity of permeability of Wufeng Formation was significantly lower than that of Longmaxi Formation,due to the differences in OM morphology and pore structures.The Biot coefficients of 0.729 and 0.697 were obtained for the Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations,respectively.

Wide color gamut switchable autostereoscopic 3D display based on directional quantum-dot backlight

A switchable autostereoscopic 3-dimensional(3D) display device with wide color gamut is introduced in this paper. In conjunction with a novel directional quantum-dot(QD) backlight, the precise scanning control strategy, and the eye-tracking system, this spatial-sequential solution enables our autostereoscopic display to combine all the advantages of full resolution,wide color gamut, low crosstalk, and switchable 2D/3D. And also, we fabricated an autostereoscopic display prototype and demonstrated its performances effectively. The results indicate that our system can both break the limitation of viewing position and provide high-quality 3D images. We present two working modes in this system. In the spatial-sequential mode,the crosstalk is about 6%. In the time-multiplexed mode, the viewer should wear auxiliary and the crosstalk is about 1%,just next to that of a commercial 3D display(BENQ XL2707-B and View Sonic VX2268 WM). Additionally, our system is also completely compatible with active shutter glasses and its 3D resolution is same as its 2D resolution. Because of the excellent properties of the QD material, the color gamut can be widely extended to 77.98% according to the ITU-R recommendation BT.2020(Rec.2020).

A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 1:Derivation of quality assurance parameters and geometric reproducibility

Since each rock joint is unique by nature,the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies.However,information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas,a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance.The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional(3D)scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas.The first parameter,smf,captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces.smf is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint.Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified.These errors could be minimized,yielding replicas with smf
0.06 mm.The second parameter is a vector,VHp100,which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction.It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint.

VHp100

was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study.Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint.In a subsequent paper(part 2),smf and VHp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method,in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing.Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.

A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 2:Validation and mechanical replicability

Each rock joint is unique by nature which means that utilization of replicas in direct shear tests is required in experimental parameter studies.However,a method to acquire knowledge about the ability of the replicas to imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.In this study,a novel method is presented for geometric quality assurance of replicas.The aim is to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear testing data as a prerequisite for reliable subsequent analyses of the results.In Part 1 of this study,two quality assurance parameters,smf and V_(Hp100),are derived and their usefulness for evaluation of geometric deviations,i.e.geometric reproducibility,is shown.In Part 2,the parameters are validated by showing a correlation between the parameters and the shear mechanical behavior,which qualifies the parameters for usage in the quality assurance method.Unique results from direct shear tests presenting comparisons between replicas and the rock joint show that replicas fulfilling proposed threshold values of σ_(mf)<0.06 mm and
|V_(Hp100)|
<0.2 mm have a narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint in all aspects apart from having a slightly lower peak shear strength.The wear in these replicas,which have similar morphology as the rock joint,is in the same areas as in the rock joint.The wear is slightly larger in the rock joint and therefore the discrepancy in peak shear strength derives from differences in material properties,possibly from differences in toughness.It is shown by application of the suggested method that the quality assured replicas manufactured following the process employed in this study phenomenologically capture the shear strength characteristics,which makes them useful in parameter studies.

3维激光测风雷达技术研究

为了精确测量3维大气风场的实时状态以应对低空风切变在飞行器起降过程中给飞行器带来的多种问题,通过DBS四波束风场反演原理研制出一款小型3维激光测风雷达。对大气风场展开测风试验并获取风场数据,并与其它标准测风设备的数据对比分析。结果表明,雷达在晴天和阴天的天气状况下均可以实现对大气风场的有效测量,风速均方根误差0.42m/s,风向均方根误差5.33°。该雷达精准度高、稳定性好,对风切变预警、中低空大气风场预报及飞行器飞行通道的风场测量具有重要作用。

树木枝干Delaunay三角网格构建技术

基于点云的树木建模技术是获取树木三维模型的一种重要方法。以三维激光扫描得到的树木枝干点云数据为数据源,将树木枝干点云数据分割成不同的部分,沿树高方向分层。利用凸包算法提取树木不同高度的点云等值线,在相邻等值线间使用三角网生长算法构建Delaunay三角网。合并树木不同部分的Delaunay三角网格,构建出树木枝干的Delaunay三角网模型。通过实例验证,运用此方法提取的树木枝干等值线模型符合一般等值线模型的特点,相邻2条等值线间不会产生边缘交叉问题;构建的树木枝干Delaunay三角网模型比使用普通软件建立的模型数据量大幅减小,而且模型效果更好。使用射线碰撞检测技术提取模型参数,与实际测量值对比误差在5%以内,满足林业测树要求。

基于3维扫描线数据重建的光斑半径补偿研究

为了在材料表面激光3维改性系统中有效地消除系统误差并提高系统精度,根据材料表面改性图形为填充图样的原理,采用3维扫描线重建算法对空间封闭曲线进行了激光半径补偿。经过交点计算及闭合检查,对空间3维数据进行重建,基于VC++平台实现了半径补偿算法,完成重建图形显示并控制系统完成材料表面激光3维改性实验。经理论分析及实验验证,重建后的3维图形补偿了0.07mm光斑直径距离,取得了与标准值更加接近的实验数据。结果表明,此种算法具有一般性,可有效消除系统误差并提高系统精度。

Experimental and numerical investigation of Weibullian behavior of grain crushing strength

The Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength was investigated experimentally and numerically with the aim of enhancing the understanding of rock grain breakage.The morphologies of pebble grains were obtained using white light 3D laser scanning and image processing.A grain shape library was constructed for grain shape analysis with different shape descriptors.The use of the shape library and grain stability analysis is discussed for a suggested procedure to rotate a grain to its most stable configuration.Single grain crushing tests were performed for 30 pebbles to obtain force-displacement curves and fracture patterns.Each grain was compressed diametrically between flat platens.As expected,the values of the stress at bulk fracture follow a Weibull distribution.A procedure for generating crushable agglomerates with realistic particle shapes was demonstrated,which was accomplished in the discrete element modeling(DEM)of the single grain crushing test.The work presented here is novel in that both the heterogeneous micro-structures and randomly distributed flaws are considered.The DEM results demonstrate that the proposed modeling approach and calibrated parameters are reliable and can reflect the crushing behavior of rock pebbles.Finally,three parametric studies were presented evaluating the effects of micro-crack density,micro-crack disorder,and grain morphology on the Weibullian behavior of the crushing strength,none of which has previously been thoroughly considered.These three studies provide a deeper insight into the origin of the Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength.

Methods of configuration test and deformation analysis for large airship

In recent years, high-altitude aerostats have been increasingly developed in the direction of multi-functionality and large size. Due to the large size and the high flexibility, new challenges for large aerostats have appeared in the configuration test and the deformation analysis. The methods of the configuration test and the deformation analysis for large airship have been researched and discussed. A tested method of the configuration,named internal scanning, is established to quickly obtain the spatial information of all surfaces for the large airship by the three-dimensional(3D) laser scanning technology. By using the surface wrap method, the configuration parameters of the large airship are calculated. According to the test data of the configuration, the structural dimensions such as the distances between the characteristic sections are measured. The method of the deformation analysis for the airship contains the algorithm of nonuniform rational B-splines(NURBS) and the finite element(FE)method. The algorithm of NURBS is used to obtain the reconfiguration model of the large airship. The seams are considered and the seam areas are divided. The FE model of the middle part of the large airship is established. The distributions of the stress and the strain for the large airship are obtained by the FE method. The position of the larger deformation for the airship is found.

Co-developing an international TLS network for the 3D ecological understanding of global trees:System architecture,remote sensing models,and functional prospects

Trees are spread worldwide,as the watchmen that experience the intricate ecological effects caused by various environmental factors.In order to better understand such effects,it is preferential to achieve finely and fully mapped global trees and their environments.For this task,aerial and satellite-based remote sensing(RS)methods have been developed.However,a critical branch regarding the apparent forms of trees has significantly fallen behind due to the technical deficiency found within their globalscale surveying methods.Now,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),a state-of-the-art RS technology,is useful for the in situ three-dimensional(3D)mapping of trees and their environments.Thus,we proposed co-developing an international TLS network as a macroscale ecotechnology to increase the 3D ecological understanding of global trees.First,we generated the system architecture and tested the available RS models to deepen its ground stakes.Then,we verified the ecotechnology regarding the identification of its theoretical feasibility,a review of its technical preparations,and a case testification based on a prototype we designed.Next,we conducted its functional prospects by previewing its scientific and technical potentials and its functional extensibility.Finally,we summarized its technical and scientific challenges,which can be used as the cutting points to promote the improvement of this technology in future studies.Overall,with the implication of establishing a novel cornerstone-sense ecotechnology,the co-development of an international TLS network can revolutionize the 3D ecological understanding of global trees and create new fields of research from 3D global tree structural ecology to 3D macroecology.

三维磁场的快速测量

本文介绍采用CT技术重建三维磁场图像的圆扫描数据采集方法。与线性扫描方式相比较,提高了数据采集速度。通过对一对AlNiCo_5圆柱体任一断面上磁场的测量与成像,表明该系统具有成像速度快、清晰精确等优点。

植被发育斜坡根土间隙降雨入渗研究

基于土柱CT扫描数据,运用Volview软件重构土体三维图及根系分布图,精确了解土体根系分布情况;应用Navier-Stokes方程计算根土间隙物理概念模型,分析横向间隙流速分布情况;采用格子Boltzmann方法,并结合Matlab程序,实现渗流场细观模拟。为研究根土间隙在土体降雨入渗过程中的作用,综合以上多种方法,深入并全面分析根土间隙在植被发育斜坡降雨入渗过程中的作用。结果表明,(1)CT扫描技术结合Volview软件能够进行土柱三维重建,从而获取根系在土体分布实际情况,为研究根土间隙导流奠定基础;(2)横向根土间隙流速分布情况,中心线位置流速最大,为平均速度的1.5倍;(3)格子Boltzmann方法作为一种基于流体离散粒子的计算方法,能够结合编程软件进行土体渗流细观模拟;(4)随着深度的增加,竖向根土间隙渗流速度逐渐降低,其渗流作用主要依赖于一些连通性好的间隙通道,且流速在30 cm左右深度降低为零。以上各分析手段可有效评估根土间隙对植被发育斜坡在降雨入渗过程中的贡献,并深入分析植被发育斜坡根土间隙降雨入渗机理。

计算机信息技术在上海历史建筑修缮设计中的应用(续)

文章介绍三维激光扫描技术和TruView软件技术的相关原理,结合钱仓路吴氏民居与和平饭店南楼两个典型案例,论述其在建筑修缮中的设计与技术应用。

计算机信息技术在上海历史建筑修缮设计中的应用

文章介绍三维激光扫描技术和TruView软件技术的相关原理,结合钱仓路吴氏民居与和平饭店南楼两个典型案例,论述其在建筑修缮中的设计与技术应用。

三维激光扫描技术在矿山采矿工程中的应用

阐述了三维激光扫描技术的特点、工作原理,介绍了三维激光扫描技术在不同领域的应用。通过三维激光扫描技术安全、便捷、快速、大数据等特点,结合传统矿山测量在塌陷区测量、采空区测量的应用,总结出适合现代化矿山应用的综合测绘技术。

基于电流波数扫描的透镜三维轮廓信息测量

为了高精度测量透镜表面的三维轮廓信息,采用半导体激光器波数扫描的方法,通过控制激光的输出电流来控制激光的线性输出并扩大线性区,从而提高测量精度。对激光波数扫描系统进行了理论分析并建立了测量系统进行实验验证。在迈克尔逊干涉系统的基础上进行改进,在参考端引入1个参考光楔,通过2-D傅里叶变换可以在线监测输出波数变化,对干涉序列图像进行随机采样傅里叶变换,从而还原透镜表面三维轮廓。实验结果表明测量精度可达到20 nm。

鼻骨创伤性骨折螺旋CT三维成像技术探讨

目的评价鼻骨创伤性骨折螺旋CT扫描三维成像的表现。方法使用SomatomBalance1s螺旋CT机对47例X线照片诊断不明确的新鲜或陈旧创伤性鼻骨折的病人,使用薄层螺旋扫描,取得大量有效容积数据。通过三维重建SSD、MPR、MIP成像,立体及多轴面显示鼻骨形态和骨折内容,取得清楚直观的影像诊断。结果47例病人中SSD显示骨折47例,其中单纯线状骨折19例,粉碎性骨折16例,凹陷骨折6例,合并副鼻窦积血8例,正常6例。纠正了3例假阳性和6例诊断骨折类型不准确。结论螺旋CT扫描三维重建图像技术能使横断面图像快速、准确、多样化处理成为直观图像,更准确显示鼻骨创作性骨折的形态及范围。对传统X光照片所得信息有了更高层次的补充,提高了影像诊断水平。

基于三维激光扫描技术的超高压输电线路巡线技术研究

本文将三维激光扫描技术应用于超高压输电线路的检测与维护中。与传统的线路检测与维护方法相比较,三维激光扫描技术提供了一种方便、快捷、高效的三维数据获取手段,在此基础上,方便地计算超高压输电线路维护过程中所需的各项参数,如档距、高差、弧垂、导线的相间距离等。一方面,可以有效地论证输电线路的设计方案是否合理;另一方面,也可以合理确定故障频发地段,为电网的安全稳定运行提供了可靠的技术保障。