Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

Numerical simulation of inducing characteristics of high energy electron beam plasma for aerodynamics applications

potential flow control method for large scale flow.In this paper,a computational fluid dynamics model coupled with a multi-fluid plasma model is established to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics induced by electron beam plasma.The results demonstrate that the electron beam strongly influences the flow properties,not only in the boundary layers,but also in the main flow.A weak shockwave is induced at the electron beam injection position and develops to the other side of the wind tunnel behind the beam.It brings additional energy into air,and the inducing characteristics are closely related to the beam power and increase nonlinearly with it.The injection angles also influence the flow properties to some extent.Based on this research,we demonstrate that the high energy electron beam air plasma has three attractive advantages in aerodynamic applications,i.e.the high energy density,wide action range and excellent action effect.Due to the rapid development of near space hypersonic vehicles and atmospheric fighters,by optimizing the parameters,the electron beam can be used as an alternative means in aerodynamic steering in these applications.

The application of three-dimensional textbook in English teaching

The paper discusses the application of three-dimensional textbook in English teaching. The three-dimensional textbook plays an incomparable function than the traditional textbook and thus has an extensive application in the college English education. It demonstrates the application through the usage of the three-dimensional textbook in the real teaching and shows that excessive usage of sound and pictures or drawings may distract the attention of students. It raises several suggestions at the end.

Application of Three-dimensional Teaching Mode in College English Teaching

The three-dimensional teaching mode is an integrated teaching mode,which integrates teaching design,teaching methods,teaching resources and student learning.In the English classroom,the three-dimensional teaching mode is used to make the English learning class full of vitality and to improve the effect of English classroom teaching.

Research and application on three-dimensional seismic and vibration isolation for building

This paper presents the study of a three-dimensional(3D) isolation system.Firstly,the authors investigated the effects of an innovative 3D isolator,which was composed of a connecting plate,a rubber pad for vibration isolation in the vertical direction and a horizontal rubber bearing for seismic isolation in both horizontal directions.Secondly,the authors designed such a vibration isolation system and installed it underneath two specific residential buildings which were built directly over an existing subway communication hub platform in Beijing.These buildings required good performance vibration and seismic isolation system to reduce the impact from the running of nearby subway trains.Finally,in situ tests were conducted for both the isolated and the non-isolated buildings for the purpose of comparison.The test results showed that the maximum acceleration response level of the isolated superstructure is reduced by 10% as compared to that of the platform.The maximum attenuation of vibration reaches up to 25 dB.The 3D system explored in this paper is very effective in control and suppression of building vibration induced by earthquakes or running of trains.

AN APPLICATION OF TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO STUDYING THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN CASCADES;PART I—TOPOLOGICAL RULES FOR SKIN-FRICTION LINES AND SECTION STREAMLINES

Based on the working of Lighthill and Hunt et al., in the present paper the author has established the topological rules adapting to analysing the skin-friction lines and the section streamlines in cascades. These rules are (1) for a rotor cascade without shroud band, the total number of nodal points equals that the saddle points on the skin-friction line vector fields in eachpitch range; (2) for an annular or straight cascade with no-clearances at blade ends, the total number of saddle points is two more than that of nodal points on the skin-friction line fields in a pitch; (3) the total number of saddles in the secondary flow fields on cross-sections in cascade is one less than that of nodes; (4) in the section streamline vector fields on a meridian surface penetrating a flow passage, and on leading and trailing edge sections, the total number of nodes is equal to that of saddles; (5) on the streamline vector fields of a blade-to-blade surface, the total number of nodes is one less than that of saddles.

An Efficient Three-Dimensional Coupled Normal Mode Model and Its Application to Internal Solitary Wave Problems

We present an efficient three-dimensional coupled-mode model based on the Fourier synthesis technique. In principle, this model is a one-way model, and hence provides satisfactory accuracy for problems where the forward scattering dominates. At the same time, this model provides an efficiency gain of an order of magnitude or more over two-way coupled-mode models. This model can be applied to three-dimensional range-dependent problems with a slowly varying bathymetry or internal waves. A numerical example of the latter is demonstrated in this work. Comparisons of both accuracy and efficiency between the present model and a benchmark model are also provided.

Application and Analysis of Computer Virtual Simulation Technology in Three-dimensional Animation Production

With the continuous promotion of computer technology, the application system of virtual simulation technology has been further optimized and improved, and has been widely used in various fields of social development, such as urban construction, interior design, industrial simulation and tourism teaching. China's three-dimensional animation production started relatively late, but has achieved good results with the support of related advanced technology in the process of development. Computer virtual simulation technology is an important technical support in the production of three-dimensional animation. In this paper, firstly, the related content of computer virtual simulation technology was introduced. Then, the specific application of this technology in the production of three-dimensional animation was further elaborated, so as to provide some reference for the improvement of the production effect of three-dimensional animation in the future.

Application Status and Prospect of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in the Field of Medical Devices

Three-dimensional(3D)printing technology belongs to a new manufacturing science and has been widely used in various fields of industry.This article will apply 3D printing technology as its main research topic,with emphasis on its application in the field of medical devices and prospects for contribution.

A combined airfoil with secondary feather inspired by the golden eagle and its influences on the aerodynamics

Bird flight is a remarkable adaption that has allowed thousands of species to colonize all terrestrial habitats. A golden eagle has impressive flying abilities, such as hovering, perching, preying and attacking. To reveal the flying abilities, avian geometry of a golden eagle was extracted based on noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER three-dimensional laser scanner. Distributions of a camber line, thickness and a secondary feather line of the extracted point cloud were fitted using convenient analytical expressions. A traditional airfoil was established with the camber line and thickness, then a combined airfoil was constructed by combining the traditional airfoil with a secondary feather. Oscillations of an airfoil as well as rapid pitch up were simplified as a sine wave around the quarter chord axis. Thereafter, both steady and unsteady aerodynamic performances of the airfoil are computed, the influences of the secondary feather on the steady and unsteady aerodynamics were further studied.

Three-Dimensional Ocean Sensor Networks:A Survey

The past decade has seen a growing interest in ocean sensor networks because of their wide applications in marine research,oceanography,ocean monitoring,offshore exploration,and defense or homeland security.Ocean sensor networks are generally formed with various ocean sensors,autonomous underwater vehicles,surface stations,and research vessels.To make ocean sensor network applications viable,efficient communication among all devices and components is crucial.Due to the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels and the complex deployment environment in three dimensional(3D) ocean spaces,new efficient and reliable communication and networking protocols are needed in design of ocean sensor networks.In this paper,we aim to provide an overview of the most recent advances in network design principles for 3D ocean sensor networks,with focuses on deployment,localization,topology design,and position-based routing in 3D ocean spaces.

高速受电弓安装形式对列车气动性能的影响

受电弓作为高速列车上不可或缺的部件,其结构特性直接影响高速列车整车气动性能。采用数值仿真方法,基于三维稳态SST k-ω模型,分析高速受电弓不同安装形式对高速列车气动性能的影响以及各节车辆气动阻力的变化规律,并进一步研究其横风环境适应性。研究结果表明:当高速列车在明线运行时,高速受电弓不同安装形式对整车气动性能影响较小,但受电弓所在车辆的气动阻力变化较大;与闭口-升前弓工况相比,受电弓开口-升前弓时整车气动阻力减小2.10%,其中第6节车气动阻力减小6.06%;在横风条件下,受电弓开口-升前弓时整车横风稳定性能较优,与开口-升后弓工况相比,整车横向力与倾覆力矩分别降低2.52%和3.48%,其中第6节车横向力和倾覆力矩分别减少11.13%与18.50%。因此,在明线有无横风条件下,受电弓安装形式为开口-升前弓的气动性能均最优,且升前弓能改善受电弓后区域的流场结构,从而达到改善整车气动性能的目的。

针对高速列车受电弓气动特性仿真的不同湍流模型适用性研究

为探究高速受电弓气动特性仿真时不同湍流模型在不同运行环境中的适用性,基于k-ε,SST k-ω和Spalart-Allmaras 3个湍流模型的理论基础和计算流体力学仿真方法,通过线路试验对仿真结果进行验证后,对比不同模型在开阔环境和隧道环境中的精确度和计算效率。结果表明:在300 km·h^(-1)速度下,SST k-ω与k-ε模型在开阔环境中的闭口和开口方向气动抬升力计算结果差异分别为0.7%和1.5%,与Spalart-Allmaras模型计算结果差异分别为7.1%和5.5%;SST k-ω和k-ε模型在边界层预测均匀,Spalart-Allmaras模型在边界层分离区的预测准确性较低,但在隧道环境中它的精确度高于k-ε模型;在计算效率方面,Spalart-Allmaras模型的迭代次数和收敛速度优于SST k-ω模型;在适用性方面,开阔环境中k-ε模型的精确度和计算效率表现优异,更为适用,而在隧道环境中Spalart-Allmaras模型具有较高的精确度和计算效率,更为适用,但在对精确度要求高且可忽略计算效率因素的情况下SST k-ω模型具有较好适用性和高精确度,更为适用。

高压气动力桩芯快速清理施工方法及应用

为了实现高效快捷低成本的进行预制空心桩掏桩并且保证掏桩质量,采用理论创新方法,结合工程实践应用,将高压气用于预制空心桩掏芯施工中,形成了高压气动力桩芯快速清理施工方法,并且明确了该施工方法的施工工艺原理、施工工艺流程、施工注意事项和经济效益。研究结果表明,相较于传统施工工艺,本施工方法清理效果好,施工效率高,可节约施工成本约79%,值得推广。

THEORY AND APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL STEP CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SECOND ORDER ENHANCED OIL PRODUCTION

A kind of second-order implicit fractional step characteristic finite difference method is presented in this paper for the numerically simulation coupled system of enhanced （chemical） oil production in porous media. Some techniques, such as the calculus of variations, energy analysis method, commutativity of the products of difference operators, decomposition of high-order difference operators and the theory of a priori estimates are introduced and an optimal order error estimates in l^2 norm is derived. This method has been applied successfully to the numerical simulation of enhanced oil production in actual oilfields, and the simulation results ate quite interesting and satisfactory.

A three-dimensional hollow graphene fiber microelectrode with shrink-effect-enabled enzyme immobilization for sensor applications

Microelectrodes are a type of electrode with microscopic dimension, and due to their rapid diffusing rates, high electrical current densities and signal-to-noise ratios, they can help improve the detection sensitivity for various analytes [1]. Investigations on the fabrication and the application of microelectrodes are highly relevant. Fiber-type microelectrodes with one-dimensional (ID) microstructures that possess ID diffusion, particularly carbon fiber microelectrodes, have been widely fabricated and used in many different types of sensors due to their low cost, small volume, portability, and good biocompatibility [1,2]. However, poor electrocatalytic activity and low response currents preclude the applications of carbon fiber microelectrodes in sensors.

Aerodynamic optimization of 3D wing based on iSIGHT

A method for combining the CFD software,Fluent,with the iSIGHT design platform is presented to optimize a three-dimensional wing to ameliorate its aerodynamics performance.In the optimization design,two kinds of genetic algorithms,the Neighborhood Cultivation Genetic Algorithm（NCGA）and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm（NSGAII）,are employed and the Navier-Stoke（N-S）equations are adopted to derive the aerodynamics functions of the 3D wing.The aerodynamic performance of the optimized wing has been significantly improved,which shows that the approach can be extended and employed in other cases.

Theory and application of numerical simulation method of capillary force enhanced oil production

A kind of second-order implicit upwind fractional step finite difference methods are presented for the numerical simulation of coupled systems for enhanced （chemical） oil production with capillary force in the porous media. Some techniques, e.g., the calculus of variations, the energy analysis method, the commutativity of the products of difference operators, the decomposition of high-order difference operators, and the theory of a priori estimate, are introduced. An optimal order error estimate in the l2 norm is derived. The method is successfully used in the numerical simulation of the enhanced oil production in actual oilfields. The simulation results are satisfactory and interesting.

Numerical aerodynamic analysis of bluff bodies at a high Reynolds number with three-dimensional CFD modeling

This paper focuses on numerical simulations of bluff body aerodynamics with three-dimensional CFD(computational fluid dynamics) modeling,where a computational scheme for fluid-structure interactions is implemented.The choice of an appropriate turbulence model for the computational modeling of bluff body aerodynamics using both two-dimensional and three-dimensional CFD numerical simulations is also considered.An efficient mesh control method which employs the mesh deformation technique is proposed to achieve better simulation results.Several long-span deck sections are chosen as examples which were stationary and pitching at a high Reynolds number.With the proposed CFD method and turbulence models,the force coefficients and flutter derivatives thus obtained are compared with the experimental measurement results and computed values completely from commercial software.Finally,a discussion on the effects of oscillation amplitude on the flutter instability of a bluff body is carried out with extended numerical simulations.These numerical analysis results demonstrate that the proposed three-dimensional CFD method,with proper turbulence modeling,has good accuracy and significant benefits for aerodynamic analysis and computational FSI studies of bluff bodies.

Aerodynamics of non-slender delta and reverse delta wings:Wing thickness,anhedral angle and cropping ratio

The effects of thickness-to-chord(t=c)ratio,anhedral angle(d),and cropping ratio from trailing-edge(Cr%)on the aerodynamics of non-slender reverse delta wings in comparison to non-slender delta wings with sweep angle of 45°were characterized in a low-speed wind tunnel using force and pressure measurements.The measurements were conducted for total of 8 different delta and reverse delta wings.Two different t/c ratios of 5.9%and 1.1%,and two different anhedral angles ofd=15°and 30°for non-cropped and cropped at Cr=30%conditions were tested.The results indicate that the reverse delta wings generate higher lift-to-drag ratio and have better longitudinal static stability characteristics compared to the delta wings.The wing thickness has favorable effect on longitudinal static stability for the reverse delta wing whereas longitudinal static stability is not influenced by wing thickness for the delta wing.For reverse delta wings,the anhe-draled wing without cropping has adverse effect on aerodynamic performance and decreases the lift-to-drag ratio.Cropping in anhedraled wing causes significant improvement in lift-to-drag ratio,shift in aerodynamic and pressure centers towards the trailing-edge,and enhancement in longitudi-nal static stability.