Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Three-dimensional Mn(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymer with 3-(Pyrazin-2-yloxy)-pyridine and Azide Anion as Mixed Bridge Ligand

A three-dimensional coordination polymer [Mn2（μ1.3-N3）4（μ-PP）2]n （PP = 3-（pyrazin-2-yloxy）-pyridine） has been synthesized with 3-（pyrazin-2-yloxy）-pyridine and azide anion as mixed bridge ligand, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal data： triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 6.794（4）, b = 9.885（6）, c = 9.947（6） A, α = 64.170（6）, β= 84.190（8）, γ= 85.319（8）°, V = 597.7（6）A^3, Z = 1, C18H14Mn2N18O2, Mr = 624.35, Dc = 1.735 g/cm^3, F（000） = 314 and μ = 1.117 mm^-1. In the crystal, the azide anion acts as a bridge ligand and makes adjacent Mn（Ⅱ） ions connect into a two-dimensional sheet on the ab plane, then 3-（pyrazin-2-yloxy）-pyridine serves as a bidentate bridge ligand to connect neighboring sheets along

Numerical analysis on bearing capacity of middle pylon caisson foundation of Taizhou Bridge

Because of the computation difficulty of the bearing capacity of large underwater caisson foundation on thick overburden layer ground, the geotechnical software FLAC3D was utilized in the 3D numerical analysis on the bearing capacity of middle pylon foundation. From the computational results, it is concluded that the caisson foundation has a good bearing capacity on thick overburden layer ground and the bearing capacity can be improved assuming that the soil near the area of basal corner is reinforced.

Prediction of three-dimensional elastic behavior of filament-wound composites based on the bridging model

This work provides a method to predict the three-dimensional equivalent elastic properties of the filament-wound composites based on the multi-scale homogenization principle.In the meso-scale,a representative volume element(RVE)is defined and the bridging model is adopted to establish a theoretical predictive model for its three-dimensional equivalent elastic constants.The results obtained through this method for the previous experimental model are compared with the ones gained respectively by experiments and classical laminate theory to verify the reliability of this model.In addition,the effects of some winding parameters,such as winding angle,on the equivalent elastic behavior of the filament-wound composites are analyzed.The rules gained can provide a theoretical reference for the optimum design of filament-wound composites.

On-site tests to estimate aquifer permeability of drainage area of south caisson anchorage construction of Taizhou Bridge

During the construction of the south caisson anchorage of Taizhou Bridge, the drainage area is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the permeability of stratums there is considerable. In order to maintain progress and guarantee safety during the sinking of the caisson, water should be drained in the initial period. Subsequently, detailed information about the aquifer permeability is required to make sure that the drainage will proceed successfully, which consequently necessitates the on-site estimation of the aquifer permeability in the drainage area. Therefore, the traditional pumping test and slug test are implemented respectively on site. The comparison of computational results of these two tests indicates that they are consistent overall. Notwithstanding, as slug test can be conducted with portable facilities in a short time and the manipulation is easy and few people need to be involved, the advantages of slug test is conspicuous compared with the traditional pumping test. It could be speculated that slug test will gain a prevalent application in the measurement of aquifer permeability in the future.

A Study of the system control model of caisson dewatering of the north anchorage of Taizhou Bridge

A caisson foundation is applied to the north anchorage of Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge of which the initial caisson sinking requires dewatering. Since the caisson foundation is quite close to nearby buildings, a system control model is established with source (sink) distribution and intensity being the object function, minimum requirements of settlement and deformation of surroundings caused by dewatering and dynamic water levels during different working procedures being constraints, and the design parameter of pumping wells being the variable,so as to lower the jeopardizing of surrounding buildings, which provides a new method for active control over settlement during dewatering. Such a method of dewatering based on system control model should be of significance for similar projects involving dewatering.

Technical research on control of caisson construction for the middle tower foundation of Taizhou Bridge

The real-time informational monitoring system is adopted in the construction of middle tower foundation of Taizhou Bridge for the first time. The geometric state of the caisson, the stress of upstream and downstream anchorage cables, underwater topography, the drag forces of the caisson cutting edge and frictional resistances of the sidewall and etc. are monitored in real time. According to the synthesized data analysis and decision-making system, the spatial states of the caisson are adjusted in time to locate and embed the deep water caisson precisely. The offset error of the caisson is less than 30 cm and the vertical error is 1/363 at the final stage. The control technology for construction of large caisson under deep water is concluded and would be helpful for the construction of bridge foundation in the future.

Design of bridges against large tectonic deformation

The engineering community has devoted much effort to understanding the response of soil-structure systems to seismic ground motions, but little attention to the effects of an outcropping fault offset. The 1999 earthquakes of Turkey and Taiwan, offering a variety of case histories of structural damage due to faulting, have （re）fueled the interest on the subject. This paper presents a methodology for design of bridges against tectonic deformation. The problem is decoupled in two analysis steps： the first （at the local level） deals with the response of a single pier and its foundation to fault rupture propagating through the soil, and the superstructure is modeled in a simplified manner; and the second （at the global level） investigates detailed models of the superstructure subjected to the support （differential） displacements of Step 1. A parametric study investigates typical models of viaduct and overpass bridges, founded on piles or caissons. Fixed-head piled foundations are shown to be rather vulnerable to faulting-dnduced deformation. End-bearing piles in particular are unable to survive bedrock offsets exceeding 10 cm. Floating piles perform better, and if combined with hinged pile-to-cap connections, they could survive much larger offsets. Soil resilience is beneficial in reducing pile distress. Caisson foundations are almost invariably successful. Statically-indeterminate superstructures are quite vulnerable, while statically-determinate are insensitive （allowing differential displacements and rotations without suffering any distress）. For large-span cantilever-construction bridges, where a statically determinate system is hardly an option, inserting resilient seismic isolation bearings is advantageous as long as ample seating can prevent the deck from falling off the supports. An actual application of the developed method is presented for a major bridge, demonstrating the feasibility of design against tectonic deformation.

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge——The first kilometer level three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world

Taizhou Bridge, located at the middle of Jiangsu Province, connecting Taizhou City and Zhenjiang City, started in Dec. 2007. The bridge is the first kilometer level three-pylon suspension bridge in the world, and it adopts longitudinal herringbone shape steel middle pylon for the first time in the world. The foundation of the middle tower is the deepest underwater caisson in soil on earth. A great many of technical innovations such as the design techniques of three-pylon suspension bridge,precisely locating and bottom-sealing techniques of the large scale caisson foundation, manufacturing, combination techniques of steel and concrete in the middle tower, welding of extra thick steel plate, manufacture and control techniques of abnormal sections of the middle tower and so on were introduced.

施工期跨海桥梁矩形设置基础波流力研究

为给跨海桥梁矩形设置基础施工提供参考,研究跨海桥梁矩形设置基础定位下沉过程中墩位水深及结构吃水深度对其波流力的影响。基于垂向多层σ坐标变换模型和大涡模拟LES方法建立三维波浪-流与结构物相互作用的数值仿真模型,分析不同水深及结构吃水深度时,单独波浪作用和波流共同作用下矩形设置基础的波流力及其统计值和流场分布特征,并提出施工期矩形设置基础下沉过程波流力简化算法。结果表明:矩形设置基础在定位下沉过程中,垂直来流传播方向的结构阻水面积随之增大,流场的复杂绕射作用使得波流力峰值呈非线性增大趋势;由于浅水波在整个水深范围影响都比较大,矩形设置基础波流力对结构吃水深度的变化相对深水条件更为敏感;结构波流力峰值不对称系数随吃水深度增加逐渐减小,且波流力表现为正向峰值大于负向峰值的强烈不对称性特点;随着结构吃水深度增加,单独波浪作用、波流共同作用时,在流场复杂绕射作用下,矩形设置基础迎浪侧的波面爬高增大,涡脱现象愈加明显;提出的跨海桥梁矩形设置基础下沉着床过程波流力简化算法可用于估算设置基础施工期波流力。

沉井-砂土界面特性及侧摩阻力分布特性试验研究

沉井侧摩阻力是桥梁工程中的重点关注问题。为研究沉井-砂土界面特性,使用大型直剪仪对不同法向应力及含水率条件下的砂土进行界面剪切试验,并开展模型试验,研究不同类型的砂土、有无台阶以及不同施工工艺条件下沉井下沉过程中的侧摩阻力分布特性。结果表明:剪切位移较小时,沉井-砂土界面剪应力随剪切位移的增加而增加,当剪切位移达到某一临界值后,剪应力趋于稳定;界面抗剪强度随含水率的增加而小幅减小,界面抗剪强度参数以内摩擦角为主,黏聚力较小,界面水敏性较低;沉井下沉过程中,侧壁土压力-入土深度曲线在沉井刃脚位置发生“内拐”,即侧壁土压力在刃脚发生应力松弛,应力松弛的程度与下沉深度正相关,且随砂土粒径的增加有所降低;与无台阶沉井相比,台阶型沉井的侧壁土压力明显降低,在沉井上增设台阶可有效降低沉井的下沉难度;台阶型沉井与侧壁土体之间灌砂会导致沉井侧壁土压力小幅增加,对沉井的下沉难度影响不大。

跨海大桥沉井水中沉放流场及水流力模拟研究

水中沉放是设置沉井施工的重要环节,明晰沉放过程中周围流场结构及受力特性是开展沉井沉放施工的基本前提。文章以西堠门公铁两用跨海大桥#4墩嵌入式设置沉井为研究对象,通过采用数值模拟方法分析了沉井基坑开挖对周围流场的影响,研究了不同沉深及不同流速条件下的沉井内外流场形态与所受水流力,获得了绕流特征与沉井受力随沉深及流速的变化规律。结果表明:受沉井形态及基坑地形影响,三维绕流特性较为显著;入水沉放深度对竖向绕流形态、紊动强度等参量具有显著影响;不同来流速度下的绕流形态、流场速度分布规律、相对紊动强度较为一致;受尾涡脱落影响,沉井所受横、纵向水流力均会伴随一定幅值的波动,均值与沉深、来流速度具有较好的正相关关系;基坑的存在降低了沉井竖向阻塞作用,会减小沉井所受水流力。

常泰长江大桥5号墩沉井取土下沉施工技术研究

常泰长江大桥主桥为双层钢桁梁斜拉桥。5号墩采用圆端形截面台阶型沉井,沉井下沉过程中需穿越粉质黏土与粉砂互层。沉井着床前,对河床进行预开挖,去除表层硬塑粉质黏土,随后采用台阶渐进式工艺取土下沉:首先在内圈井孔取土,消除十字节点及内隔墙支撑,再进行外圈取土,进一步削弱沉井端部支撑,内外圈交替取土形成台阶型泥面,保持沉井下沉姿态稳定。研发智能化气举取土设备,基于智能辅助决策算法,施工指令智能化下发,取土设备自动化运行,实现井孔范围高效取土;辅以高压旋喷、气水复合射流等破土手段,主动消除特殊地层下隔墙、井壁等盲区支撑;通过下沉反演分析,推算下沉系数与下沉速率关系,控制沉井平稳下沉至设计标高。

桥梁大型沉井基础建造技术发展与展望

沉井基础在大型桥梁主墩、锚碇基础中得到广泛应用,并在沉井工程勘察、工程设计与施工技术方面取得了一定的进展。在工程勘察技术发展方面,地质参数获取方法在现有理论分析法、室内试验法、现场试验法的基础上进一步发展了现场载荷板试验法,研制了侧摩阻力监测装置,对地基承载力、侧摩阻力等地质参数认识不断加深。在工程设计技术发展方面,通过对平面形式与尺寸、结构安全、软弱地基砂桩加固等方面不断进行优化设计,形成了适用于大型沉井的结构与地基处理的设计方法。在沉井施工技术发展方面,针对沉井浮运定位与着床,提出了井孔封闭助浮、多阶段多方式长距离浮运技术,以及液压千斤顶多向快速定位着床技术,研发了锚系定位系统;针对锅底开挖下沉的不足,提出了全节点支撑、中心块状支撑等新型开挖下沉工艺;针对高压射水结合泥浆泵设备取土的不足,研制了四绞刀快速破取土设备、可自移动式快速取土设备、机械臂水下定点取土机器人等新型设备;针对人工监测的不足,采用信息化监测系统进行沉井施工监测,形成了自动监测-风险预警-辅助决策控制-设备自动化执行的智能化监测控制技术;在沉井工业化建造技术方面进行了有益探索,将取土平台与供气管、供水管、排泥管、施工电缆桥架等进行了集成化设计,推动了大型沉井的应用与发展。但在大型沉井理论、智能化装备、智能化建造方面还存在不足,随着工程建设的不断发展,地质参数高精度获取、理论分析方法、大型沉井设计与施工规范、特殊地层建造技术、工业化与智能化施工是大型沉井建造技术发展的方向。

Vibration mechanism research of large-scale and deep-water caisson

According to the construction method of Taizhou Bridge, numerical simulation is conducted to analyze the vibration of caisson under wind and water flows to determine the main factors of the caisson vibration. Meanwhile, the localization system of caissons and anchors of Taizhou Bridge is modeled in order to summarize the vibration mechanism of caissons under deep-water and jet-flow condition, and further pertinent vibration-control measures are proposed. The obtained results are well verified in engineering practice, and consequently the safety risk of positioning the caisson is reduced.

Application of Digital Technology in Road and Bridge Design

With the development and progress of science and technology,road and bridge design has experienced rapid development,from the initial manual drawing design to the popularity of Computer-Aided Design(CAD),and then to today’s digital software design era.Early designers relied on hand-drawn paper design forms which was time-consuming and error-prone.Digital support for road and bridge design not only saves the design time but the design quality has also achieved a qualitative leap.This paper engages in the application of digital technology in road and bridge design,to provide technical reference for China’s road and bridge engineering design units,to promote the popularity of Civil3D and other advanced design software in the field of engineering design and development,ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of China’s road and bridge engineering.

西堠门公铁两用大桥主桥主墩基础施工关键技术

甬舟铁路西堠门公铁两用大桥主桥为主跨1488 m的斜拉-悬索协作体系桥,公铁平层布置。5号主墩采用18根∅6.3 m超大直径钻孔桩基础,4号主墩采用双壁圆筒形嵌入式设置沉井基础(外径58 m、高37 m)。结合桥位处复杂海洋环境和主体结构特点,5号主墩基础采用导管架式深水栈桥+自浮式钢桁架钻孔平台方案施工,4号主墩基础采用板凳式栈桥+设置沉井方案施工。5号主墩超大直径钻孔桩施工时,设置深水栈桥(采用整体式导管架法建设),自浮式钢桁架钻孔平台(由钢桁架及钢锚桩组成)在船坞整体制造;浮运到桥位后,钻孔桩采用旋挖钻机分级成孔、全回转钻机全断面一次成孔,水下桩基混凝土采用双导管法灌注,解决了深水、浪涌及硬质裸岩下超大直径桩施工难题。4号主墩钢沉井结构在船坞整体制造,整体浮运到桥位后,首先通过定位系统(共设置12个混凝土重力锚)快速定位,然后对平面位置、高程和垂直度进行精确定位,解决了复杂海况下钢沉井整体浮运、精准定位及下沉着床难题。

桥梁大型浮运沉井施工关键技术

桥梁大型浮运沉井基础体积庞大、结构复杂,选择合理的沉井下水方式、助浮措施、定位系统对沉井安全、高效施工至关重要。以国内特大型桥梁为典型案例,分类介绍沉井下水、浮运、定位方案的特点。沉井下水方案可采用气囊法、船坞法和滑道法,气囊法可通过气囊布置的角度解决沉井转向下水的问题,船坞法及滑道法下水主要受加工场地及经济性影响较大。沉井浮运可采用底托板助浮和空气增压助浮,底托板助浮可与气囊法下水的托架一体化设计;空气增压助浮结构轻巧,其气管、阀门、气压表等设备气密性对浮运环境相对敏感。沉井定位方案可采用定位船法、锚墩法和重力锚法,定位船法的定位操作系统布置于定位船上,利用卷扬机进行收缆定位操作快捷方便;锚墩法及重力锚法可提供较大的定位力,可适用于流急、浪高、潮差大的复杂环境。

常泰长江大桥沉井水下抗分散混凝土施工关键技术

常泰长江大桥主航道桥为双层斜拉桥,其中主跨为1176m,主墩采用台阶式沉井基础。针对沉井隔舱内部复杂结构,研究砂率、水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、增黏剂等因素对混凝土性能影响,通过对混凝土流动性、抗压强度试验、收缩检测分析,得到水下抗分散自密实混凝土最优配合比。结合现场施工条件,提出抗分散混凝土水下封舱施工工艺,解决水下自密实混凝土离析问题。研究结果表明,当水胶比和胶凝材料增加时,自密实混凝土流动性得到明显改善,混凝土抗压强度有所降低。当水泥掺量为312kg/m^(3),粉煤灰为138kg/m^(3),增黏剂为10kg/m^(3),砂为860kg/m^(3),碎石为860kg/m^(3),水为175kg/m^(3),减水剂为4.4kg/m^(3)时,水下自密实抗分散混凝土具有良好工作性能,在沉井隔舱内进行抗分散混凝土水下封舱施工后质量能达到设计标准。

大型沉井施工空间形位控制与沉降预测分析

为系统性分析大型沉井施工在各阶段不同场区环境下的测量控制要点,以沪苏通长江公铁大桥建设为依托,将全站仪观测与GPS-RTK监测技术相结合,建立了跨江控制网和通信网络。沉井厂内预制阶段控制加工安装精度,定位着床、接高下沉阶段重点观测并控制沉井空间形位姿态,上部结构施工阶段至运营期提出基于荷载比的二次修正双曲线沉降预测方法,并开展了高精度长期沉降观测及理论验证。通过全过程精准高效测量控制,桥墩平面定位误差、平面扭转角、累计沉降等指标均满足要求。

宜都长江大桥南岸重力式锚碇基础方案比选

湖北宜都长江大桥(原名白洋长江公路大桥)为主跨1000 m双塔单跨钢桁梁悬索桥,南岸(宜都岸)锚碇场地覆盖层厚约51.4 m,其中中粗砂混卵石、卵石层厚约46.9 m,属强透水、含水丰富地层,所含第四系孔隙水与长江水力相互连通,地下水位与长江水位基本持平。针对南岸锚碇工程区深厚富水砂卵石层的地质情况,提出沉井基础、地下连续墙基础和浅埋扩大基础方案,并从结构方案、施工方案、工程经济性等方面进行综合比选,推荐采用工程量最小、地下水位以上施工、经济性最优的浅埋扩大基础。浅埋扩大基础采用矩形平板基础,平面尺寸为101 m×71.5 m,基坑开挖深度为8.0 m。对该方案进行安全性验算,结果均满足设计和规范要求。