Three-dimensional conformal intensity-modulated radiation therapy of left femur foci does not damage the sciatic nerve

During radiotherapy to kill femoral hydatid tapeworms, the sciatic nerve surrounding the focus can be easily damaged by the treatment. Thus, it is very important to evaluate the effects of ra- diotherapy on the surrounding nervous tissue. In the present study, we used three-dimensional, conformal, intensity-modulated radiation therapy to treat bilateral femoral hydatid disease in Meriones meridiani. The focus of the hydatid disease on the left femur was subiected to radio- therapy （40 Gy） for 14 days, and the right femur received sham irradiation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, electron microscopy, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling assays on the left femurs showed that the left sciatic nerve cell structure was normal, with no ob- vious apoptosis after radiation. Trypan blue staining demonstrated that the overall protoscolex structure in bone parasitized with Echinococcus granulosus disappeared in the left femur of the animals after treatment. The mortality of the protoscolex was higher in the left side than in the right side. The succinate dehydrogenase activity in the protoscolex in bone parasitized with Echi- nococcus granulosus was lower in the left femur than in the right femur. These results suggest that three-dimensional conformal intensity-modulated radiation therapy achieves good therapeutic effects on the secondary bone in hydatid disease in Meriones meridiani without damaging the morphology or function of the sciatic nerve.

Three-dimensional stretched flow of Jeffrey fluid with variable thermal conductivity and thermal radiation

This article addresses the three-dimensional stretched flow of the Jeffrey fluid with thermal radiation. The thermal conductivity of the fluid varies linearly with respect to temperature. Computations are performed for the velocity and temperature fields. Graphs for the velocity and temperature are plotted to examine the behaviors with different parameters. Numerical values of the local Nusselt number are presented and discussed. The present results are compared with the existing limiting solutions, showing good agreement with each other.

Clinical observation of gemcitabine and concomitant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of gemcitabine and concurrent three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . Methods: From April 2002 to June 2005, 38 pa-tients with inoperable stage III NSCLC were treated with gemcitabine and 3D-CRT simultaneously. Chemotherapy consisted of intravenously gemcitabine 350 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36. 3D-CRT was delivered up to a total dose of 60–64 Gy with a 2.0 Gy dose fraction per day, 5 days per week. Results: The overall response rates of primary tumor and mediastinum metastatic node were 86.8% (33/38) and 90.6% (29/32) respectively, and 91.7% (22/24) and 78.6% (11/14) for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma respectively. The acute side effects of patients were mostly myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, radiation-induced esophagitis and pneumonitis (RTOG I/II), however, all of them were cured. Conclusion: Con-current application of gemcitabine and 3D-CRT can improve the overall response rate for locally advanced NSCLC without aggravating the side effects.

Clinical Research on Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and toxic effect of the 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT)for non- small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). METHODS Fifty-two patients with the Stage-I and IV NSCLC were treated with 3DCRT.Cross analysis of the clinical data was conducted in the comparison between the 52 cases with 3DCRT and the other 50 cases with the conventional radiation therapy (CRT).In the 3DCRT group,only the primary tumor and positive lymph-node draining area were included in the clinical target area,setting 4 to 6 coplanar or non-coplanar irradiation fields,with 2 Gy or 3 Gy/fraction,1 fraction a day and 5 fractions per week. The total dose ranged from a test dose(DT)of 66 Gy to 72 Gy.In the CRT group,the field area contained the primary tumor plus the homolateral hilum of the lung,the mediastinum superior or hol-mediastinum,and opposed anteroposterior irradiation.When the dosage reached DT 36～40 Gy,an oblique portal administered radiation was conducted in order to avoid injuring the spinal cord. The DT was 1.8～2.0 Gy/fraction,1 fraction a day,5 fractions per week,with a total dose of 60 Gy to 70 Gy. RESULTS The therapeutic effect(CR+PR)was 90.4% in the 3DCRT group,and was 72% in the CRT group.There was statistically significant difference between the two groups,P<0.01. There was a clinical symptom improvement attained by 96.5% and 86.4% respectively in the two groups,and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups,P<0.01.The 6-month, 1 and 2-year overall survival rates were 92.3%,75.0% and 42.3% in the 3DCRT group,and 76%,60% and 30% in the CRT group, respectively.There was a significant difference in the 6-month overall survival rate between the groups,P<0.05.There was no obvious significant difference in the 1 and 2-year overall survival rates between the two groups,P>0.05.The toxic reaction was 12.5% and 23.7% respectively in the 3DCRT and CRT groups. Acute radioactive esophagitis and leucopenia were markedly lower in the 3DCRT group than in the CRT group.There was a statistically significant difference between the groups,P<0.05.No toxic reaction of Stage-Ⅲand over was found in the 3DCRT group during radiation therapy. CONCLUSION The 3DCRT method has a satisfactory short- term efficacy and improvement of clinical symptoms in treating NSCLC,with a mild toxic reaction and good tolerance in patients. It can be used for enhancing the tumor-control rate and bettering the quality of life.

Radiation effect on temperature distribution in three-dimensional Couette flow with suction or injection

A theoretical analysis of three-dimensional Couette flow with radiation effect on temperature distribution has been analysed, when the injection of the fluid at the lower stationary plate is a transverse sinusoidat one and its corresponding removal by constant suction through the upper porous plate is in uniform motion. Due to this type of injection velocity, the flow becomes three-dimensional. The effect of Prandtl number, radiation parameter and injection parameter on rate of heat transfer has been examined by the help of graphs. The Prandtl number has a much greater effect on the.temperature distribution than the injection or radiation parameter.

Acute Toxicity of Three Dimensional Conformal Concurrent Chemoradiation with Dose Optimization for External Beam Radiation in Carcinoma Cervix—A Prospective Study

Aim: To prospectively evaluate the acute toxicity of 3D conformal radiotherapy with dose optimization in patients with carcinoma cervix. Materials and Methods: Carcinoma cervix patients stage IIB to IIIB (n = 30) treated during November 2011 to May 2013 at the institution with 3D conformal chemo-radiation were included in the study. They received weekly Cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for a maximum of 5 cycles. They received 46 Gy/23 fractions, 5 fractions per week of external beam radiation. In these patients dose optimization was done in order to achieve a tumor maximum dose (Dmax) around 105%. Various techniques were used for dose optimization which included the use of sub fields, adjusting the weightages, using wedges and the use of mixed energies. EBRT (External Beam Radiotherapy) was followed by two fractions of high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy of 9 Gy each. Acute RTOG toxicity was assessed weekly during EBRT and 1 week post EBRT. Results: The median age of the patients was 45 (range: 30 - 55 years). All the patients completed EBRT;63.3% of the patients received all 5 cycles of chemotherapy while 26.6% of the patients received 4 cycles of chemotherapy and 10% of the patients received 3 cycles of chemotherapy. The most predominant toxicity seen was GI toxicity, diarrhea being the most common GI toxicity followed by vomiting. Neutropenia was the most common hematological toxicity. Most patients had grade 0 and grade 1 toxicity. None of the patients had grade 4 toxicity while few had grade 2 and 3 toxicity. Conclusion: 3D conformal concurrent chemo radiotherapy with Dmaxaround 105% reduces acute RTOG toxicity particularly grade 3 and 4 and improves patient compliance for concurrent chemo-radiotherapy.

Influences of Motion Artifacts on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Volume and Conformal Radiotherapy Planning

Objective:To investigate the influences of motion artifacts on three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction volume and conformal radiotherapy planning. Methods:A phantom which can mimic the clip motion of lung tumor along the cranial-caudal direction is constructed by step motor, small ball of polyethylene and potato. Ten different scan protocols were set and CT data of the phantom were acquired by using a commercial GE LightSpeed16 CT scanner. The 3D reconstruction of the CT data was implemented by adopting volume-rendering technology of GE AdvantageSim 6.0 system. The reconstructed volumes of each target in different scan protocols were measured through 3D measuring tools. Thus, relative deviations of the reconstruction volumes between moving targets and static ones were determined. The three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) plans and conformal fields were created and compared for a static/moving target with the WiMRT treatment planning system (TPS). Results:For a static target, there was no obvious difference among the 3D reconstruction volumes when the CT data were acquired with different pitches and slices. The appearance of 3D reconstruction volume and 3D conformal field of a moving target was quite different from that of static one. The maximum relative deviation is nearly 90% for a moving target scanned with different scan protocols. The relative deviations are variable among the different targets, about from -39.8% to 89.5% for a smaller target and from -18.4% to 20.5% for a larger one. Conclusion:The motion artifacts have great effects on 3D-CRT planning and reconstruction volume, which will greatly induce distorted conformal radiation fields and false DVHs for a moving target.

Analysis of the efficacy and safety of conventional radiotherapy of chest wall and clavicular field and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients after modified radical mastectomy

Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of conventional radiotherapy of chest wall and clavicular field and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients after modified radical mastectomy.Methods: A total of 84 patients who were admitted in our hospital after modified radical mastectomy were included in the study and divided into the conventional radiotherapy group (n=42) and the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group (n=42) according to different radiotherapy methods. The patients in the conventional radiotherapy group were given conventional radiotherapy of chest wall and clavicular field, while the patients in the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group were given three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The serum tumor markers and peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets 6-8 weeks after treatment in the two groups were detected. The clinical efficacy, and toxic and side effects in the two groups were evaluated.Results: The serum CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and CK19 levels after treatment in the two groups were significantly reduced when compared with before treatment, CD3+,CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ were significantly elevated, while CD8+ was significantly reduced when compared with before treatment, but the comparison of the above indicators between the two groups was not statistically significant. The occurrence rate of radioactive skin damage and pneumonia after treatment in the conventional radiotherapy group was significantly higher than that in the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group. Conclusions:The two kinds of radiotherapy schemes have an equal efficacy, but the toxic and side effects of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy are significantly lower than those by the conventional radiotherapy, with a certain advantage.

Non-thermal effects of 0.1 THz radiation on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and conformation

Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) plays an integral role in the metabolism of liver and development of the skeleton in humans. To date, the interactions between different-duration terahertz(THz) radiation and ALP activities, as well as the influence mechanism are still unclear. In this study, using the para-nitro-phenyl-phosphate(p NPP) method, we detect changes in ALP activities during 40-minute THz radiation(0.1 THz, 13 m W/cm^2). It is found that the activity of ALP decreases in the first 25 min, and subsequently increases in the later 15 min. Compared with the activity of ALP being heated, the results suggest that short-term terahertz radiation induces a decrease in enzyme activity through the non-thermal mechanism. In order to explore the non-thermal effects of THz radiation on ALP, we focus on the impacts of 0.1 THz radiation for 20 min on the activity of ALP in different concentrations. The results reveal that the activity of ALP decreases significantly after exposure to THz radiation. In addition, it could be deduced from fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis), and THz spectra results that THz radiation has induced changes in ALP structures. Our study unlocks non-thermal interactions between THz radiation and ALP, as well as suggests that THz spectroscopy is a promising technique to distinguish ALP structures.

Evaluation of 3D-CRT and VMAT Radiotherapy Plans for Left Breast Cancer with Regional Lymph Nodes Irradiation

Introduction: Radiation therapy after breast surgery is an integral part of the treatment of early breast cancer. The goal of radiation therapy is to achieve the best possible coverage of the planning target volume (PTV), while reducing the dose to organs at risk (OARs) which are normal tissues whose sensitivity to irradiation could cause damage that can lead to modification of the treatment plan. In the last decade, radiation oncologist started to use the Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for irradiating the breast, in order to achieve better dose distribution and target dose to the PTV and OAR. The aim of this study is to compare 2 external radiotherapy techniques (VMAT vs 3D) for patients with node-positive left breast cancer. Patients and Methods: We randomly selected 10 cases of postoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer in our hospital. The patients are all female, the average age was 45.4 years old, and the primary lesions are left breast. The ANOVA test was used to compare the mean difference between subgroups, and the p value Results: Dose volume histogram (DVH) was used to analyze each evaluation dose of clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OARs). Compared to 3DCRT plans, VMAT provided more uniform coverage to the breast and regional lymph nodes. The max point dose for tVMAT was lower on average (106.4% for VMAT versus 109% for 3DCRT). OAR sparing was improved with tVMAT, with a lower average V17Gy for the left lung (27.91% for VMAT versus 30.04% for 3DCRT, p and lower for V28Gy (13.75% for VMAT versus 22.34% for 3DCRT, p = 0.01). We also found a lower V35Gy for the heart on VMAT plan (p = 0.02). On the contrary, dose of contralateral breast was lower in 3DCRT than VMAT (0.59 Gy vs 3.65 Gy, p = 0.00). Conclusion: The both types of plans can meet the clinical dosimetry demands of postoperative radiotherapy for left breast cancer. The VMAT plan has a better conformity, but 3CDRT can provide a lower dose to the contralateral organs (breast and lung) to avoid the risk of secondary cancers.

Numerical study of three-dimensional wave-induced longshore current's effects on sediment spreading of the Huanghe River mouth

A three-dimensional wave radiation stress is introduced into the hydrodynamic sediment coupled model COHERENS-SED, which has been developed through introducing wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave dependent surface drag coefficient, wave-induced surface mixing, SWAN, damping function of sediment on turbulence, sediment model and depth-dependent wave radiation stress to COHERENS. The COHERENS-SED is adopted to study the effects induced by wave-induced three-dimensional longshore current on suspended sediment spreading of the Huanghe River （Yellow River） mouth. Several different cases divided by setting different wave parameters of inputting boundary waves are carried out. The modeling results agree with measurement data. In terms of simulation results, it is easy to know that three-dimensional wave radiation stress plays an obvious role when inputting boundary wave height is stronger than 3 m. Moreover, wave direction also affects the sediment spreading rules of the mouth strongly too.

Damage of nasal mucociliary movement after intensity-modulated radiation therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background and Objective:Radiation usually results in paranasal sinusitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which influences patients' quality of life.This study aimed to determine the relationships between dose distribution in the nasal cavity and nasal mucous injury in patients with NPC treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and to find the tolerable radiation dose for the nasal mucous.Methods:Sixty-six patients with NPC treated by IMRT between October 2006 and November 2008 were enrolled.The irradiation dose in the nasal cavity was determined by the computer with the IMRT work platform.Mucociliary transport rate (MTR) was detected by modified saccharine test before IMRT, at the end of IMRT, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after IMRT.Results:The data were available for 129 nasal cavities.The cavities receiving a mean dose below or equal to 37 Gy showed substantial preservation of nasal mucous after IMRT.The MRT decreased to (62.82±38.59)%, (56.78±37.79)%, (64.05±39.37)%, and (71.13±39.55)% of pre-IMRT value at 4 time points after IMRT, with significant differences among the data (P<0.05).In contrast, when the cavities received a mean dose higher than 37 Gy, no significant differences in MTR among the time points were observed.At 3 months after IMRT, the MTR was the lowest (38.27% of pre-RT value).Conclusions:A mean radiation dose of ≤37 Gy for the nasal cavity is an optimal dose to protect the nasal cavity function.

Role of radiation therapy in gastric adenocarcinoma

在有在美国的胃的癌症的病人的结果仍然保持令人失望，与约 23% 的五年的全面幸存率。本地人地区性的控制追随者外科的给定的高率，一个强壮的基本原理为辅助放射治疗的使用存在。使随机化的审判与辅助放射疗法显示出优异本地控制并且与辅助 chemoradiation 改进全面幸存。在由一位富有经验的外科医生经历了 D2 淋巴节点解剖的病人的辅助 chemoradiation 的利益不被知道，并且除了辅助化疗的辅助放射治疗的利益继续定义。在 unresectable 疾病， chemoradiation 在病人的一个小数字允许长期的幸存并且提供有效减轻。大多数试用独自与化疗或放射治疗相比显示出一个好处到联合形式治疗。使用外科手术前， intra 起作用， 3D 保角，并且在胃的癌症的调制放射治疗进一步正在答应，但是要求的紧张学习。当前的文章在能的将切除的治疗考察放射治疗的角色，集中于在美国的当前的建议并且 unresectable 胃的癌。

Acoustic radiation induced by bubble motion in compressible fluid

Based on the theory of compressible fluid, a three-dimension boundary element method is utilized to research the motion of bubble. The far-field noise radiation during the growth and contraction is calculated by the Kirchhoff formula and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings （FW-H） formula with a fixed radiation surface being arranged at the near-field of bubble as a new acoustic source. The results show that the amplitude of the sound pressure induced by non-spherical bubble is lower than that of spherical bubble in the contraction phase. The retardance effect is more obvious when the observer is farther away from the bubble. In the anaphase of contraction, the observer with the maximum amplitude of sound pressure moves up with the obvious jet. Larger buoyance parameters will generate lower sound pressure amplitudes in the anaphase, while larger intensive parameters will cause higher sound pressure amplitudes in the whole procedure of bubble motion.

Simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy for esophageal cancer:A feasibility study

AIM:To establish the feasibility of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy(SMART) in esophageal cancer(EC).METHODS:Computed tomography(CT)datasets of 10patients with upper or middle thoracic squamous cell EC undergoing chemoradiotherapy were used to generate SMART,conventionally-fractionated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3DCRT)and intensity-modulated radiation therapy(cf-IMRT)plans,respectively.The gross target volume(GTV)of the esophagus,positive regional lymph nodes(LN),and suspected lymph nodes(LN±)were contoured for each patient.The clinical target volume(CTV)was delineated with 2-cm longitudinal and 0.5-to 1.0-cm radial margins with respect to the GTV and with 0.5-cm uniform margins for LN and LN(±).For the SMART plans,there were two planning target volumes(PTVs):PTV66=(GTV+LN)+0.5 cm and PTV54=CTV+0.5 cm.For the 3DCRT and cfIMRT plans,there was only a single PTV:PTV60=CTV+0.5 cm.The prescribed dose for the SMART plans was 66 Gy/30 F to PTV66 and 54 Gy/30 F to PTV54.The dose prescription to the PTV60 for both the 3DCRT and cf-IMRT plans was set to 60 Gy/30 F.All the plans were generated on the Eclipse 10.0 treatment planning system.Fulfillment of the dose criteria for the PTVs received the highest priority,followed by the spinal cord,heart,and lungs.The dose-volume histograms were compared.RESULTS:Clinically acceptable plans were achieved for all the SMART,cf-IMRT,and 3DCRT plans.Compared with the 3DCRT plans,the SMART plans increased the dose delivered to the primary tumor(66Gy vs 60 Gy),with improved sparing of normal tissues in all patients.The Dmax of the spinal cord,V20 of the lungs,and Dmean and V50 of the heart for the SMART and 3DCRT plans were as follows:38.5±2.0 vs 44.7±0.8(P=0.002),17.1±4.0 vs 25.8±5.0(P=0.000),14.4±7.5 vs 21.4±11.1(P=0.000),and 4.9±3.4vs 12.9±7.6(P=0.000),respectively.In contrast to the cf-IMRT plans,the SMART plans permitted a simultaneous dose escalation(6 Gy)to the primary tumor while demonstrating a significant trend of a lower irradiation dose to all organs at risk except the spinal cord,for which no significant difference was found.CONCLUSION:SMART offers the potential for a 6Gy simultaneous escalation in the irradiation dose delivered to the primary tumor of EC and improves the sparing of normal tissues.

Comparison of Dosiology between Three Dimensional Conformal and Intensity-modulated Radiotherapies (5 and 7 fields) in Gastric Cancer Post-surgery

The purpose of this study was to compare the dose distribution of intensity-modulated ra- diotherapy （IMRT） in 7 and 5 fields as well as 3-D conformal radiotherapy （3D-CRT） plans for gastric cancer using dosimetric analysis. In 15 patients with gastric cancer after D1 resection, dosimetric pa- rameters for IMRT （7 and 5 fields） and 3D-CRT were calculated with a total dose of 45 Gy （1.8 Gy/day） These parameters included the conformal index （CI）, homogeneity index （HI）, maximum dose spot for the planned target volume （PTV）, dose-volume histogram （DVH） and dose distribution in the organs at risk （OAR）, mean dose （Dmean）, maximal dose （Dmax） in the spinal cord, percentage of the normal liver volume receiving more than 30 Gy （V30） and percentage of the normal kidney volume receiving more than 20 Gy （V20）. IMRT （7 and 5 fields） and 3D-CRT achieved the PTV coverage. However, IMRT presented significantly higher CI and HI values and lower maximum dose spot distribution than 3D-CRT （P=0.001）. For dose distribution of OAR, IMRT had a significantly lower Dmean and Dmax in spinal cord than 3D-CRT （P=-0.009）. There was no obvious difference in V30 of liver and V20 of kidney between IMRT and 3D-CRT, but 5-field IMRT showed lower Dmean in the normal liver than other two plans （P=0.001）. IMRT revealed favorable tumor coverage as compared to 3D-CRT and IMRT plans. Specifically, 5-field IMRT plan was superior to 3D-CRT in protecting the spinal cord and liver, but this superiority was not observed in the kidney. Further studies are needed to compare differences among the three approaches.

The Effect of Absorbed Dose to Organs at Risk Following Craniospinal Irradiation Using Different Radiotherapy Techniques

Introduction: In medulloblastoma patients craniospinal irradiation is an important element the treatment. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of absorbed dose to organs at risk using the hybrid intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in average risk medulloblastoma patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirteen medulloblastoma patients were included. The prescribed total dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 23, 40 Gy in 13 fractions. Two radiotherapy techniques, three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and hybrid intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were used to treat these patients. The coverage of the Target was evaluated using the D mean, D95%, D2%, D98% and V95%. Other parameters were also compared such as Integral dose (ID), Homogeneity index (HI) and doses to the organs at risk (OARs). Results: There was no significant difference in the mean dose received by the PTV-Brain or the dose received by 95% and 98% of PTV volume using the two techniques. For PTV-Spine, the percentage volume receiving 95% of the total dose increased significantly in the hybrid IMRT technique compared to the conformal technique. So, hybrid IMRT plan achieved the best coverage for PTV spine. Lower dose for OAR was delivered by 3DCRT, except the heart and thyroid, hybrid IMRT achieved better sparing. All plans resulted in the same dose homogeneity index (DHI) for PTV-Brain. For PTV-Spine, hybrid IMRT technique achieved better dose homogeneity compared to 3DCRT technique (1.09 vs. 1.12;p > 0.05). Conclusions: hybrid IMRT technique can be realized on conformal technique because it achieved better dose coverage for the (PTV) and organ at risk (OAR). 3DCRT reduced mean dose to most OARS, except the heart and thyroid. Therefore, the hybrid IMRT technique may be a CSI treatment alternative to 3DCRT.

Numerical Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Wave-Induced Currents on Unstructured Grid

By coupling the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model with the wave model, numerical simulations of the three- dimensional wave-induced current are carried out in this study. The wave model is based on the numerical solution of the modified wave action equation and eikonal equation, which can describe the wave refraction and diffraction. The hydrodynamic model is driven by the wave-induced radiation stresses and affected by the wave turbulence. The numerical implementation of the module has used the finite-volume schemes on unstructured grid, which provides great flexibility for modeling the waves and currents in the complex actual nearshore, and ensures the conservation of energy propagation. The applicability of the proposed model is evaluated in calculating the cases of wave set-up, longshore currents, undertow on a sloping beach, rip currents and meandering longshore currents on a tri-cuspate beach. The results indicate that it is necessary to introduce the depth-dependent radiation stresses into the numerical simulation of wave-induced currents, and comparisons show that the present model makes better prediction on the wave procedure as well as both horizontal and vertical structures in the wave-induced current field.

Evaluation of endocrine therapy combined with intensity modulated radiation therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Objective The aim of this study was to study the effect of endocrine therapy combined with intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer.Methods The clinical data of 231 patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy in our hospital from May 2010 to March 2018 were collected.A total of 135 patients were treated with endocrine therapy combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy,and 96 patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy only because of drug allergy,serious adverse reactions,and economic reasons.Two months after the end of the treatment,the short-term curative effect was evaluated using imaging reexamination.The total prostate-specific antigen(TPSA)and free prostate-specific antigen(FPSA)were detected before and 2 months after the end of the treatment.All patients were followed up for at least 3 years,and the metastasis-free survival rate and cumulative survival rate of the two groups were calculated.Results The remission rates(RRs)of the observation and control groups were 64.45%and 46.87%,respectively;the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05);however,the efficacy distribution of the endocrine therapy combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy group was significantly better than that of the intensity-modulated radiotherapy group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in clinical efficacy between the two groups in different TNM stages and Gleason grades.After treatment,the levels of TPSA and FPSA were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment;however,the decrease in the endocrine therapy combined with the intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)group was significantly higher than that in the IMRT group(P<0.05).Although there were no significant differences in the 1-year and 3-year cumulative survival rates between the two groups,the 1-year and 3-year metastasis-free survival rates of the endocrine therapy combined with the IMRT group were 60%and 38.17%,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the IMRT group(37.5%and 20.83%,P<0.05).Conclusion Endocrine therapy combined with IMRT significantly improved the clinical efficacy of advanced prostate cancer,reduced PSA(prostate specific antigen)levels,and improved the metastasis-free survival rates.

Three-dimensional flow of Powell–Eyring nanofluid with heat and mass flux boundary conditions

This article investigates the three-dimensional flow of Powell–Eyring nanofluid with thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The energy equation is considered in the presence of thermal radiation. The heat and mass flux conditions are taken into account. Mathematical formulation is carried out through the boundary layer approach. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations through suitable variables. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations have been solved for the series solutions. Effects of emerging physical parameters on the temperature and nanoparticles concentration are plotted and discussed. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and examined.