Coupled Transfer of Water and Heat in Red Soil: Experiment and Numerical Modelling

Coupled transfer of soil water and heat in closed columns of homogeneous red soil was studied under laboratory conditions. A coupled model was constructed using soil physical theory, empirical equations and experimental data to predict the coupled transfer. The results show that transport of soil water was affected by temperature gradient, and the largest net water transport was found in the soil column with initial water content of 0.148 m3 m-3. At the same time, temperature changes with the transport of soil water was in a nonlinear shape as heat parameters were function of water content, and the changes of temperature were positively correlated with the net amount of water transported. Numerical modelling results show that the predicted values of temperature distribution were close to the observed values, while the predicted values of water content exhibited limited deviation at both ends of the soil column due to the slight temperature changes at both ends. It was indicated that the model proposed here was applicable.

Controlling Roll Temperature by Fluid-Solid Coupled Heat Transfer

Currently, when magnesium alloy sheet is rolled, the method of controlling roll temperature is simple and inaccurate. Furthermore, roll temperature has a large influence on the quality of magnesium alloy sheet; therefore, a new model using circular fluid flow control roll temperature has been designed. A fluid heat transfer structure was designed, the heat transfer process model of the fluid heating roll was simplified, and the finite di erence method was used to cal?culate the heat transfer process. Fluent software was used to simulate the fluid?solid coupling heat transfer, and both the trend and regularity of the temperature field in the heat transfer process were identified. The results show that the heating e ciency was much higher than traditional heating methods(when the fluid heat of the roll and tempera?ture distribution of the roll surface was more uniform). Moreover, there was a bigger temperature di erence between the input and the output, and after using reverse flow the temperature di erence decreased. The axial and circum?ferential temperature distributions along the sheet were uniform. Both theoretical calculation results and numerical simulation results of the heat transfer between fluid and roll were compared. The error was 1.8%–12.3%, showing that the theoretical model can both forecast and regulate the temperature of the roll(for magnesium alloy sheets) in the rolling process.

Exact analytical solution to three-dimensional phase change heat transfer problems in biological tissues subject to freezing

Analytically solving a three-dimensional （3-D） bioheat transfer problem with phase change during a freezing process is extremely difficult but theoretically important. The moving heat source model and the Green function method are introduced to deal with the cryopreservation process of in vitro biomaterials. Exact solutions for the 3-D temperature transients of tissues under various boundary conditions, such as totally convective cooling, totally fixed temperature cooling and a hybrid between them on tissue surfaces, are obtained. Furthermore, the cryosurgical process in living tissues subject to freezing by a single or multiple cryoprobes is also analytically solved. A closed-form analytical solution to the bioheat phase change process is derived by considering contributions from blood perfusion heat transfer, metabolic heat generation, and heat sink of a cryoprobe. The present method is expected to have significant value for analytically solving complex bioheat transfer problems with phase change.

Analysis of coupled flow-reaction with heat transfer in heap bioleaching processes

A mathematical model for heap bioleaching is developed to analyze heat transfer, oxygen flow, target ion distribution and oxidation leaching rate in the heap. The model equations are solved with Comsol Multiphysics software. Numerical simulation results show the following facts： Concentration of oxygen is relatively high along the boundary of the slope, and low in the center part where leaching rate is slow. Temper- ature is relatively low along the slope and reaches the highest along the bottom region near the slope, with difference being more than 6℃. Concentration of target mental ions is the highest in the bottom region near the slope. Oxidation leaching rate is relatively large in the bottom and slope part with a fast reaction rate, and small in the other part with low oxygen concentration.

The fast method and convergence analysis of the fractional magnetohydrodynamic coupled flow and heat transfer model for the generalized second-grade fluid

In this paper,we first establish a new fractional magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)coupled flow and heat transfer model for a generalized second-grade fluid.This coupled model consists of a fractional momentum equation and a heat conduction equation with a generalized form of Fourier law.The second-order fractional backward difference formula is applied to the temporal discretization and the Legendre spectral method is used for the spatial discretization.The fully discrete scheme is proved to be stable and convergent with an accuracy of O(τ^(2)+N-r),whereτis the time step-size and N is the polynomial degree.To reduce the memory requirements and computational cost,a fast method is developed,which is based on a globally uniform approximation of the trapezoidal rule for integrals on the real line.The strict convergence of the numerical scheme with this fast method is proved.We present the results of several numerical experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Finally,we simulate the unsteady fractional MHD flow and heat transfer of the generalized second-grade fluid through a porous medium.The effects of the relevant parameters on the velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed in detail.

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global warming. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for(Coup Model) the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the Coup Model for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination(R2) is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0–20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water exchanges between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thawing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeper and permafrost degradation.

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China:II. Modeling and simulation

Simulation models of heat and water transport have not been rigorously tested for the red soils of southern China. Based on the theory of nonisothermal water-heat coupled transfer, a simulation model, programmed in Visual Basic 6.0, was developed to predict the coupled transfer of water and heat in hilly red soil. A series of soil column experiments for soil water and heat transfer, including soil columns with closed and evaporating top ends, were used to test the simulation model. Results showed that in the closed columns, the temporal and spatial distribution of moisture and heat could be very well predicted by the model, while in the evaporating columns, the simulated soil water contents were somewhat different from the observed ones. In the heat flow equation by Taylor and Lary (1964), the effect of soil water evaporation on the heat flow is not involved, which may be the main reason for the differences between simulated and observed results. The predicted temperatures were not in agreement with the observed one with thermal conductivities calculated by de Vries and Wierenga equations, so that it is suggested that Kh, soil heat conductivity, be multiplied by 8.0 for the first 6.5 h and by 1.2 later on. Sensitivity analysis of soil water and heat coefficients showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity, KS, and the water diffusivity, D(θ), had great effects on soil water transport; the variation of soil porosity led to the difference of soil thermal properties, and accordingly changed temperature redistribution, which would affect water redistribution.

计及复杂换位结构的百万千瓦级汽轮发电机定子流固耦合传热研究

百万千瓦级汽轮发电机的定子绕组通常采用多根空、实心股线并绕的复杂编织换位结构,针对尺寸相差悬殊的复杂结构使得其定子流固耦合模型的数值求解存在网格数量多、容易出现奇异解的难点问题,该文提出三维区段式流固耦合网格划分方法,根据不同区段股线的结构及传热特点,通过非均匀网格划分方法大大降低求解模型的网格数量,实现计及复杂换位结构的定子流固耦合模型的数值求解,并通过一台124万kW水氢氢冷汽轮发电机的短路型式实验进行验证。在此基础上,提出定子绕组的新型交叉换位方法并与传统换位方法的温度进行对比,结果表明,新型交叉换位方法使定子绕组股线以及绝缘的温度分布更加均匀,并且能够有效降低定子绕组最高温度。

英山地热田区深大断裂的控水控热作用及地热系统成因研究

目前对英山地区深部地温场的分布情况以及构造控热模式尚无系统研究,不利于地热资源科学的开发利用。基于野外裂隙测量、浅层连续测温、钻孔压水试验等成果,建立了英山裂隙岩体地下水渗流-传热三维模型,对深部储层在不同构造组合模式下的压力场、温度场和达西流速场进行分析。研究结果表明:研究区深部温度场和压力场受断裂系统影响较大,在致密基岩及隔水断层处,流体运动微弱,热量运移以热传导为主,导水断层处以热对流为主;在深部导水断层区域温度和水压偏低,与导水断层处相比,隔水断层处水压偏高;在2 000 m深度以深,高温区和水力交换强烈区与导水断层带处完全对应,表明断层是储层中最主要的流体和热量运移通道;区内断层组合模式为复合模式,北东向断层为英山地区主要导水导热构造,热水在沿北东向断层向上运移的过程中,受南北向断层的阻隔,最终在两组断层的交叉复合位置处形成温泉。该研究可为研究区内的地热资源科学勘查和合理开发利用提供参考。

基于多场耦合的无线电侦扰一体主机散热特性分析

针对无线电侦扰一体主机因高度集成引起的高热流密度导致散热难的问题,通过分析整机的散热路径,构建传热网络图;应用传热学和流体力学理论,建立主机热−流−固耦合散热数学模型;基于ANSYS Icepak仿真平台,构建主机的三维全尺寸数值模型研究其散热特性。结果表明:当风扇风量约为56 m^(3)/h时,无线电侦扰一体主机的散热性能较好且噪声较小;当电源箱的热源同侧分布,侦扰箱和导航诱骗箱的热源异侧分布,且热源靠近进风口或出风口时,主机的散热性能好且效率高;当支架孔隙和设备间距分别为15 mm和10 mm时,主机的散热性能较好且结构强度高,同时主机质量和体积均较小;当散热器翅片的高度、厚度和间距分别为7.5 mm、1 mm和5 mm时,强化散热效果较好且主机质量小。

无热子空心阴极点火过程的放电维持失衡机理研究

无热子空心阴极(HHC)的放电维持失衡是目前制约其工程应用的主要问题。为研究上述问题的核心机理,本文建立一种等离子体放电与固体传热耦合的非稳态数值模型,基于电子路径的网格划分方法,该模型可将放电过程和传热过程的时间步长同时设定在1 ms量级,同时提升计算效率和精度。在真空舱内开展HHC的发射体测温与阳极电流诊断试验,以试验数据对数值模型进行验证和修正,修正后的模型计算误差为:发射体温度2.5%~8.4%;阳极电流5.6%~12.9%。在此基础上,通过数值模型针对HHC在不同工况下的点火过程进行数值模拟,发现HHC是否存在电子发射衰弱区是引起放电维持失衡的主要机制,而降低气体流率、降低触持极管-阴极管间隙距离以及增加阴极管材料的传热能力,是增加电子发射衰弱区存在可能性的因素。

天然气气化炉内介质乙二醇非稳态耦合热流场研究

目的在天然气工业化应用中,液化天然气的高效气化是关键影响因素,为了在国家能源改革的大背景下,尽可能提升现有气化设备的运行效能,采用ANSYS Fluent软件对一种采用乙二醇作为中间载热介质的天然气气化炉内非稳态耦合热流场进行数值模拟。方法通过深入研究天然气气化炉传热传质机理,在总结前人研究仅考虑对流换热情况不足的情况下,将辐射换热加以考虑,构建出大空间非稳态自然对流及介质参与性辐射耦合传热模型,通过天然气加热、传热流动试验装置,对边界条件进行实验校准,验证数值分析模型的正确性。结果中间载热介质为乙二醇的气化炉运行时长达到2.0 h后,传热量趋于稳定,内部热流场不再发生明显扰动,表明气化炉进入稳定运行阶段,此时炉内整体加热效率仅为87.35%,其中介质参与性辐射占总传热量的27.01%,气化炉底部形成了范围较小的低温带,表明该工况下其内部运行存在难以消除的流动死角。结论在本文设置的工况下,大筒体天然气气化炉内部流场分布情况不佳,气化炉的加热效率和启动时间有待进一步优化,炉内主要换热形式仍是自然对流,但不可忽略介质参与性辐射对总传热的贡献。

110~500 kV氧化锌避雷器对流换热系数计算及数值拟合

针对氧化锌避雷器在长期运行中老化、潮湿或短路等导致的故障,结合110~500 kV避雷器参数,建立典型避雷器电热耦合模型。介绍避雷器多物理场仿真建模方法,提出基于外流场的氧化锌避雷器外壁面对流换热系数计算方法,获得瓷外套和复合外套氧化锌避雷器对流换热系数的变化规律及函数。通过电-热耦合计算与三维流-热耦合温度场计算对比,验证对流换热系数计算结果的有效性,可为避雷器多物理场仿真提供数值参考。

一类热流耦合模型边界条件的反演计算方法

提出一种裂隙岩体中热流耦合模型边界条件的反演计算方法。基于单裂隙热流耦合模型,利用部分温度观测数据,反演计算出岩体和流体接触边界上的温度、温度梯度和对流换热系数。首先,利用分离变量法将热传导边值问题转化成第一类Fredholm积分方程,然后,基于正则化方法求解积分方程,得到岩体和流体接触边界上的温度和温度梯度,再得到局部换热系数,再利用梯度下降法求解一类无约束优化问题,得到总体对流换热系数,最后,对热流耦合方程进行数值计算。结果表明,提出的计算方法能克服反演问题的不适定性,具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性。

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m^2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.

地铁车站围护结构耦合式单U埋管系统换热研究

文章以地铁车站围护结构耦合式单U埋管系统为研究对象,建立车站连续墙、底板和顶板等部位的埋管换热模型。研究发现:车站连续墙、底板的埋管延米换热量均在40~50W/m范围内,顶板的埋管延米换热量约为10W/m;进水温度越高、原始地温越低,则埋管延米换热量越大;埋管循环水流速越大,出水温度越高;随着埋管间距的增加,埋管延米换热量呈现先增加后保持稳定状态。

遮光剂掺杂SiO_(2)气凝胶传热的统一格子Boltzmann模型研究

气凝胶是一种纳米多孔超级隔热材料,其内部的传热过程涉及气相导热、固相导热、气固耦合传热及辐射传热。基于格子Boltzmann方法,演化了含有辐射源项的能量方程和辐射传输方程,建立了描述SiO_(2)气凝胶复合材料内多模式多尺度耦合传热的统一格子Boltzmann模型,探究了SiC遮光剂粒径和掺杂量对气凝胶复合材料隔热性能的影响,获得了使得材料等效热导率最小的SiC遮光剂最优粒径和最佳掺杂量随温度的变化规律。

基于有限元的流固共轭传热程序开发验证

为实现对共轭传热问题的仿真研究,本文基于有限元算法在MOOSE平台下开发一套用于流固共轭传热问题的计算程序。该程序采用传统连续伽辽金有限元法求解固体区域的结构传热问题,引入SUPG/PSPG稳定算法以解决流体对流-扩散方程中因对流占主导造成的振荡问题以及速度压力失耦问题,采用k-ω湍流模型进行湍流流动求解。对于全场的共轭传热问题,程序采用全耦合隐式格式进行求解。通过与文献中实验及理论结果对比,证明了该程序对于基本流动以及共轭传热问题计算的正确性。研究结果表明,程序计算结果与实验数据、DNS等结果表现出良好的一致性。本研究开发的程序具备不可压流动换热、固体传热、共轭传热等问题的计算能力。

硫酸盐渍土热-质迁移试验与耦合模型

为研究西部寒旱区盐渍土传热传质行为,首先,在无压补给条件下进行非饱和硫酸盐渍土的单向冻结试验;其次,考虑结晶潜热、结晶阻抗及结晶消耗等因素,建立非饱和硫酸盐渍土水-热-盐三场耦合模型;最后,采用COMSOL Multi-physics对耦合模型进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与试验数据进行对比分析.研究结果表明:盐渍土内温度随冻结时长呈三阶段发展,逐步形成上冷下暖的温度梯度;在温度梯度和基质吸力双重驱动下,水、盐向冻结锋位置迁移,冻结锋位置水、盐含量出现峰值,峰值含水率、含盐量相较初始值分别增加2.16%和0.28%;冻结锋沿冻结温度线移动,形成冻结锋面;土柱最大冻结深度约为15.5 cm.

热工水力模型与堆芯熔化模型的耦合技术研究

为扩展全范围模拟机的仿真范围至严重事故阶段,以国产化自主开发的一体化软件包COSINE为例,对其热工水力系统程序cosFLOW与严重事故分析程序csoSA的耦合技术进行研究。首先使用cosFLOW计算事故的早期现象,当达到严重事故状态时,再启用cosSA来模拟事故中晚期。着重研究堆芯升温熔化模型的耦合过程,分析了堆芯传热计算并选取合理的耦合参数,采用耦合后的一体化程序对PHEBUS/B9+ISP-28堆芯熔解国际标准题进行验证计算,并最后应用于百万千瓦级压水堆的中破口失水事故仿真计算。验证结果表明耦合后的程序的计算结果与实验数据拟合较好,且应用于核电厂中破口失水事故计算时其堆芯温度与总产氢量的发展趋势合理。耦合后的堆芯模型能合理地预测堆芯的氧化升温和加热熔化进程,成功地实现了计算范围由设计基准事故扩展至严重事故阶段的目标。另外cosFLOW与cosSA共用一套堆芯节点划分且无重复模型,因此其堆芯模型的耦合过渡无任何参数阶跃变化且自然平滑。