Electric field intensity measurement by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency of cold Rb Rydberg atoms

We demonstrate a simple method to measure electric field intensity by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) spectra of cold Rb Rydberg atoms, where the frequency of the coupling laser does not need to be locked. Based on the Stark splitting of the Rb Rydberg state, 10D_(3/2), under electric fields and the corresponding calculated polarizabilities, the real electric field intensity is calculated using the difference in radio-frequency diffraction between two acousto-optic modulators, which acts as a frequency criterion that allows us to measure the electrical field without locking the coupling laser. The value measured by this simple method shows a good agreement with our previous work [Opt.Express 29 1558(2021)] where the frequency of the coupling laser needs to be locked with an additional EIT spectrum based on atom vapor and a proportional–integral–differential feedback circuit. Our presented method can also be extended to the measurement of electric field based on hot Rydberg atom vapor, which has application in industry.

Non-Kramers doublet ground state in a quaternary cubic compound PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) investigated by ultrasonic measurements

We performed ultrasonic measurements on a quaternary cubic compound PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) to explore the ground state properties derived from non-Kramers Γ_(3) doublet of Pr^(3+).PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) is a quaternary derivative of the ternary compound PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) that exhibits a structural phase transition at T_S=138 K.In PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18),the Zn atoms at the 16c site in PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) are selectively replaced by In atoms.A monotonic increase was observed in the temperature dependence of elastic constants C_L=(C_(11)+2C_(12)+4C_(44))/3 and C_(T)=(C_(11)-C_(12)+C_(44))/3 in the temperature range around T_(S) to which an elastic softening was observed in(C_(11)-C_(12))/2 for PrRu_(2)Zn_(20).The disappearance of the softening indicates that the structural transition in PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) is suppressed by the substitution of Zn ions by In ones with a larger ionic radius.Alternatively,the C_(T) of PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) exhibits a precursor Curie-type elastic softening toward low temperatures being responsible for the non-Kramers Γ_(3) ground state.We discuss the ground state and the evolution of the elastic properties of the different single-crystal samples of PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) grown under different conditions.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE EFFECT OF ROTATION ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD IN FILM-COOLED TURBINE

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow field in a film-cooled turbine model is carried out by using particle image velocimeter （PIV） in a low-speed wind tunnel. The effects of different blowing ratios （M=1.5, 2） on the flow field are studied. The experimental results reveal the classical phenomena of the formation of kidney vortex pair and secondary flow in wake region behind the jet hole. And the changes of the kidney vortex pair and the wake at different locations away from the hole on the suction and pressure sides are also studied. Compared with the flow field in stationary cascade, there are centrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the flow field of rotating turbine, and these forces bring the radial velocity in the jet flow. The effect of rotatien on the flow field of the pressure side is more distinct than that on the suction side from the measured flow fields in Y-Z plane and radial velocity contours. The increase of blowing ratio makes the kidney vortex pair and the secondary flow in the wake region stronger and makes the range of the wake region enlarged.

Estimation of the Lyman-α signal of the EFILE diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field in vacuum

The electric field induced Lyman-a emission diagnostic aims to provide a non intrusive and precise measurement of the electric field in plasma, using a beam of hydrogen atoms prepared in the metastable 2s state. The metastable particles are obtained by means of a proton beam extracted from a hydrogen plasma source, and neutralised by interaction with vaporised caesium. When a 2s atom enters a region where an electric field is present, it undergoes a transition to the 2p state （Stark mixing）. It then quickly decays to the ground level, emitting Lyman-a radiation, which is collected by a photomultiplier. The 2s → 2p transition rate is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field, and depends on the field oscillation frequency （with peaks around l GHz）. By measuring the intensity of the Lyman-a radiation emitted by the beam it is possible to determine the magnitude of the field in a defined region. In this work, an analysis of the behaviour of the diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field is presented. Electric field simulations obtained with a finite element solver of Maxwell equations, combined with theoretical calculations of the Stark mixing transition rate, are used to develop a model for the interpretation of photomultiplier data. This method shows good agreement with experimental results for the static field case, and allows to measure the field magnitude for the oscillating case.

VFT PHASE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT IN THREE-PHASE ENCLOSED GIS

The measuring of VFT phase voltage in three-phase enclosed GIS is more complex and difficult than in single-phase ones. There are 3 capacitive sensors in the measuring system, the outputs of which are with a linear relation to the three phase voltages. This linear relation is presented with a factorial matrix. Because each capacitive sensor is coupled with the electric field of three phases (A, B, and C), the electric coupling coefficients are introduced. In order to determine the matrix of electric coupling coefficients, the numerical calculation method can be used. From the discussion on two types of three-phase enclosed GIS bus, i.e. standard arrangement and biased arrangement, the dominant electric coupling coefficients are named, which can be simply and approximately calculated by an analytic expression. Finally, as an example, the waveforms of VFT phase voltage generated on a three-phase enclosed GIS bus model are displayed. When a capacitive sensor is located at the ’shortest point’ of phase A (or B, or C), the VFT phase voltage V A (or V B, or V C) can almost be measured by that capacitive sensor alone.

Three-Dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Drivers

In this paper, the axial-flux permanent magnet driver is modeledand analyzed in a simple and novel way under three-dimensional cylindricalcoordinates. The inherent three-dimensional characteristics of the deviceare comprehensively considered, and the governing equations are solved bysimplifying the boundary conditions. The axial magnetization of the sectorshapedpermanent magnets is accurately described in an algebraic form bythe parameters, which makes the physical meaning more explicit than thepurely mathematical expression in general series forms. The parameters of theBessel function are determined simply and the magnetic field distribution ofpermanent magnets and the air-gap is solved. Furthermore, the field solutionsare completely analytical, which provides convenience and satisfactoryaccuracy for modeling a series of electromagnetic performance parameters,such as the axial electromagnetic force density, axial electromagnetic force,and electromagnetic torque. The correctness and accuracy of the analyticalmodels are fully verified by three-dimensional finite element simulations and a15 kW prototype and the results of calculations, simulations, and experimentsunder three methods are highly consistent. The influence of several designparameters on magnetic field distribution and performance is studied and discussed.The results indicate that the modeling method proposed in this papercan calculate the magnetic field distribution and performance accurately andrapidly, which affords an important reference for the design and optimizationof axial-flux permanent magnet drivers.

Energy and flux measurements of laser-induced silver plasma ions by using Faraday cup

Silver(Ag)plasma has been generated by employing Nd:YAG laser(532 nm,6 ns)laser irradiation.The energy and flux of ions have been evaluated by using Faraday cup(FC)using time of flight(TOF)measurements.The dual peak signals of fast and slow Ag plasma ions have been identified.Both energy and flux of fast and slow ions tend to increase with increasing irradiance from 7 GW cm-2 to 17.9 GW cm-2 at all distances of FC from the target surface.Similarly a decreasing trend of energies and flux of ions has been observed with increasing distance of FC from the target.The maximum value of flux of the fast component is21.2×10^(10) cm^(-2),whereas for slow ions the maximum energy and flux values are 8.8 keV,8.2×10^(10) cm^(-2) respectively.For the analysis of plume expansion dynamics,the angular distribution of ion flux measurement has also been performed.The overall analysis of both spatial and angular distributions of Ag ions revealed that the maximum flux of Ag plasma ions has been observed at an optimal angle of~15°.In order to confirm the ion acceleration by ambipolar field,the self-generated electric field(SGEF)measurements have also been performed by electric probe;these SGEF measurements tend to increase by increasing laser irradiance.The maximum value of 232 V m^(-1) has been obtained at a maximum laser irradiance of 17.9 GW cm^(-2).

Impact of coupled ground wire interference on the precision of electric field sensors

Electric field measurement holds immense significance in various domains.The power supply and signal acquisition units of the sensor may be coupled with ground wire interference,which could result in reduced measurement accuracy.Moreover,this problem is often ignored by researchers.This paper investigated the origin of ground coupling interference in electric field sensors and its impact on measurement accuracy.A miniature undistorted electric field sensor with wireless transmission was compared with existing D-dot,microelectromechanical systems(MEMS),and optical sensors.The results indicate that MEMS and D-dot exhibit diminished accuracy in measuring electric fields under uniform conditions,owing to interference from ground wires.In the case of transmission lines with non-uniform conditions,the wireless sensor exhibited a measurement error of 5%,whereas the optical sensor showed an error rate of approximately 8%.However,the D-dot sensor displayed a measurement error exceeding 50%,whereas the MEMS sensor yielded an error as high as 150%.This means that the wireless sensor isolates the ground-coupled interference signal and realizes the distortion-free measurement of the electric field.The wireless sensors will find extensive applications in new power systems for intelligent equipment status perception,fault warning,and other scenarios.

Impact Factors in Calibration and Application of Field Mill for Measurement of DC Electric Field with Space Charges

The DC electric field is sometimes accompanied by space charges caused by the partial discharge in the air,which impacts DC electric field measurements.This paper describes the impact factors in the calibration and application of the field mill for measuring the DC electric field with space charges.First,the influence of the space charges on calibration results is evaluated and discussed.Then,both the impact of the height of the meter probe above the ground and the touch resistance between the ground and the meter on the measurement results are investigated.Correct calibration and application methods are presented.The results are expected to be of use to engineers for conducting accurate measurements of the DC electric field with space charges.

Visualized measurement of the electric field in large aperture LiNbO_3 crystal by digital holographic interferometry

The electric field distribution in Li Nb O3 crystal under different electrode shape is presented by using the digital holographic interferometry. Three configurations of phase modulator including the rectangular electrode type,single-triangle electrode type, and dual-triangle electrode type are performed in this experiment. The nonuniform electric field distribution in these phase modulators are observed and the electric field increases with voltage increasing. The digital holographic interferometry with high electro-optic effect improves the measurement precision. The digital holographic interferometry provides an effective way for studying the electric field distribution. Such in situ quantitative analysis of electric field distribution is a key to optimizing electrode shape.

Electric field simulation and measurement of a pulse line ion accelerator

An oil dielectric helical pulse line to demonstrate the principles of a Pulse Line Ion Accelerator （PLIA） has been designed and fabricated. The simulation of the axial electric field of an accelerator with CST code has been completed and the simulation results show complete agreement with the theoretical calculations. To fully understand the real value of the electric field excited from the helical line in PLIA, an optical electric integrated electric field measurement system was adopted. The measurement result shows that the real magnitude of axial electric field is smaller than that calculated, probably due to the actual pitch of the resister column which is much less than that of helix.

Numerical analysis of multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method

We calculate the multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method. The methods and models are unsuitable as geoelectric models of conductive surrounding rocks because they are based on regular local targets. We also propose a calculation and analysis scheme based on numerical simulations of the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields. In the modeling of the electromagnetic fields, the forward modeling simulations are performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method and the discrete image method, which combines the Gaver–Stehfest inverse Laplace transform with the Prony method to solve the initial electromagnetic fields. The precision in the iterative computations is ensured by using the transmission boundary conditions. For the response analysis, we customize geoelectric models consisting of near-borehole targets and conductive wall rocks and implement forward modeling simulations. The observed electric fields are converted into induced electromotive force responses using multicomponent observation devices. By comparing the transient electric fields and multicomponent responses under different conditions, we suggest that the multicomponent-induced electromotive force responses are related to the horizontal and vertical gradient variations of the transient electric field at different times. The characteristics of the response are determined by the varying the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields, i.e., diffusion, attenuation and distortion, under different conditions as well as the electromagnetic fields at the observation positions. The calculation and analysis scheme of the response consider the surrounding rocks and the anomalous field of the local targets. It therefore can account for the geological data better than conventional transient field response analysis of local targets.

Precise 3D shape measurement of three-dimensional digital image correlation for complex surfaces

Three dimensional-digital image correlation （3D-DIC） is a widely used optical metrology in the experimental mechanics community because of its reliability, practicality, and flexibility. Although the precision of digital image correlation （DIC） has been thoroughly studied theoretically and numerically, verification experiments have seldom been performed, especially fbr complex surfaces with a small field of view （FOV）. In this work, the shape of a 1-yuan coin was measured using 3D-DIC; the shape was complex due to the presence of many fine details, and the FOV was relatively small because the coin diameter was only 25 mm. During the experiment, a novel strategy for speckle production was developed： white paint was simply sprayed onto the surface. Black paint was not used; instead, taking advantage of the reflective nature of the coin surface, polarized light and a Polaroid filter were introduced, and the polarization direction was carefully adjusted, ensuring that the spray pattern was extremely thin and that high-quality speckle images with significant contrast were captured. The three-dimensional coin shape was also successfully determined for comparison using a stylus profiler. The results demonstrate that 3D-DIC provides high precision in shape measurement even for complex surfaces with small FOV. The precision of 3D-DIC can reach 1/7000 of the field of view, corresponding to about 6 ~tm in this experiment.

Synthesis of Antennas for Field and Polarization Control

This article presents a procedure for electromagnetic field and polarization control with antennas. The concept previously introduced by the authors for spatially distributed three-dimensional electromagnetic polarization (as time varies) is discussed and extended also to include non-ideal antennas and the control of electromagnetic field distributions (at a given instant of time). These polarizations and fields are herein referred to as “3D”, although time is also inherent to them. Even that the main objective is to introduce a mathematically/numerically consistent synthesis technique for controlling the 3D electromagnetic fields and polarizations, an effort is made to present and discuss possible applications, including but not limited to torus-knotted distributions and spatial multiplexing for transmission of information in wireless digital communication systems.

Preliminary experimental study on applicability of Lorentz force velocimetry in an external magnetic field

Lorentz force velocimetry(LFV) is a noncontact technique for measuring electrically conducting fluids based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This work aims to answer the open and essential question of whether LFV can work properly under a surrounding external magnetic field(ExMF). Two types of Ex MFs with different magnetic intensities were examined: a magnetic field with a typical order of 0.4 T generated by a permanent magnet(PM) and another generated by an electromagnet(EM) on the order of 2 T. Two forces, including the magnetostatic force between the Ex MF and PM in the LFV, and the Lorentz force generated by the PM in LFV were measured and analyzed in the experiment. In addition,Ex MFs of varying strengths were added to the LFV, and the location of the LFV device in the iron cores of the EM was considered. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that it is possible for a LFV device to operate normally under a moderate Ex MF. However, the magnetostatic force will account for a high proportion of the measured force,thus inhibiting the normal LFV operation, if the Ex MF is too high.

Study of Electromagnetic Compatibility in Hospital Environments

This paper presents a study on the effects of radiation from electronic equipment in hospitals. This study was performed in Argentinean, Colombian and Spanish hospitals. The work consists of two parts: a survey to determine the hospital personnel’s knowledge of the problem and a technical part consisting of a measurements campaign to determine the levels of radiated electrical and magnetic fields in several hospitals due to the presence of electromagnetic interferences, such as the use of mobile phones. The study of this problem has been of special interest in countries such as the USA and Canada, and this paper attempts to convey the necessity of creating regulations that can be applied to the hospitals of the countries analyzed. More than fifty hospitals were studied in these three countries, considering the following aspects: the hospital personnel’s awareness of the problem, whether the hospitals have performed previous studies of this type, the appearance of problems in medical equipment due to this interference, the origin of the interference, and the failures that have appeared in computers due to electromagnetic interference. The results show that, most hospitals have a lack of knowledge regarding this issue and that field levels above those allowed by international regulations are present. Therefore, a regulation must be established to avoid the problem.

基于场致二次谐波的大气压脉冲流注放电时变非均匀电场测量研究

诊断大气压脉冲流注放电空间电场是实现流注放电精准调控和揭示等离子体不稳定性机制的重要基础。基于场致二次谐波的空间电场测量方法具有非侵入式、时空分辨率高等优点。然而,流注放电时变非均匀电场对二次谐波信号产生过程的影响规律尚不完善,真实电场标定系数随流注放电不同阶段的变化规律尚不清晰。该文首先计算二次谐波信号产生规律和电场空间分布的影响;然后,基于等离子体流体模拟,分析二次谐波信号对流注放电不同阶段时变非均匀电场的敏感程度;最后,基于纳秒脉冲激光场致二次谐波电场测量平台,实验获得了重频脉冲作用下组合电极结构产生的单根负流注轴向电场演变规律,分析脉冲重复频率对空间电场的影响机制,并针对流注放电时变非均匀电场特点提出电场致二次谐波测量优化若干建议。

里德堡原子电场传感器的自校准性解析及测量不确定度评定

传统电场传感器需要标准场或更高准确度等级的传感器进行校准,而基于原子固有能级结构和光谱特征的里德堡原子电场测量可溯源至基本物理常数,量子传感自带校准功能。该文阐述了里德堡原子与外场相互作用的量子相干效应,说明了里德堡原子传感器的电场测量原理,并解析了其自校准性。基于所构建的针对低频电场的里德堡原子传感测量系统,分析了误差来源,定义和计算了各种不确定度分量,得到合成相对标准不确定度为3.885%;保守考虑,在大于或等于95.45%的包含概率下得到扩展不确定度为7.77%。在此过程中,明确了不确定度的主要影响因素并提出了减小其影响的建议。最后给出传感系统实测电磁诱导透明(EIT)光谱频移量与电场强度之间的拟合函数,拟合确定系数达到0.9969,验证了所构建的低频电场量子测量系统的准确性。

非侵入式电压测量双平板电容传感器设计

传统的单电极电容探头测量误差较大、测量精度易受温度、湿度等环境因素的影响,而非侵入式电压测量传感器可用于检测输电线和电力设备中的电压,且无需与带电导体或设备直接接触。因此,本文提出了一种基于电容耦合的双电容非接触式电压测量方法。设计并制造了测量系统。在实验室设施中进行了测试。实验结果表明:所研制的传感器具有良好的精度和线性度。其在工频下的比值误差在±1.7%以内。此外,它还具有成本低、小型化、外形灵活、分压比易于调整等优点。

静电放电模拟器近区辐射电场的测量研究

静电放电(ESD)是电磁兼容领域的关键测试项目。为在近区获得更多可供参考的ESD辐射电场实测数据,建立了ESD辐射电场测量系统,测量并研究了四个厂家的主流ESD模拟器在接触放电模式下产生的辐射电场。实验结果表明,不同试验等级ESD辐射电场波形参数与IEC 61000-4-2:2008中的参考值一致,测量结果准确;在严格控制实验条件的情况下,电场峰值和上升时间的重复性可以得到保证,且电场峰值的重复性优于上升时间的重复性;不同型号的ESD模拟器在电流波形都符合IEC 61000-4-2:2008限值的情况下,辐射电场的波形存在更大差异,早日实现ESD辐射电场的准确、可靠测量并规范其测量方法及其限值十分必要。