Acoustic characteristics of pulse detonation engine sound propagating in enclosed space

Acoustic characteristics of pulse detonation engine(PDE)sound propagating in enclosed space are numerically and experimentally investigated.The finite element software LS-DYNA is utilized to numerically simulate the PDE sound propagating in enclosed space.Acoustic measurement systems are established for testing the PDE sound in enclosed space,and the time-frequency characteristics of PDE sound in enclosed space are reported in detail.The experimental results show that the sound waveform of PDE sound in enclosed space are quite different from those in open space,and the reflection and superposition of PDE sound on the walls of enclosed space results in the sound pressure oscillating obviously.It is found that the peak sound pressure level(PSPL)and overall sound pressure level(OASPL)of PDE sound in enclosed space are higher than those in open space and their difference increases with the rise of propagation distance.The results of the duration of PDE sound indicate that the A duration of PDE sound in enclosed space is higher than that in open space except at measuring points located at 2-m and 5-m while the B duration is higher at each of all measuring points.Results show that the enclosed space has a great influence on the acoustic characteristic of PDE sound.This research is helpful in performing PDE experiments in enclosed laboratories to prevent the PDE sound from affecting the safety of laboratory environment,equipment,and staffs.

Risk Assessment of Coal Mine Water Hazard Based on Three-Dimensional Model of Geology and Underground Space

Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coal production.It is showed by statistics that 60%of mine accidents are affected by groundwater,which not only result in the production losses,casualties and a variety of

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene incorporating functional group via hydrophilic spacer arm

A versatile and effective method for incorporating functional groups on the pore wall of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene（3DOM CLPS） by hydrophilic spacer arm has been investigated.The 3DOM CLPS with pore size 865 nm was prepared by sacrifice template method.The hydrophilic spacer arm（polyethylene glycol,molecular weight is 600） was grafted to the 3DOM CLPS via nucleophilic substitution reaction.The other side of active hydroxyl can be further converted into a lot of other functional groups.In this report,the chelating ligand 2-mercaptobenzothiazole（MBZ） group was introduced on the end of the PGE chain to evidence the versatile functionalization approach.The functionalized ordered macroporous materials were characterized by FT-IR,element analyzer,SEM.The results reveal that the pores were successfully bonded with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole groups via hydrophilic spacer arms and the original morphology of ordered macroporous materials were remained after functionalization.The MBZ group density is 0.052 mmol/m^2.The functionalized 3DOM CLPS are expected to application as heavy metal ions adsorbent.

Continuous imaging space in three-dimensional integral imaging

We report an integral imaging method with continuous imaging space. This method simultaneously reconstructs real and virtual images in the virtual mode, with a minimum gap that separates the entire imaging space into real and virtual space. Experimental results show that the gap is reduced to 45% of that in a conventional integral imaging system with the same parameters.

Using"Three-dimensional Space Resources"for Fenlong Technology to Improve Grain Econoloy and Expand Human Living Spaces

Fenlong Technology has been applied to increase yield by 20%-50%,improve quality by 5%,and retain water by 100%in 40 kinds of crop cultivated land and saline-alkali land in 26 provinces of China.This paper clarified for the first time the scientific theory system of Fenlong Technology using three-dimensional space resources"Fenlong Agricultural Nature Theory"and the development of the relative"limits"of agricultural growth,which provides a huge power support and natural force for expanding human living spaces.Through inventing and creating a scientific and technological system of farming tools,farming machinery,farming modes,and magic weapons for cultivation,Fenlong Technology can increase grain,promote ecological development,and greatly expand the living spaces of the Chinese nation and achieve sustainable development.Using Fenlong Technology,China has expanded from the current single"cultivated land agriculture"to the"big pattern agriculture"of Fenlong"cultivated land+saline land+degraded grassland+marginal land+desertified land+river water",flexibly used 147 million ha of"three-dimensional space resources"of land,and the newly increased food,meat,and fish can feed 300 million to 400 million people,increased the water storage by 100 billion m^(3),and reduced the collection of groundwater by 20 million to 60 billion m^(3).

Three-Dimensional Space Interpolation of Grey / Depth Image Sequence-A New Technique of Computer Graphics Synthesis

This paper advances a three-dimensional space interpolation method of grey / depth image sequence, which breaks free from the limit of original practical photographing route. Pictures can cruise at will in space. By using space sparse sampling, great memorial capacity can be saved and reproduced scenes can be controlled. To solve time consuming and complex computations in three-dimensional interpolation algorithm, we have studied a fast and practical algorithm of scattered space lattice and that of 'Warp' algorithm with proper depth. By several simple aspects of three dimensional space interpolation, we succeed in developing some simple and practical algorithms. Some results of simulated experiments with computers have shown that the new method is absolutely feasible.

Urban Three-dimensional Expansion and Its Driving Forces——A Case Study of Shanghai,China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase,and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization.Taking Shanghai as an example,the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city's vertical and horizontal increases respectively,and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion.The research drew following conclusions:1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature,and could be divided into three stages:vertical expansion in dominance,coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion,and horizontal expansion in dominance.2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs,but the changing speed of the latter was faster.And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city's horizontal expansion,while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion.Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city's political factors.

Multiconstraint adaptive three-dimensional guidance law using convex optimization

The traditional guidance law only guarantees the accuracy of attacking a target. However, the look angle and acceleration constraints are indispensable in applications. A new adaptive three-dimensional proportional navigation(PN) guidance law is proposed based on convex optimization. Decomposition of the three-dimensional space is carried out to establish threedimensional kinematic engagements. The constraints and the performance index are disposed by using the convex optimization method. PN guidance gains can be obtained by solving the optimization problem. This solution is more rapid and programmatic than the traditional method and provides a foundation for future online guidance methods, which is of great value for engineering applications.

Obstacle avoidance method of three-dimensional obstacle spherical cap

Focusing on obstacle avoidance in three-dimensional space for unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), the direct obstacle avoidance method in dynamic space based on three-dimensional velocity obstacle spherical cap is proposed, which quantifies the influence of threatening obstacles through velocity obstacle spherical cap parameters. In addition, the obstacle avoidance schemes of any point on the critical curve during the multi-obstacles avoidance are given. Through prediction, the insertion point for the obstacle avoidance can be obtained and the flight path can be replanned. Taking the Pythagorean Hodograph(PH) curve trajectory re-planning as an example, the three-dimensional direct obstacle avoidance method in dynamic space is tested. Simulation results show that the proposed method can realize the online obstacle avoidance trajectory re-planning, which increases the flexibility of obstacle avoidance greatly.

Three-Dimensional Metacomposite Based on Different Ferromagnetic Microwire Spacing for Electromagnetic Shielding

An electromagnetic shielding metacomposite based on the absorbing mechanism was prepared by weaving ferromagnetic microwires into the three-dimensional(3D)fabric.The influence of the ferromagnetic microwire spacing on electromagnetic shielding performance and the electromagnetic shielding mechanism of 3D metacomposites were studied.The total electromagnetic shielding performance increases with the increase of electromagnetic wave frequency.3D metacomposites based on the absorbing mechanism can avoid the secondary pollution of electromagnetic waves,and have great potential in military,civil,aerospace and other fields.

Constructing Three-Dimension Space Graph for Outlier Detection Algorithms in Data Mining

Outlier detection has very important applied value in data mining literature. Different outlier detection algorithms based on distinct theories have different definitions and mining processes. The three-dimensional space graph for constructing applied algorithms and an improved GridOf algorithm were proposed in terms of analyzing the existing outlier detection algorithms from criterion and theory. Key words outlier - detection - three-dimensional space graph - data mining CLC number TP 311. 13 - TP 391 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70371015)Biography: ZHANG Jing (1975-), female, Ph. D, lecturer, research direction: data mining and knowledge discovery.

Three-Dimensional Exact Solution for Dynamic Damped Response of Plates with Two Free Edges

A three-dimensional state space method has been developed for the calculation of dynamic response of plates with two free edges and two simply supported edges.A complex damping model was introduced, then the exact solutions which satisfy all the governing equations and boundary conditions were obtained.In order to overcome the difficulty of satisfying all the stress conditions at free edges, the displacement functions of free edges were assumed.The boundary conditions were strictly satisfied when the convergence rate was good.The computing time was evidently less than that of finite element method.The comparison of the solution with those of finite element method show that there is an excellent agreement for displacements.When the imaginary parts of normal stress deviated, the finite element results showed existence of shear stresses at top and bottom surfaces, and the boundary conditions of FEM model were not strictly satisfied.

Researches on Cartographic Database-Based Interactive Three-Dimensional Topographic Map

With the development of computer graphics, the three-dimensional (3D) visualization brings new technological revolution to the traditional cartography. Therefore, the topographic 3D-map emerges to adapt to this technological revolution, and the applications of topographic 3D-map are spread rapidly to other relevant fields due to its incomparable advantage. The researches on digital map and the construction of map database offer strong technical support and abundant data source for this new technology, so the research and development of topographic 3D-map will receive greater concern. The basic data of the topographic 3D-map are rooted mainly in digital map and its basic model is derived from digital elevation model (DEM) and 3D-models of other DEM-based geographic features. In view of the potential enormous data and the complexity of geographic features, the dynamic representation of geographic information becomes the focus of the research of topographic 3D-map and also the prerequisite condition of 3D query and analysis. In addition to the equipment of hardware that are restraining, to a certain extent, the 3D representation, the data organization structure of geographic information will be the core problem of research on 3D-map. Level of detail (LOD), space partitioning, dynamic object loading (DOL) and object culling are core technologies of the dynamic 3D representation. The object- selection, attribute-query and model-editing are important functions and interaction tools for users with 3D-maps provided by topographic 3D-map system, all of which are based on the data structure of the 3D-model. This paper discusses the basic theories, concepts and cardinal principles of topographic 3D-map, expounds the basic way to organize the scene hierarchy of topographic 3D-map based on the node mechanism and studies the dynamic representation technologies of topographic 3D-map based on LOD, space partitioning, DOL and object culling. Moreover, such interactive operation functions are explored, in this paper, as spatial query, scene editing and management of topographic 3D-map. Finally, this paper describes briefly the applications of topographic 3D-map in its related fields.

大型封闭空间中UWB定位基站拓扑的通用设计方法

超宽带(ultra-wide band,UWB)技术是无人装备在巡检具有多障碍物的大型封闭空间时获取定位坐标的主要方法之一。目前主要依赖人工方式设计UWB定位基站拓扑的构型、位置和数量。这种方式存在设计效率低下,设计效果未知,性价比难以确定等问题。为此,本文提出了一套较为科学完善的定位基站拓扑评价体系,并提出了一种在大型封闭空间中自动设计定位基站拓扑的通用方法。该方法以仿真模拟为基础,通过遗传算法结合拓扑评价体系,自动生成贴合实际应用场景的最优拓扑方案,包括最优的基站布设数量以及布设位置信息。实验结果表明:1)经通用设计方法生成的拓扑相比使用基站数量最多的拓扑,综合性能提高了6.2%;相比使用基站数量最少的拓扑,综合性能提高了21.2%。2)经通用设计方法生成的拓扑相比人工设计的锯齿形拓扑,综合性能提高了11.4%,设计效率提高了92.9%。可见,针对具有多障碍物的大型封闭空间场景,本文的方法可以在较短的时间内设计出综合性能较优,性价比较高的定位基站拓扑,为无人装备在此类大型封闭空间中开展全自主定位和巡检奠定了基础。

组合光透视下小面积室内封闭空间分割方法

为提高室内空间的优化规划设计能力,提出基于点云数据语义分割的组合光透视下小面积室内封闭空间分割方法。构建小面积室内封闭空间的环境三维信息感知模型,采用室内空间点云提取室内封闭空间图像的坐标信息,结合语义组合特征分割方法将融合空间信息映射到高分辨空间异质单元结构中,引入几何约束的子空间投影特征信息,结合组合光透视的高分辨率分割图模型参数融合方法,提取小面积室内封闭的端元,采用点云数据语义分割方法实现空间分割。结果表明,采用该方法有效实现对复杂室内场景的三维重建,空间分割的均方根误差较低为0.808%,峰值信噪比较高42.156 dB,空间分割速度较快,平均为12.83 ms。

爆炸载荷作用下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥毁伤模式研究

目的研究不同打击模式下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤效应,为钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤评估及打击决策提供参考。方法通过数值仿真研究某弹药装药空中爆炸、接触爆炸和内爆炸3种打击模式下,钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤效应。结果不同打击模式下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤模式差异较大:空中爆炸和接触爆炸桥梁主要发生桥面破孔及塑性变形;内爆炸桥梁除桥面发生层裂破碎外,T梁腹板及横隔梁也发生外凸变形、混凝土崩塌破坏等。结论半密闭空间内爆炸T梁桥的毁伤效果要优于桥面接触爆炸和空中爆炸。

开口间距对道路声屏障脉动风致响应影响分析

文中基于Davenport谱并采用Shinozuka谐波合成法模拟风速30 m/s的自然随机脉动风场,获得结构表面脉动风荷载.建立8种顶部开口间距的声屏障有限元模型,研究其模态、位移和应力风振响应.结果表明:①相同阶数的声屏障结构自振频率随着开口间距L的增大呈现下降趋势;②声屏障竖向位移峰值和最大应力峰值均随顶部开口距离L增大而增大,分别出现在声屏障出入口6.0 m处和侧立柱顶部主梁连接位置;③当开口间距L超过8.0 m时,声屏障风致位移和应力响应迅速增大,建议控制封闭式声屏障顶部开口距离在总跨度的1/6内.

多传感器融合的火灾监测机器人设计

针对目前火灾报警系统不能应用在城市中非密闭空间的问题,提出一种适用于非密闭空间的多传感器融合的火灾监测机器人。该机器人采用履带式结构适应多地形移动,根据城市内非密闭下空间火势初期主要特征参数确定采集模块的搭建;利用D-S证据理论对多传感器火灾数据进行融合检测,以降低单个传感器的误报率,来提高对非密闭空间火灾事故的精确判定,并对火灾进行现场警报与远程回传。实验表明,与单一传感器判断相比,引入D-S证据理论的火灾监测机器人的火灾检测不确定性下降,检测精度得到了提高。

风环境性能导向的围合式教学楼庭院架空空间优化设计研究——以中国石油大学古镇口校区为例

该文通过选取30例国内21世纪建成高校围合式教学楼进行调研,归纳总结出9种围合式教学楼形态类型,以出现频次较高的B1型围合式教学楼——中国石油大学古镇口校区围合式教学楼为研究对象,以架空空间形体尺寸为变量,运用性能模拟软件建立模型并对庭院风环境进行仿真模拟,探究架空空间形体尺寸与庭院风环境的关联关系,计算边界条件下的较优因素组合。结果表明,架空长度对庭院风环境影响最大,且在冬夏季庭院风环境优化方面取值差异较大;架空宽度对风速离散度影响较大;架空高度与庭院风环境未呈现出线性的相关性。研究方法及结论可对青岛地区围合式建筑架空空间设计阶段庭院风环境优化提供参考。

封闭空间内活性毁伤元战斗部爆炸载荷特性研究

为探明活性毁伤元战斗部封闭空间爆炸载荷特性,开展了活性毁伤元战斗部、惰性战斗部和裸装药的舱内爆炸对比试验,结合高速数据采集系统和三维扫描技术,分析了不同类型战斗部的舱内爆炸压力、温度、受载结构的变形响应和活性材料的能量释放特性,结果表明活性毁伤元战斗部大幅度提高了舱内的准静态压力、温度峰值和受载结构的残余变形,相较于惰性战斗部和裸装药,爆炸压力、温度和结构残余变形最大提高了79.7%、93.6%和62.1%。此外,活性材料能量释放速率、能量释放量与爆轰能量之间呈现正相关关系,其中能量释放量随着爆轰能量的增大出现收敛现象。最后基于活性毁伤元战斗部载荷特性以及金属薄板的爆炸响应规律,发现活性材料的持续释能现象导致舱内准静态压力和结构在1 ms内所受冲量大幅度增加,两者共同影响结构的残余变形。