A novel mapping algorithm for three-dimensional network on chip based on quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization

在芯片上三维的网络印射是在关于芯片的三维的网络的研究的一个关键问题。直接使用的印射的算法的质量影响在 IP 核心之间的通讯效率并且在电源消费的优化和整个薄片的产量起一个重要作用。在这篇论文，基本概念和薄片上的三维的网络的相关工作被介绍。表现量的粒子群优化算法第一次在薄片上被用于三维的网络的印射的问题。模拟结果证明印射的算法基于粒子群算法与印射的算法相比与好一些的优化性能基于表现量的粒子群算法有更快的集中速度。它能有效地也减少在薄片上三维的网络印射的电源消费。

Pattern recognition in multi-synaptic photonic spiking neural networks based on a DFB-SA chip

Spiking neural networks(SNNs)utilize brain-like spatiotemporal spike encoding for simulating brain functions.Photonic SNN offers an ultrahigh speed and power efficiency platform for implementing high-performance neuromorphic computing.Here,we proposed a multi-synaptic photonic SNN,combining the modified remote supervised learning with delayweight co-training to achieve pattern classification.The impact of multi-synaptic connections and the robustness of the network were investigated through numerical simulations.In addition,the collaborative computing of algorithm and hardware was demonstrated based on a fabricated integrated distributed feedback laser with a saturable absorber(DFB-SA),where 10 different noisy digital patterns were successfully classified.A functional photonic SNN that far exceeds the scale limit of hardware integration was achieved based on time-division multiplexing,demonstrating the capability of hardware-algorithm co-computation.

Three-Dimensional Cooperative Localization via Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)combines the superiority of the satellite,aerial,and ground communications,which is envisioned to provide high-precision positioning ability as well as seamless connectivity in the 5G and Beyond 5G(B5G)systems.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional SAGIN localization scheme for ground agents utilizing multi-source information from satellites,base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Based on the designed scheme,we derive the positioning performance bound and establish a distributed maximum likelihood algorithm to jointly estimate the positions and clock offsets of ground agents.Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the SAGIN localization scheme and reveal the effects of the number of satellites,the number of base stations,the number of UAVs and clock noise on positioning performance.

A Novel Hydrogen-bonded Three-dimensional Network Complex Containing Nickel

A novel complex, (H 3O) 2[Ni(2,6-pydc) 2]·2H 2O was synthesized in an aqueous solution and characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses and IR spectra. The X-ray structural analysis revealed that the novel compound forms three-dimensional(3D) networks by both π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions. The crystal data for the complex are a=13.853(3) nm, b=9.6892(19) nm, c=13.732(3) nm, α=90.00°, β=115.52(3)°, γ=90.00°, Z=3, R 1=0.0786, wR 2=0.1522.

Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

A New Three-dimensional Network Constructed by Heptamolybdate, Sodium Ions and Hexamethylene Tetramine Cations via Hydrogen Bonds

The crystal structure of the title compound [Na2(OH2)5]2+[C6H12N4H2]2-2+ [Mo7O24]6 ?4H2O, prepared from an aqueous solution of Na2MoO4 ?2H2O in the presence of MoCl3 and hexamethylene tetramine, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of orthorhombic, space group Pnma with a = 14.6113(2), b = 18.6833(1), c = 15.3712(2), V = 4196.14(8)3, Z = 4, Mr = 1548.13, F(000) = 3016, = 2.157 mm-1 and Dc = 2.451 g/cm3. The final R factor is 0.0526 for 3818 unique observed reflections (I > 2(I)). The structural analysis reveals that heptamolybdate anions in the title compound consist of seven edge-sharing MoO6 octahedra, and are linked into a three-dimensional framework by sodium ions and hydrogen bonds.

A New Eight-connected Three-dimensional Network Based on a Tetranuclear Zinc Cluster Building Block

One interesting coordination polymer, [Zn2（1,2,4-BTC）（OH）（H2O）2]2·2H2O 1, has been synthesized from 1,2,4-BTC （1,2,4-BTC = 1,2,4-bentricarboxylate） under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, TG and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex I crystallizes in triclinic, space group P^-1, with a = 6.5200（13）, b = 9,0600（18）, c = 10.968（2） A^°, α = 111.55（3）, β = 92.07（3）,γ= 95.03（3）°, C9H10O10Zn2, Mr = 408.91, V= 598.7（2） A^°^3, Dc = 2.268 g/cm^3, F（000） = 408 and Z = 2. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 is a three-dimensional network built from tetranuclear Zn（Ⅱ） building unit. In this complex, the Zn4 unit is an eight-connected knot, while 1,2,4-BTC a four-connected knot. This results in a CaF2 topology. To the best of our knowledge, such Zn4 unit is the first 8-connected building block built from asymmetry ligand.

Polynomials of Degree-Based Indices for Three-Dimensional Mesh Network

In order to study the behavior and interconnection of network devices,graphs structures are used to formulate the properties in terms of mathematical models.Mesh network(meshnet)is a LAN topology in which devices are connected either directly or through some intermediate devices.These terminating and intermediate devices are considered as vertices of graph whereas wired or wireless connections among these devices are shown as edges of graph.Topological indices are used to reflect structural property of graphs in form of one real number.This structural invariant has revolutionized the field of chemistry to identify molecular descriptors of chemical compounds.These indices are extensively used for establishing relationships between the structure of nanotubes and their physico-chemical properties.In this paper a representation of sodium chloride(NaCl)is studied,because structure of NaCl is same as the Cartesian product of three paths of length exactly like a mesh network.In this way the general formula obtained in this paper can be used in chemistry as well as for any degree-based topological polynomials of three-dimensional mesh networks.

A Three-dimensional IP-based Telecom Metropolitan Area Network Model

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) has faced serious problems after years of rapid development. The model of three-dimensional IP-based MAN, proposed by ZTE, is a next-generation MAN solution, which not only solves the existing problems but also brings new ideas for the development of next-generation MAN.

Prediction of Salinity Variations in a Tidal Estuary Using Artificial Neural Network and Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models

The simulation of salinity at different locations of a tidal river using physically-based hydrodynamic models is quite cumbersome because it requires many types of data, such as hydrological and hydraulic time series at boundaries, river geometry, and adjusted coefficients. Therefore, an artificial neural network (ANN) technique using a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is adopted as an effective alternative in salinity simulation studies. The present study focuses on comparing the performance of BPNN, RBFNN, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic models as applied to a tidal estuarine system. The observed salinity data sets collected from 18 to 22 May, 16 to 22 October, and 26 to 30 October 2002 (totaling 4320 data points) were used for BPNN and RBFNN model training and for hydrodynamic model calibration. The data sets collected from 30 May to 2 June and 11 to 15 November 2002 (totaling 2592 data points) were adopted for BPNN and RBFNN model verification and for hydrodynamic model verification. The results revealed that the ANN (BPNN and RBFNN) models were capable of predicting the nonlinear time series behavior of salinity to the multiple forcing signals of water stages at different stations and freshwater input at upstream boundaries. The salinity predicted by the ANN models was better than that predicted by the physically based hydrodynamic model. This study suggests that BPNN and RBFNN models are easy-to-use modeling tools for simulating the salinity variation in a tidal estuarine system.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING OF A WOOD CHIP REFINER

1 INTRODUCTIONWood chip refining is the most critical step in mechanical pulping.Commercical experi-ences have been gained for years.Modelling and control of chip refiners,however,pose a challenge mainly because of the stochastic nature of the process.Some attemptshave been made to employ factor analysis technique[1]in the modelling andsimulating of refiner operation[2,3].Strand[2]used common factors as links betweenintrinsic fibre properties and pulp quality.He believed that a qualitative concept onthe physical nature of these common factors could be arrived at,and thus would helpto understand what refining variables need to be controlled or adjusted in order to im-prove pulp quality.However,the linear model used in factor analysis is based on theassumption that the interactions among the system variables are linear,which,ofcourse,is not true in practice.

Three-dimensionally interconnected Co9S8/MWCNTs composite cathode host for lithium–sulfur batteries

Several challenging issues,such as the poor conductivity of sulfur,shuttle effects,large volume change of cathode,and the dendritic lithium in anode,have led to the low utilization of sulfur and hampered the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries.In this study,a novel three-dimensionally interconnected network structure comprising Co9 S8 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was synthesized by a solvothermal route and used as the sulfur host.The assembled batteries delivered a specific capacity of1154 m Ah g-1 at 0.1 C,and the retention was 64%after 400 cycles at 0.5 C.The polar and catalytic Co9 S8 nanoparticles have a strong adsorbent effect for polysulfide,which can effectively reduce the shuttling effect.Meanwhile,the three-dimensionally interconnected CNT networks improve the overall conductivity and increase the contact with the electrolyte,thus enhancing the transport of electrons and Li ions.Polysulfide adsorption is greatly increased with the synergistic effect of polar Co9 S8 and MWCNTs in the three-dimensionally interconnected composites,which contributes to their promising performance for the lithium–sulfur batteries.

A PRIORITY-BASED POLLING SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR ARBITRATION POLICY IN NETWORK ON CHIP

A solution is imperatively expected to meet the efficient contention resolution schemes for managing simultaneous access requests to the communication resources on the Network on Chip (NoC). Based on the ideas of conflict-free transmission, priority-based service, and dynamic self-adaptation to loading, this paper presents a novel scheduling algorithm for Medium Access Control (MAC) in NoC with the researches of the communication structure features of 2D mesh. The algorithm gives priority to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) for local input port as well as dynamic adjustment of the performance of the other ports along with input load change. The theoretical model of this algorithm is established with Markov chain and probability generating function. Mathematical analysis is made on the mean queue length and the mean inquiry cyclic time of the system. Simulated experiments are conducted to test the accuracy of the model. It turns out that the findings from theoretical analysis correspond well with those from simulated experiments. Further more, the analytical findings of the system performance demonstrate that the algorithm enables effectively strengthen the fairness and stability of data transmissions in NoC.

Designs of 3D Mesh and Torus Optical Network-on-Chips:Topology,Optical Router and Routing Module

As a nanometer-level interconnection,the Optical Network-on-Chip(ONoC)was proposed since it was typically characterized by low latency,high bandwidth and power efficiency. Compared with a 2-Dimensional(2D)design,the 3D integration has the higher packing density and the shorter wire length. Therefore,the 3D ONoC will have the great potential in the future. In this paper,we first discuss the existing ONoC researches,and then design mesh and torus ONoCs from the perspectives of topology,router,and routing module,with the help of 3D integration. A simulation platform is established by using OPNET to compare the performance of 2D and 3D ONoCs in terms of average delay and packet loss rate. The performance comparison between 3D mesh and 3D torus ONoCs is also conducted. The simulation results demonstrate that 3D integration has the advantage of reducing average delay and packet loss rate,and 3D torus ONoC has the better performance compared with 3D mesh solution. Finally,we summarize some future challenges with possible solutions,including microcosmic routing inside optical routers and highly-efficient traffic grooming.

Design and simulation of a Torus topology for network on chip

Aiming at the applications of NOC （network on chip） technology in rising scale and complexity on chip systems, a Torus structure and corresponding route algorithm for NOC is proposed. This Torus structure improves traditional Torus topology and redefines the denotations of the routers. Through redefining the router denotations and changing the original router locations, the Torus structure for NOC application is reconstructed. On the basis of this structure, a dead-lock and live-lock free route algorithm is designed according to dimension increase. System C is used to implement this structure and the route algorithm is simulated. In the four different traffic patterns, average, hotspot 13%, hotspot 67% and transpose, the average delay and normalization throughput of this Torus structure are evaluated. Then, the performance of delay and throughput between this Torus and Mesh structure is compared. The results indicate that this Torus structure is more suitable for NOC applications.

New Latency Model for Dynamic Frequency Scaling on Network-on-Chip

Modulating both the clock frequency and supply voltage of the network-on-chip （NoC） during runtime can reduce the power consumption and heat flux, but will lead to the increase of the latency of NoC. It is necessary to find a tradeoff between power consumption and communication latency. So we propose an analytical latency model which can show us the relationship of them. The proposed model to analyze latency is based on the M/G/1 queuing model, which is suitable for dynamic frequency scaling. The experiment results show that the accuracy of this model is more than 90%.

In vitro three-dimensional cancer metastasis modeling:Past,present,and future

Metastasis is the leading cause of most cancer deaths, as opposed to dysregulated cell growth of the primary tumor. Molecular mechanisms of metastasis have been studied for decades and the findings have evolved our understanding of the progression of malignancy. However, most of the molecular mechanisms fail to address the causes of cancer and its evolutionary origin, demonstrating an inability to find a solution for complete cure of cancer. After being a neglected area of tumor biology for quite some time, recently several studies have focused on the impact of the tumor microenvironment on cancer growth. The importance of the tumor microenvironment is gradually gaining attention, particularly from the per- spective of biophysics. In vitro three-dimensional （3-D） metastatic models are an indispensable platform for investigating the tumor microenvironment, as they mimic the in vivo tumor tissue. In 3-D metastatic in vitro models, static factors such as the mechanical properties, biochemical factors, as well as dynamic factors such as cell-cell, cell-ECM interactions, and fluid shear stress can be studied quantitatively. With increasing focus on basic cancer research and drug development, the in vitro 3-D models offer unique advantages in fundamental and clinical biomedical studies.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Three-dimensional (3D) Complex Mn(H_2O)_2(HNic)_2 (HNic=2-Hydroxynicotinic Acid)

The title complex Mn（H2O）2（HNic）2 （C22H12MnN2O8, Mr = 367.18） crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 7.5735（8）, b = 12.5295（13）, c = 7.6466（8）A.β = 101.2790（10）°, Z = 2, V= 711.59（13） A^3, D, = 1.714 g/cm^3,μ（MoKa） = 0.974 mm^-1, F（000） = 374, R1 （1255 observed reflections （Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）） = 0.0250） and wR2 = 0.0662 （all data）. In this paper, we report the complexation of Mn（Ⅱ） by the bidentate ligand 2-hydroxynicotinic acid （HNic）. In the crystal the Mn（Ⅱ） ion exhibits a deformed octahedron structure. The title complex Mn（H2O）2（HNic）2 has a three-dimensional （3D） network structure extended by hydrogen bonds, which are formed by two typical eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Three-dimensional Compound {Mn(H_2O)_4(VO)_2(PO_4)_2}_n

The title compound, {Mn(H2O)4(VO)2(PO4)2}n 1, was synthesized by the hydro- thermal reaction of Mn(OAc)2, Na2VO3 and H3PO4 in aqueous solution and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Crystallographic data for 1: H4MnO14P2V2, tetragonal system, space group I4/mmm, a = 6.251(3), c = 13.410(9) ?, Mr = 446.79, V = 524.0(5) ?3, Z = 2, F(000) = 434, μ = 3.320 mm-1, Dc = 2.832 g/cm3, the final R = 0.0577 for 163 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)). X-ray crystal structure analysis shows that the vanadium phosphorous oxide layers are further connected by MnII(H2O)4 cations to form a three-dimensional network.

Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for Network on Chip

This paper presents a new logical mechanism called as Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing (CBHR) to improve the efficiency of NoC. This algorithm comprises the following steps: 1) the network is segmented logically into clusters with same size or different sizes;2) algorithms are assigned for internal and global routing;3) routers working functions are modified logically to support local and global communication. The experiments have conducted for CBHR algorithm for two dimensional mesh and torus architectures. The performance of this mechanism is analyzed and compared with other deterministic and adaptive routing algorithms in terms of energy, throughput with different packet injection ratios.