Performance in the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery: Does it reflect global rating scales in the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills in porcine laparoscopic surgery?

Objective:To correlate the utility of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery(FLS)manual skills program with the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills(OSATS)global rating scale in evaluating operative performance.Methods:The Asian Urological Surgery Training and Educational Group(AUSTEG)Laparoscopic Upper Tract Surgery Course implemented and validated the FLS program for its usage in laparoscopic surgical training.Delegates’basic laparoscopic skills were assessed using three different training models(peg transfer,precision cutting,and intra-corporeal suturing).They also performed live porcine laparoscopic surgery at the same workshop.Live surgery skills were assessed by blinded faculty using the OSATS rating scale.Results:From March 2016 to March 2019,a total of 81 certified urologists participated in the course,with a median of 5 years of post-residency experience.Although differences in task time did not reach statistical significance,those with more surgical experience were visibly faster at completing the peg transfer and intra-corporeal suturing FLS tasks.However,they took longer to complete the precision cutting task than participants with less experience.Overall OSATS scores correlated weakly with all three FLS tasks(peg transfer time:r=0.331,r^(2)=0.110;precision cutting time:r=0.240,r^(2)=0.058;suturing with intracorporeal knot time:r=0.451,r^(2)=0.203).Conclusion:FLS task parameters did not correlate strongly with OSATS globing rating scale performance.Although FLS task models demonstrated strong validity,it is important to assimilate the inconsistencies when benchmarking technical proficiency against real-life operative competence,as evaluated by FLS and OSATS,respectively.

Identification of clinical subphenotypes of sepsis after laparoscopic surgery

Objective:Some patients exhibit septic symptoms following laparoscopic surgery,leading to a poor prognosis.Effective clinical subphenotyping is critical for guiding tailored therapeutic strategies in these cases.By identifying predisposing factors for postoperative sepsis,clinicians can implement targeted interventions,potentially improving outcomes.This study outlines a workflow for the subphenotype methodology in the context of laparoscopic surgery,along with its practical application.Methods:This study utilized data routinely available in clinical case systems,enhancing the applicability of our findings.The data included vital signs,such as respiratory rate,and laboratory measures,such as blood sodium levels.The process of categorizing clinical routine data involved technical complexities.A correlation heatmap was used to visually depict the relationships between variables.Ordering points were used to identify the clustering structure and combined with Consensus K clustering methods to determine the optimal categorization.Results:Our study highlighted the intricacies of identifying clinical subphenotypes following laparoscopic surgery,and could thus serve as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers seeking to explore disease heterogeneity in clinical settings.By simplifying complex methodologies,we aimed to bridge the gap between technical expertise and clinical application,fostering an environment where professional medical knowledge is effectively utilized in subphenotyping research.Conclusion:This tutorial could primarily serve as a guide for beginners.A variety of clustering approaches were explored,and each step in the process contributed to a comprehensive understanding of clinical subphenotypes.

Application value of machine learning models in predicting intraoperative hypothermia in laparoscopic surgery for polytrauma patients

BACKGROUND Hypothermia during laparoscopic surgery in patients with multiple trauma is a significant concern owing to its potential complications.Machine learning models offer a promising approach to predict the occurrence of intraoperative hypothermia.AIM To investigate the value of machine learning model to predict hypothermia during laparoscopic surgery in patients with multiple trauma.METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 220 patients who were admitted with multiple injuries between June 2018 and December 2023.Of these,154 patients were allocated to a training set and the remaining 66 were allocated to a validation set in a 7:3 ratio.In the training set,53 cases experienced intraoperative hypothermia and 101 did not.Logistic regression analysis was used to construct a predictive model of intraoperative hypothermia in patients with polytrauma undergoing laparoscopic surgery.The area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity,and specificity were calculated.RESULTS Comparison of the hypothermia and non-hypothermia groups found significant differences in sex,age,baseline temperature,intraoperative temperature,duration of anesthesia,duration of surgery,intraoperative fluid infusion,crystalloid infusion,colloid infusion,and pneumoperitoneum volume(P<0.05).Differences between other characteristics were not significant(P>0.05).The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that age,baseline temperature,intraoperative temperature,duration of anesthesia,and duration of surgery were independent influencing factors for intraoperative hypothermia during laparoscopic surgery(P<0.05).Calibration curve analysis showed good consistency between the predicted occurrence of intraoperative hypothermia and the actual occurrence(P>0.05).The predictive model had AUCs of 0.850 and 0.829 for the training and validation sets,respectively.CONCLUSION Machine learning effectively predicted intraoperative hypothermia in polytrauma patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery,which improved surgical safety and patient recovery.

First experience in laparoscopic surgery in low and middle income countries: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic surgery has reduced morbidity and mortality rates,shorter post-operative recovery periods and lower complication rates than open surgery.It is routine practice in high-income countries and is becoming increasingly common in countries with limited resources.However,introducing laparoscopic surgery in low-and-middle-income countries(LMIC)can be expensive and requires resour-ces,equipment,and trainers.AIM To report the challenges and benefits of introducing laparoscopic surgery in LMIC as well as to identify solutions to these challenges for countries with limited finances and resources.METHODS MEDLINE,EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting first experience in laparoscopic surgery in LMIC.Included studies were published between 1996 and 2022 with full text available in English.Exclusion criteria were studies considering only open surgery,ear,nose,and throat,endoscopy,arthro-scopy,hysteroscopy,cystoscopy,transplant,or bariatric surgery.RESULTS Ten studies out of 3409 screened papers,from eight LMIC were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis,totaling 2497 patients.Most reported challenges were related to costs of equipment and training programmes,equipment pro-blems such as faulty equipment,and access to surgical kits.Training-related challenges were reliance on foreign trainers and lack of locally trained surgeons and theatre staff.The benefits of introducing laparoscopic surgery were economic and clinical,including a reduction in hospital stay,complications,and morbidi-ty/mortality.The introduction of laparoscopic surgery also provided training opportunities for junior doctors.CONCLUSION Despite financial and technical challenges,many studies emphasise the overall benefit of introducing laparoscopic surgery in LMICs such as reduced hospital stay and the related lower cost for patients.While many of the clinical centres in LMICs have proposed practical solutions to the challenges reported,more support is critically required,in particular regarding training.

Single incision laparoscopic surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma

Single incision laparoscopic liver resection(SILLR)is the most recent develop-ment in the laparoscopic approach to the liver.SILLR for hepatocellular carci-noma(HCC)has developed much more slowly than multiport LLR.So far,195 patients completed SILLR for HCC.In this paper,we reviewed all published papers about SILLR for HCC and discussed the feasibility of the SILLR,peri and postoperative findings,tricks of patient selection and whether SILLR compromise the oncological principles.

Laparoscopic vs open surgery for gastric cancer: Assessing time, recovery, complications, and markers

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common cancers worldwide.Morbidity and mortality have increased in recent years,making it an urgent issue to address.La-paroscopic radical surgery(LRS)is a crucial method for treating patients with GC;However,its influence on tumor markers is still under investigation.The data of 194 patients treated at Chongqing University Cancer Hospital bet-ween January 2018 and January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients who underwent traditional open surgery and LRS were assigned to the control(n=90)and observation groups(n=104),respectively.Independent sample t-tests andχ2 tests were used to compare the two groups based on clinical efficacy,changes in tumor marker levels after treatment,clinical data,and the incidence of posto-perative complications.To investigate the association between tumor marker levels and clinical efficacy in patients with GC,three-year recurrence rates in the two groups were compared.RESULTS Patients in the observation group had a shorter duration of operation,less in-traoperative blood loss,an earlier postoperative eating time,and a shorter hospital stay than those in the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the number of lymph node dissections(P>0.05).After treatment,the overall response rate in the control group was significantly lower than that in the observation group(P=0.001).Furthermore,after treatment,the levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9,cancer antigen 72-4,carcinoembryonic antigen,and cancer antigen 125 decreased significantly.The observation group also exhibited a significantly lower incidence rate of postoperative complications compared to the control group(P<0.001).Additionally,the two groups did not significantly differ in terms of three-year survival and recurrence rates(P>0.05).CONCLUSION LRS effectively treats early gastric cancer by reducing intraoperative bleeding,length of hospital stays,and postoperative complications.It also significantly lowers tumor marker levels,thus improving the short-term prognosis of the disease.

Influence of reduced-port laparoscopic surgery on perioperative indicators, postoperative recovery, and serum inflammation in patients with colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND Conventional five-port laparoscopic surgery,the current standard treatment for colorectal carcinoma(CRC),has many disadvantages.AIM To assess the influence of reduced-port laparoscopic surgery(RPLS)on perioperative indicators,postoperative recovery,and serum inflammation indexes in patients with CRC.METHODS The study included 115 patients with CRC admitted between December 2019 and May 2023,52 of whom underwent conventional five-port laparoscopic surgery(control group)and 63 of whom underwent RPLS(research group).Comparative analyses were performed on the following dimensions:Perioperative indicators[operation time(OT),incision length,intraoperative blood loss(IBL),and rate of conversion to laparotomy],postoperative recovery(first postoperative exhaust,bowel movement and oral food intake,and bowel sound recovery time),serum inflammation indexes[high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)],postoperative complications(anastomotic leakage,incisional infection,bleeding,ileus),and therapeutic efficacy.RESULTS The two groups had comparable OTs and IBL volumes.However,the research group had a smaller incision length;lower rates of conversion to laparotomy and postoperative total complication;and shorter time of first postoperative exhaust,bowel movement,oral food intake,and bowel sound recovery;all of which were significant.Furthermore,hs-CRP,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels in the research group were significantly lower than the baseline and those of the control group,and the total effective rate was higher.CONCLUSION RPLS exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy in CRC,resulting in a shorter incision length and a lower conversion rate to laparotomy,while also promoting postoperative recovery,effectively inhibiting the inflammatory response,and reducing the risk of postoperative complications.

Effect of simulating training of the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery on the attitude of operating room nurses students:an intervention study

Objective:Clinical education plays a key role in preparing students for patient care.Laparoscopy is one of the most important minimally invasive surgeries(MISs)wherein surgical technologists are responsible for camera navigation and assistant surgeons are responsible for peg transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the attitude of the operating room students toward these skills during their study period.The present study was conducted to determine the effect of simulating training in the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery(FLS)on the attitude of the operating room students.Methods:This interventional study was conducted on 28 operating room students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019.The census sampling method was used.The data-collection tool included the“Intrinsic motivation inventory(IMI)questionnaire.”The educational intervention was carried out in theoretical(booklet design)and practical(simulation)sections.Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential analyses including the paired t-test,Mann–Whitney U test,and independent t-test.The collected data were analyzed using R and SPSS software.P-value<0.05 was considered as the significant level.Results:The mean±SD of the participants'age was 22.93±2.14 years,and the majority of them were women(67.9%).There was a significant difference in the mean scores of students'attitudes toward the FLS before and after the educational intervention(P<0.001)in all dimensions(interest,perceived competence,perceived choice,and tension).There was also a significant correlation between gender and interest dimension(P=0.005).Conclusions:The results of the present study showed that simulating the training FLS curriculum positively affects students'attitudes.Therefore,the researchers suggest that for creating a positive attitude,increasing students'interest in laparoscopic surgery,and ensuring a more effective presence in the operating room,this training should be considered in the operating room curriculum.

Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic repair of type II, III and IV hiatal hernias: A retrospective study comparing adverse outcomes

Objective:Robotic-assisted surgery(RAS)is continuing to expand in use in surgical specialties,including foregut surgery.The available data on its use in large hiatal hernia(HH)repair are limited and conflicting.This study sought to determine whether there are significant differences in adverse outcomes following HH repair performed with a robotic approach vs.a laparoscopic approach.This study was limited to outcomes in patients with type II,III,and IV HHs,as these hernias are typically more challenging to repair.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed from data obtained from TriNetX,a large deidentified clinical database,over a 10-year period.Adult patients who underwent type II,III,or IV HH repair were included in the study.HH with robotic repair was compared to laparoscopic repair.Cohorts were propensity score matched for demographic information and comorbidities.Risk ratios,risk differences(RDs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs),and t test for each examined adverse outcome were used to estimate the effects of robotic repair vs.laparoscopic repair.Results:In total,20,016 patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified;1,515 patients utilized RAS,and 18,501 used laparoscopy.Prior to matching,there were significant differences in age,sex,comorbidity,and BMI between the two cohorts.After 1:1 propensity score matching,analyses of 1,514 well-matched patient pairs revealed no significant differences in demographics or comorbidities.Patients who underwent robotic repair were more likely to experience major complications,including venous thromboembolism(RD:0.007,95%CI:0.003,0.011;p?0.002),critical care(RD:0.023,95%CI:0.007,0.039;p?0.004),urinary/renal complications(RD:0.027,95%CI:0.014,0.041;p<0.001),and respiratory complications(RD:0.046,95%CI:0.028,0.064;p<0.001).RAS was associated with a significantly shorter length of stay(32.4±27.5 h vs.35.7±50.1 h,p?0.031),although this finding indicated a reduction in the length of stay of less than 4 hours.No statistically significant differences in risk of esophageal perforation,infection,postprocedural shock,bleeding,mortality,additional emergency room visits,cardiac complications,or wound disruption were found.Conclusions:Patients who undergo robotic-assisted large HH repair are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism,need critical care,urinary or renal complications and respiratory complications.Due to variations in RAS technique,experience,and surgical volumes,further study of this surgical approach and complication rates is warranted.

Application of laparoscopic surgery in gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma(GC)is a rare type of cancer of the digestive system,with an incidence that varies by region.Surgery plays a primary role in the comprehensive treatment of GC and is the only known cure.Compared with traditional open surgery,laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of convenient operation and magnified field of view.Laparoscopic surgery has been successful in many fields,including gastrointestinal medicine and gynecology.The gallbladder was one of the first organs to be treated by laparoscopic surgery,and laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard surgical treatment for benign gallbladder diseases.However,the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic surgery for patients with GC remain controversial.Over the past several decades,research has focused on laparoscopic surgery for GC.The disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery include a high incidence of gallbladder perforation,possible port site metastasis,and potential tumor seeding.The advantages of laparoscopic surgery include less intraoperative blood loss,shorter postoperative hospital stay,and fewer complications.Nevertheless,studies have provided contrasting conclusions over time.In general,recent research has tended to support laparoscopic surgery.However,the application of laparoscopic surgery in GC is still in the exploratory stage.Here,we provide an overview of previous studies,with the aim of introducing the application of laparoscopy in GC.

Laparoscopic central pancreatectomy with gastro-pancreatic anastomosis for symptomatic serous cystadenoma:A case report and literature review

Surgery for lesions of the proximal part of the pancreatic body or neck can be challenging,and when enucleation is not possible,central pancreatectomy is an option.Laparoscopic central pancreatic resection is rarely described worldwide;it is considered a difficult procedure mainly because of the risk of double pancreatic fistula developing at two sites of resection.However,it seems to be an excellent alternative to distal pancreatectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy,with the advantages of preserving functioning parenchyma and reducing endocrine and exocrine failure.Nevertheless,patients with pancreatic lesions requiring central resection are often managed with the open approach in many hospitals due to the complexity of total laparoscopic central pancreatectomy,which requires advanced laparoscopic skills,expertise and experience.Here,we report a case of a 29-year-old female who underwent total laparoscopic central pancreatic resection with gastro-pancreatic anastomosis for symptomatic serous cystadenoma.We discuss the details of case management and review the relevant literature.

Colorectal resections for malignancy: A pilot study comparing conventional vs freehand robot-assisted laparoscopic colectomy

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic colectomy is widely accepted as a safe operation for colorectal cancer,but we have experienced resistance to the introduction of the FreeHandffrobotic camera holder to augment laparoscopic colorectal surgery.AIM To compare the initial results between conventional and FreeHandffrobot-assisted laparoscopic colectomy in Trinidad and Tobago.METHODS This was a prospective study of outcomes from all laparoscopic colectomies per-formed for colorectal carcinoma from November 29,2021 to May 30,2022.The following data were recorded:Operating time,conversions,estimated blood loss,hospitalization,morbidity,surgical resection margins and number of nodes har-vested.All data were entered into an excel database and the data were analyzed using SPSS ver 20.0.RESULTS There were 23 patients undergoing colectomies for malignant disease:8(35%)FreeHandff-assisted and 15(65%)conventional laparoscopic colectomies.There were no conversions.Operating time was significantly lower in patients under-going robot-assisted laparoscopic colectomy(95.13±9.22 vs 105.67±11.48 min;P=0.045).Otherwise,there was no difference in estimated blood loss,nodal harvest,hospitalization,morbidity or mortality.CONCLUSION The FreeHandffrobot for colectomies is safe,provides some advantages over conventional laparoscopy and does not compromise oncologic standards in the resource-poor Caribbean setting.

Construction of a nomogram model to predict technical difficulty in performing laparoscopic sphincter-preserving radical resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal surgeons are well aware that performing surgery for rectal cancer becomes more challenging in obese patients with narrow and deep pelvic cavities.Therefore,it is essential for colorectal surgeons to have a comprehensive understanding of pelvic structure prior to surgery and anticipate potential surgical difficulties.AIM To evaluate predictive parameters for technical challenges encountered during laparoscopic radical sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer.METHODS We retrospectively gathered data from 162 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic radical sphincterpreserving surgery for rectal cancer.Three-dimensional reconstruction of pelvic bone and soft tissue parameters was conducted using computed tomography(CT)scans.Operative difficulty was categorized as either high or low,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of operative difficulty,ultimately creating a nomogram.RESULTS Out of 162 patients,21(13.0%)were classified in the high surgical difficulty group,while 141(87.0%)were in the low surgical difficulty group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the surgical approach using laparoscopic intersphincteric dissection,intraoperative preventive ostomy,and the sacrococcygeal distance were independent risk factors for highly difficult laparoscopic radical sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer(P<0.05).Conversely,the anterior-posterior diameter of pelvic inlet/sacrococcygeal distance was identified as a protective factor(P<0.05).A nomogram was subsequently constructed,demonstrating good predictive accuracy(C-index=0.834).CONCLUSION The surgical approach,intraoperative preventive ostomy,the sacrococcygeal distance,and the anterior-posterior diameter of pelvic inlet/sacrococcygeal distance could help to predict the difficulty of laparoscopic radical sphincter-preserving surgery.

Enhancing clinical proficiency through laparoscopic training using Japanese origami

Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic training using origami,a traditional Japanese papercraft,using laparoscopic forceps to create origami cranes.Methods In this retrospective study,4 surgeons were randomly divided into 2 groups:The training group,consisting of surgeons 1 and 2,and the non-training group,consisting of surgeons 3 and 4.Over the course of a one-year study period,the training group regularly underwent laparoscopic surgery training with a dry box,wherein they folded a total of 1000 origami cranes using laparoscopic instruments.The non-training group periodically underwent common laparoscopic surgery training of techniques such as suturing and ligation.Each surgeon regularly performed the transabdominal preperitoneal approach for inguinal hernias.Each training was conducted concurrently with the surgeries.The procedure time(peritoneum detachment,mesh placement,and closure of the peritoneum),total operation time(time from peritoneum detachment to closure of the peritoneum),and surgical outcomes were examined.Results The training group showed greater improvement in the total operation time and more stable performance than the non-training group.Additionally,the time taken for peritoneum detachment was significantly shorter in the training group.Conclusion Laparoscopic training using origami has the potential to enhance laparoscopic surgical skills and improve surgical outcomes.

Robotic vs laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer:A propensity score matching cohort study and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Robotic surgery(RS)is gaining popularity;however,evidence for abdominoperineal resection(APR)of rectal cancer(RC)is scarce.AIM To compare the efficacy of RS and laparoscopic surgery(LS)in APR for RC.METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with RC who underwent APR by RS or LS from April 2016 to June 2022.Data regarding short-term surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups.To reduce the effect of potential confounding factors,propensity score matching was used,with a 1:1 ratio between the RS and LS groups.A meta-analysis of seven trials was performed to compare the efficacy of robotic and laparoscopic APR for RC surgery.RESULTS Of 133 patients,after propensity score matching,there were 42 patients in each group.The postoperative complication rate was significantly lower in the RS group(17/42,40.5%)than in the LS group(27/42,64.3%)(P=0.029).There wasno significant difference in operative time(P=0.564),intraoperative transfusion(P=0.314),reoperation rate(P=0.314),lymph nodes harvested(P=0.309),or circumferential resection margin(CRM)positive rate(P=0.314)between the two groups.The meta-analysis showed patients in the RS group had fewer positive CRMs(P=0.04),lesser estimated blood loss(P<0.00001),shorter postoperative hospital stays(P=0.02),and fewer postoperative complications(P=0.002)than patients in the LS group.CONCLUSION Our study shows that RS is a safe and effective approach for APR in RC and offers better short-term outcomes than LS.

Towards engineering a portable platform for laparoscopic pre-training in virtual reality with haptic feedback

Background Laparoscopic surgery is a surgical technique in which special instruments are inserted through small incision holes inside the body.For some time,efforts have been made to improve surgical pre training through practical exercises on abstracted and reduced models.Methods The authors strive for a portable,easy to use and cost-effective Virtual Reality-based(VR)laparoscopic pre-training platform and therefore address the question of how such a system has to be designed to achieve the quality of today's gold standard using real tissue specimens.Current VR controllers are limited regarding haptic feedback.Since haptic feedback is necessary or at least beneficial for laparoscopic surgery training,the platform to be developed consists of a newly designed prototype laparoscopic VR controller with haptic feedback,a commercially available head-mounted display,a VR environment for simulating a laparoscopic surgery,and a training concept.Results To take full advantage of benefits such as repeatability and cost-effectiveness of VR-based training,the system shall not require a tissue sample for haptic feedback.It is currently calculated and visually displayed to the user in the VR environment.On the prototype controller,a first axis was provided with perceptible feedback for test purposes.Two of the prototype VR controllers can be combined to simulate a typical both-handed use case,e.g.,laparoscopic suturing.A Unity based VR prototype allows the execution of simple standard pre-trainings.Conclusions The first prototype enables full operation of a virtual laparoscopic instrument in VR.In addition,the simulation can compute simple interaction forces.Major challenges lie in a realistic real-time tissue simulation and calculation of forces for the haptic feedback.Mechanical weaknesses were identified in the first hardware prototype,which will be improved in subsequent versions.All degrees of freedom of the controller are to be provided with haptic feedback.To make forces tangible in the simulation,characteristic values need to be determined using real tissue samples.The system has yet to be validated by cross-comparing real and VR haptics with surgeons.

Current applications of artificial intelligence-based computer vision in laparoscopic surgery

Recent advances in artificial intelligence(AI)have sparked a surge in the application of computer vision(CV)in surgical video analysis.Laparoscopic surgery produces a large number of surgical videos,which provides a new opportunity for improving of CV technology in laparoscopic surgery.AI-based CV techniques may leverage these surgical video data to develop real-time automated decision support tools and surgeon training systems,which shows a new direction in dealing with the shortcomings of laparoscopic surgery.The effectiveness of CV applications in surgical procedures is still under early evaluation,so it is necessary to discuss challenges and obstacles.The review introduced the commonly used deep learning algorithms in CV and described their usage in detail in four application scenes,including phase recognition,anatomy detection,instrument detection and action recognition in laparoscopic surgery.The currently described applications of CV in laparoscopic surgery are limited.Most of the current research focuses on the identification of workflow and anatomical structure,while the identification of instruments and surgical actions is still awaiting further breakthroughs.Future research on the use of CV in laparoscopic surgery should focus on applications in more scenarios,such as surgeon skill assessment and the development of more efficient models.

Survival prognostic analysis of laparoscopic D2 radical resection for locally advanced gastric cancer: A multicenter cohort study

BACKGROUND With the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques,the use of laparoscopic D2 radical surgery for the treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer(GC)has gradually increased.However,the effect of this procedure on survival and prognosis remains controversial.This study evaluated the survival and prognosis of patients receiving laparoscopic D2 radical resection for the treatment of locally advanced GC to provide more reliable clinical evidence,guide clinical decision-making,optimize treatment strategies,and improve the survival rate and quality of life of patients.METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed.Clinicopathological data from 652 patients with locally advanced GC in our hospitals from December 2013 to December 2023 were collected.There were 442 males and 210 females.The mean age was 57±12 years.All patients underwent a laparoscopic D2 radical operation for distal GC.The patients were followed up in the outpatient department and by telephone to determine their tumor recurrence,metastasis,and survival.The follow-up period ended in December 2023.Normally distributed data are expressed as the mean±SD,and normally distributed data are expressed as M(Q1,Q3)or M(range).Statistical data are expressed as absolute numbers or percentages;theχ^(2) test was used for comparisons between groups,and the Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test was used for comparisons of rank data.The life table method was used to calculate the survival rate,the Kaplan-Meier method was used to construct survival curves,the log rank test was used for survival analysis,and the Cox risk regression model was used for univariate and multifactor analysis.RESULTS The median overall survival(OS)time for the 652 patients was 81 months,with a 10-year OS rate of 46.1%.Patients with TNM stages II and III had 10-year OS rates of 59.6%and 37.5%,respectively,which were significantly different(P<0.05).Univariate analysis indicated that factors such as age,maximum tumor diameter,tumor diffe-rentiation grade(low to undifferentiated),pathological TNM stage,pathological T stage,pathological N stage(N2,N3),and postoperative chemotherapy significantly influenced the 10-year OS rate for patients with locally advanced GC following laparoscopic D2 radical resection for distal stomach cancer[hazard ratio(HR):1.45,1.64,1.45,1.64,1.37,2.05,1.30,1.68,3.08,and 0.56 with confidence intervals(CIs)of 1.15-1.84,1.32-2.03,1.05-1.77,1.62-2.59,1.05-1.61,1.17-2.42,2.15-4.41,and 0.44-0.70,respectively;P<0.05].Multifactor analysis revealed that a tumor diameter greater than 4 cm,low tumor differentiation,and pathological TNM stage III were independent risk factors for the 10-year OS rate in these patients(HR:1.48,1.44,1.81 with a 95%CI:1.19-1.84).Additionally,postoperative chemotherapy emerged as an independent protective factor for the 10-year OS rate(HR:0.57,95%CI:0.45-0.73;P<0.05).CONCLUSION A maximum tumor diameter exceeding 4 cm,low tumor differentiation,and pathological TNM stage III were identified as independent risk factors for the 10-year OS rate in patients with locally advanced GC following laparoscopic D2 radical resection for distal GC.Conversely,postoperative chemotherapy was found to be an independent protective factor for the 10-year OS rate in these patients.

Risk factors and prevention of pancreatic fistula after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Following laparoscopic gastrectomy(LG),one of the critical complications that can arise is a pancreatic fistula(PF).The inability to promptly prevent,diagnose,and manage this condition can lead to severe complications and potentially be life-threatening for the patient.The incidence of PF post-LG in gastric cancer treatment is related to factors such as surgical approach,surgical instruments,characteristics of the pancreas itself,tumor stage,and the surgeon’s experience.Currently,the diagnosis of postoperative PF is mainly based on the definition and diagnostic criteria consensus established by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery.Gastrointestinal surgeons should be aware of the risk factors for PF,perform LG for gastric cancer with great care and precision,avoid pan-creatic injury,and actively work to reduce the risk of postoperative PF.

Clinical effect of laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer based on propensity score matching

BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)is increasing annually.Laparoscopic radical resection of CRC is a minimally invasive procedure preferred in clinical practice.AIM To investigate the clinical effect of laparoscopic radical resection of CRC on the basis of propensity score matching(PSM).METHODS The clinical data of 100 patients who received inpatient treatment for CRC at Changde Hospital,Xiangya School of Medicine,Central South University(The First People’s Hospital of Changde City)were analyzed retrospectively.The control group included patients who underwent open surgery(n=43),and those who underwent laparoscopic surgery formed the observation group(n=57).The baseline information of both groups was equipoised using 1×1 PSM.Differences in the perioperative parameters,inflammatory response,immune function,degree of pain,and physical status between the groups were analyzed.RESULTS Thirty patients from both groups were successfully matched.After PSM,baseline data showed no statistically significant differences between the groups:(1)Periop-erative parameters:The observation group had a longer surgery time,less intra-operative blood loss,earlier first ambulation and first anal exhaust times,and shorter gastric tube indwelling time than the control group;(2)Inflammatory response:24 h after surgery,the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)between groups were higher than preoperatively.IL-6,CRP,and TNF-αlevels in the observation group were lower than in the control group;(3)Immune function:At 24 h after surgery,counts of CD4-positive T-lymphocytes(CD4+)and CD4+/CD8-positive T-lymphocytes(CD8+)in both groups were lower than those before surgery,whereas CD8+was higher than that before surgery.At 24 h after surgery,both CD4+counts and CD4+/CD8+in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,whereas CD8+counts were lower;(4)Degree of pain:The visual analog scale scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group at 24 and 72 h after surgery;and(5)Physical status:One month after surgery,the Karnofsky performance score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group.CONCLUSION Laparoscopic radical resection of CRC has significant benefits,such as reducing postoperative pain and postoperative inflammatory response,avoiding excessive immune inhibition,and contributing to postoperative recovery.