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A Modified Neutral-point Voltage Control Strategy for Three-level Inverters Based on Decomposition of Space Vector Diagram 被引量:1
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作者 Dereje Woldegiorgis H.Alan Mantooth 《CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems》 CSCD 2022年第2期124-134,共11页
Capacitor voltage imbalance is a significant problem for three-level inverters.Due to the mid-point modulation of these inverter topologies,the neutral point potential moves up or down depending on the neutral point c... Capacitor voltage imbalance is a significant problem for three-level inverters.Due to the mid-point modulation of these inverter topologies,the neutral point potential moves up or down depending on the neutral point current direction creating imbalanced voltages among the two capacitors.This imbalanced capacitor voltage causes imbalanced voltage stress among the semiconductor devices and causes increase output voltage and current harmonics.This paper introduces a modified voltage balancing strategy using two-level space vector modulation.By decomposing the three-level space vector diagram into two-level space vector diagram and redistributing the dwell times of the two-level zero space vectors,the modified voltage balancing method ensures minimal NP voltage ripple.Compared to the commonly used NP voltage control method(using 3L SVM[9]),the proposed modified NP voltage control method offers a slightly higher neutral-point voltage ripple and output voltage harmonics but,it has much lower switching loss,code size and execution time. 展开更多
关键词 three-level inverter Neutral-point voltage control Execution time
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Real-time State Monitoring During Switching Mode Transitions in High Power Three-level Inverters 被引量:9
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作者 HE Xiangning WU Yansong +2 位作者 YANG Bingjian WANG Jun DENG Yan 《中国电机工程学报》 EI CSCD 北大核心 2012年第30期I0008-I0008,10,共1页
大功率多电平逆变器近年来在实际工业生产中得到越来越广泛的应用。多电平逆变器由于结构复杂,采用元器件较多,因此在设计和实验中,实现各个工作状态下运行参数的同步监测和分析较为困难。本文针对大功率三电平逆变器,实现开关动态特性... 大功率多电平逆变器近年来在实际工业生产中得到越来越广泛的应用。多电平逆变器由于结构复杂,采用元器件较多,因此在设计和实验中,实现各个工作状态下运行参数的同步监测和分析较为困难。本文针对大功率三电平逆变器,实现开关动态特性的在线测试,在此基础上,进一步研究三电平逆变器在开关状态变化时理论与实际负载运行工况下电路拓扑的转换变化规律。通过全电路电气参数和元器件状态的实时监测,发现在三电平逆变器非正常运行状态下开关转换时额外电应力,同时,深入研究在实际工况运行条件非正常状态下该额外电应力出现的机理和原因,为三电平逆变器的故障诊断提供了参考,对于设计高可靠性的多电平逆变器系统有一定的理论和现实意义。 展开更多
关键词 实时状态监测 三电平逆变器 模式转换 大功率 多电平逆变器 开关 拓扑结构 高功率
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A New DC Side Capacitance Voltages Balancing Method for Three-level Inverters Based on Hybrid Space Vector Modulation 被引量:6
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作者 Fan Bishuang Tan Guanzheng +1 位作者 Fan Shaosheng Deng zelin 《中国电机工程学报》 EI CSCD 北大核心 2012年第27期I0017-I0017,共1页
关键词 直流侧电容电压 空间矢量调制 三电平逆变器 平衡方法 混合 基础 平衡算法 功率驱动器
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Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives
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作者 Haifeng Lu Qiao Wang +1 位作者 Jianyun Chai Yongdong Li 《CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems》 EI CSCD 2024年第2期177-190,共14页
For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging ... For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward. 展开更多
关键词 Soft switching inverters Zero-voltage switching Electric vehicles Motor drives
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Parameter Design of Current Double Closed Loop for T-Type Three-Level Grid-Connected Inverter
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作者 Tiankui Sun Mingming Shi +3 位作者 Xiaolong Xiao Ping He Yu Ji Zhiyuan Yuan 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2023年第7期1621-1636,共16页
To reduce current harmonics caused by switching frequency,T-type grid-connected inverter topology with LCL filter is adopted.In view of the disadvantages of the slow response speed of the traditional current control a... To reduce current harmonics caused by switching frequency,T-type grid-connected inverter topology with LCL filter is adopted.In view of the disadvantages of the slow response speed of the traditional current control and the failure to eliminate the influence of the LCL filter on the grid-connected current by using current PI control alone,a current double closed loop PI current tracking control is proposed.Through the theoretical analysis of the grid-connected inverter control principle,the grid-connected inverter control model is designed,and the transfer functionmodel of each control link is deduced,and the current loop PI regulator is designed at last.The simulation results show that the control strategy is feasible. 展开更多
关键词 T-type inverter active damping current double closed loop
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Comparative analyses of mitogenomes in the social bees with insights into evolution of long inverted repeats in the Meliponini
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作者 Yu-Ran Li Zheng-Wei Wang +1 位作者 Richard T.Corlett Wen-Bin Yu 《Zoological Research》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第1期160-175,共16页
The insect mitogenome is typically a compact circular molecule with highly conserved gene contents.Nonetheless,mitogenome structural variations have been reported in specific taxa,and gene rearrangements,usually the t... The insect mitogenome is typically a compact circular molecule with highly conserved gene contents.Nonetheless,mitogenome structural variations have been reported in specific taxa,and gene rearrangements,usually the tRNAs,occur in different lineages.Because synapomorphies of mitogenome organizations can provide information for phylogenetic inferences,comparative analyses of mitogenomes have been given increasing attention.However,most studies use a very few species to represent the whole genus,tribe,family,or even order,overlooking potential variations at lower taxonomic levels,which might lead to some incorrect inferences.To provide new insights into mitogenome organizations and their implications for phylogenetic inference,this study conducted comparative analyses for mitogenomes of three social bee tribes(Meliponini,Bombini,and Apini)based on the phylogenetic framework with denser taxonomic sampling at the species and population levels.Comparative analyses revealed that mitogenomes of Apini and Bombini are the typical type,while those of Meliponini show diverse variations in mitogenome sizes and organizations.Large inverted repeats(IRs)cause significant gene rearrangements of protein coding genes(PCGs)and rRNAs in Indo-Malay/Australian stingless bee species.Molecular evolution analyses showed that the lineage with IRs have lower dN/dS ratios for PCGs than lineages without IRs,indicating potential effects of IRs on the evolution of mitochondrial genes.The finding of IRs and different patterns of gene rearrangements suggested that Meliponini is a hotspot in mitogenome evolution.Unlike conserved PCGs and rRNAs whose rearrangements were found only in the mentioned lineages within Meliponini,tRNA rearrangements are common across all three tribes of social bees,and are significant even at the species level,indicating that comprehensive sampling is needed to fully understand the patterns of tRNA rearrangements,and their implications for phylogenetic inference. 展开更多
关键词 Social bees PHYLOGENY Mitogenome structure Gene rearrangement inverted repeats
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Control of GaN inverted pyramids growth on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates
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作者 Luming Yu Xun Wang +8 位作者 Zhibiao Hao Yi Luo Changzheng Sun Bing Xiong Yanjun Han Jian Wang Hongtao Li Lin Gan Lai Wang 《Journal of Semiconductors》 EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期92-96,共5页
Growth of gallium nitride(GaN)inverted pyramids on c-plane sapphire substrates is benefit for fabricating novel devices as it forms the semipolar facets.In this work,GaN inverted pyramids are directly grown on c-plane... Growth of gallium nitride(GaN)inverted pyramids on c-plane sapphire substrates is benefit for fabricating novel devices as it forms the semipolar facets.In this work,GaN inverted pyramids are directly grown on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates(PSS)by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy(MOVPE).The influences of growth conditions on the surface morphol-ogy are experimentally studied and explained by Wulff constructions.The competition of growth rate among{0001},{1011},and{1122}facets results in the various surface morphologies of GaN.A higher growth temperature of 985 ℃ and a lowerⅤ/Ⅲratio of 25 can expand the area of{}facets in GaN inverted pyramids.On the other hand,GaN inverted pyramids with almost pure{}facets are obtained by using a lower growth temperature of 930℃,a higherⅤ/Ⅲratio of 100,and PSS with pattern arrangement perpendicular to the substrate primary flat. 展开更多
关键词 inverted pyramids GAN MOVPE crystal growth competition model
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Analysis of Progressively Type-Ⅱ Inverted Generalized Gamma Censored Data and Its Engineering Application
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作者 Refah Alotaibi Sanku Dey Ahmed Elshahhat 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第10期459-489,共31页
A novel inverted generalized gamma(IGG)distribution,proposed for data modelling with an upside-down bathtub hazard rate,is considered.In many real-world practical situations,when a researcher wants to conduct a compar... A novel inverted generalized gamma(IGG)distribution,proposed for data modelling with an upside-down bathtub hazard rate,is considered.In many real-world practical situations,when a researcher wants to conduct a comparative study of the life testing of items based on cost and duration of testing,censoring strategies are frequently used.From this point of view,in the presence of censored data compiled from the most well-known progressively Type-Ⅱ censoring technique,this study examines different parameters of the IGG distribution.From a classical point of view,the likelihood and product of spacing estimation methods are considered.Observed Fisher information and the deltamethod are used to obtain the approximate confidence intervals for any unknown parametric function of the suggestedmodel.In the Bayesian paradigm,the same traditional inferential approaches are used to estimate all unknown subjects.Markov-Chain with Monte-Carlo steps are considered to approximate all Bayes’findings.Extensive numerical comparisons are presented to examine the performance of the proposed methodologies using various criteria of accuracy.Further,using several optimality criteria,the optimumprogressive censoring design is suggested.To highlight how the proposed estimators can be used in practice and to verify the flexibility of the proposed model,we analyze the failure times of twenty mechanical components of a diesel engine. 展开更多
关键词 inverted generalized gamma CENSORING spacing function LIKELIHOOD Bayesian optimal plan
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Review of Fault-tolerant Control for Motor Inverter Failure with Operational Quality Considered
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作者 Yuxuan Du Wenxiang Zhao +2 位作者 Yihua Hu Jinghua Ji Tao Tao 《CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems》 EI CSCD 2024年第2期202-215,共14页
In recent years,motor drive systems have garnered increasing attention due to their high efficiency and superior control performance.This is especially apparent in aerospace,marine propulsion,and electric vehicles,whe... In recent years,motor drive systems have garnered increasing attention due to their high efficiency and superior control performance.This is especially apparent in aerospace,marine propulsion,and electric vehicles,where high performance,efficiency,and reliability are crucial.The ability of the drive system to maintain long-term fault-tolerant control(FTC)operation after a failure is essential.The likelihood of inverter failures surpasses that of other components in the drive system,highlighting its critical importance.Long-term FTC operation ensures the system retains its fundamental functions until safe repairs or replacements can be made.The focus of developing a FTC strategy has shifted from basic FTC operations to enhancing the post-fault quality to accommodate the realities of prolonged operation post-failure.This paper primarily investigates FTC strategies for inverter failures in various motor drive systems over the past decade.These strategies are categorized into three types based on post-fault operational quality:rescue,remedy,and reestablishment.The paper discusses each typical control strategy and its research focus,the strengths and weaknesses of various algorithms,and recent advancements in FTC.Finally,this review summarizes effective FTC techniques for inverter failures in motor drive systems and suggests directions for future research. 展开更多
关键词 FAULT-TOLERANT Motor drive Operation quality inverter failure
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Role of self-assembled molecules’anchoring groups for surface defect passivation and dipole modulation in inverted perovskite solar cells
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作者 Xiaoyu Wang Muhammad Faizan +3 位作者 Kun Zhou Xinjiang Wang Yuhao Fu Lijun Zhang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第10期108-115,共8页
Inverted perovskite solar cells have gained prominence in industrial advancement due to their easy fabrication,low hysteresis effects,and high stability.Despite these advantages,their efficiency is currently limited b... Inverted perovskite solar cells have gained prominence in industrial advancement due to their easy fabrication,low hysteresis effects,and high stability.Despite these advantages,their efficiency is currently limited by excessive defects and poor carrier transport at the perovskite-electrode interface,particularly at the buried interface between the perovskite and transparent conductive oxide(TCO).Recent efforts in the perovskite community have focused on designing novel self-assembled molecules(SAMs)to improve the quality of the buried interface.However,a notable gap remains in understanding the regulation of atomic-scale interfacial properties of SAMs between the perovskite and TCO interfaces.This understanding is crucial,particularly in terms of identifying chemically active anchoring groups.In this study,we used the star SAM([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)as the base structure to investigate the defect passivation effects of eight common anchoring groups at the perovskite-TCO interface.Our findings indicate that the phosphonic and boric acid groups exhibit notable advantages.These groups fulfill three key criteria:they provide the greatest potential for defect passivation,exhibit stable adsorption with defects,and exert significant regulatory effects on interface dipoles.Ionized anchoring groups exhibit enhanced passivation capabilities for defect energy levels due to their superior Lewis base properties,which effectively neutralize local charges near defects.Among various defect types,iodine vacancies are the easiest to passivate,whereas iodine-substituted lead defects are the most challenging to passivate.Our study provides comprehensive theoretical insights and inspiration for the design of anchoring groups in SAMs,contributing to the ongoing development of more efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. 展开更多
关键词 inverted perovskite solar cell defect passivation self-assembled molecule interface engineering first-principles calculation
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Adaptive Predefined-Time Backstepping Control for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter
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作者 Jiarui Zhang Dan Liu +4 位作者 Kan Cao Ping Xiong Xiaotong Ji Yanze Xu Yunfei Mu 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2024年第8期2065-2083,共19页
The system performance of grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)has a serious impact on the grid stability.To improve the control performance and shorten the convergence time,a predefined-time controller based on backsteppin... The system performance of grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)has a serious impact on the grid stability.To improve the control performance and shorten the convergence time,a predefined-time controller based on backstepping technology and dynamic surface control is formulated for the inverter in the grid-connected photovoltaic.The time-varying tuning functions are introduced into state-tracking errors to realize the predefined-time control effect.To address the“computational explosion problem”in the design process of backstepping control,dynamic surface control is adopted to avoid the analytical calculations of virtual control.The disturbances of the PV system are estimated and compensated by adaptive laws.The control parameters are chosen and the global stability of the closed-loop is ensured by Lyapunov conditions.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller and ensure the predefined time control in the photovoltaic inverter. 展开更多
关键词 Photovoltaic inverter system backstepping technology predefined-time control adaptive control
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Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation
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作者 Juan Zhang Xiaofei Ji +13 位作者 Xiaoting Wang Liujiang Zhang Leyu Bi Zhenhuang Su Xingyu Gao Wenjun Zhang Lei Shi Guoqing Guan Abuliti Abudula Xiaogang Hao Liyou Yang Qiang Fu Alex K.‑Y.Jen Linfeng Lu 《Nano-Micro Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期571-582,共12页
A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the mai... A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs.In this work,we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique,which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films.This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods,which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform,large-area perovskite film.Furthermore,modification of the NiO_(x)/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization.As a result,a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains,fewer pinholes,and reduced defects could be achieved.The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm^(2)(10×10 cm^(2)substrate)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56%and significantly improved stability.This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication. 展开更多
关键词 inverted perovskite solar cells Perovskite solar modules Two-step film formation CRYSTALLIZATION Defect passivation
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A novel cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter with flexible arc suppression function
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作者 Junyi Tang Wei Gao 《Global Energy Interconnection》 EI CSCD 2024年第4期513-527,共15页
This paper presents a novel approach that simultaneously enables photovoltaic(PV)inversion and flexible arc suppression during single-phase grounding faults.Inverters compensate for ground currents through an arc-elim... This paper presents a novel approach that simultaneously enables photovoltaic(PV)inversion and flexible arc suppression during single-phase grounding faults.Inverters compensate for ground currents through an arc-elimination function,while outputting a PV direct current(DC)power supply.This method effectively reduces the residual grounding current.To reduce the dependence of the arc-suppression performance on accurate compensation current-injection models,an adaptive fuzzy neural network imitating a sliding mode controller was designed.An online adaptive adjustment law for network parameters was developed,based on the Lyapunov stability theorem,to improve the robustness of the inverter to fault and connection locations.Furthermore,a new arc-suppression control exit strategy is proposed to allow a zerosequence voltage amplitude to quickly and smoothly track a target value by controlling the nonlinear decrease in current and reducing the regulation time.Simulation results showed that the proposed method can effectively achieve fast arc suppression and reduce the fault impact current in single-phase grounding faults.Compared to other methods,the proposed method can generate a lower residual grounding current and maintain good arc-suppression performance under different transition resistances and fault locations. 展开更多
关键词 Photovoltaic inverter Flexible arc suppression Adaptive control Fuzzy neural network Sliding mode control Exit strategy
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Non-destructive buffer enabling near-infrared-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells toward 1400 h light-soaking stable perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) tandem solar cells
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作者 Yu Zhang Zhaoheng Tang +14 位作者 Zhongyang Zhang Jiahong Tang Minghua Li Siyuan Zhu Wenyan Tan Xi Jin Tongsheng Chen Jinsong Hu Chao Zhou Chunlei Yang Qijie Liang Xugang Guo Weimin Li Weiqiang Chen Yan Jiang 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第10期622-629,I0013,共9页
Near-infrared(NIR)transparent inverted all-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are excellent top cell candidates in tandem applications.An essential challenge is the replacement of metal contacts with transparent co... Near-infrared(NIR)transparent inverted all-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are excellent top cell candidates in tandem applications.An essential challenge is the replacement of metal contacts with transparent conductive oxide(TCO)electrodes,which requires the introduction of a buffer layer to prevent sputtering damage.In this study,we show that the conventional buffers(i.e.,small organic molecules and atomic layer deposited metal oxides)used for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are not applicable to all-inorganic perovskites,due to non-uniform coverage of the vulnerable layers underneath,deterioration upon ion bombardment and moisture induced perovskite phase transition,A thin film of metal oxide nanoparticles by the spin-coating method serves as a non-destructive buffer layer for inorganic PSCs.All-inorganic inverted near-infrared-transparent PSCs deliver a PCE of 17.46%and an average transmittance of 73.7%between 780 and 1200 nm.In combination with an 18.56%Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) bottom cell,we further demonstrate the first all-inorganic perovskite/CIGS 4-T tandem solar cell with a PCE of 24.75%,which exhibits excellent illumination stability by maintaining 86.7%of its initial efficiency after 1400 h.The non-destructive buffer lays the foundation for efficient and stable NIR-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells and perovskite-based tandems. 展开更多
关键词 CsPbI_(3)perovskite inverted perovskite solar cells Tandem solar cells Buffer layer Stability
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A Nonlinear Explicit Model of A Non-Circular Subsea Tunnel-Liner System with An FGM Inverted Arch Under Mechanical Loading and Fire Fields
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作者 HE Jie CHANG Guo-yong +1 位作者 LIU Yang LI Zhao-chao 《China Ocean Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第5期855-865,共11页
This paper proposes an explicit scheme to analyze the failure of a subsea polyhedral tunnel-liner system with an inverted arch under mechanical loading and fire fields.The thin-walled liner is made of Functionally Gra... This paper proposes an explicit scheme to analyze the failure of a subsea polyhedral tunnel-liner system with an inverted arch under mechanical loading and fire fields.The thin-walled liner is made of Functionally Graded Materials(FGMs),which may improve the stability behavior of the tunnel-liner system.Hydrostatic pressure is inevitable in the liner since underground water may penetrate the cracks of the tunnel,and reach the outer surface of the liner.In addition,an elevated temperature loading is taken into account,considering that fire may occur in the tunnel-liner system.Under the combination of mechanical loading and thermal loading,the liner deforms into a single-lobe shape,which is depicted by a trigonometric function.The total potential energy is expressed quantitatively after the energy approach and thin-walled shell theory are used.The minimum potential energy is obtained when the critical buckling occurs.The critical buckling pressure is calculated,which considers the effect of the thermal field.The present analytical prediction is subsequently compared precisely with other closed-form solutions.Finally,the effects of several parameters,such as the geometric shapes,temperature variations,and volume fraction indices,are discussed to further survey the buckling performance of the nonlinear buckling of an FGM polyhedral liner with an inverted arch.One may address a polyhedral liner with fewer polyhedral sides,and a lower volume fraction index is recommended to rehabilitate cracked tunnels in engineering applications. 展开更多
关键词 tunnel-liner system with an inverted arch volume fraction index mechanical and thermal loadings rehabilitation BUCKLING
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Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
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作者 Jing Zhang James Mcgettrick +11 位作者 Kangyu Ji Jinxin Bi Thomas Webb Xueping Liu Dongtao Liu Aobo Ren Yuren Xiang Bowei Li Vlad Stolojan Trystan Watson Samuel D.Stranks Wei Zhang 《Energy & Environmental Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期240-248,共9页
Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocol... Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocols,high-temperature heating process,incompatible solvents,etc.),it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all-metal-oxide-based devices.Here,we developed efficient inverted PSCs(IPSCs)based on solution-processed nickel oxide(NiO_(x))and tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanoparticles,working as hole and electron transport materials respectively,enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge carriers.Through further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces,we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.5%(the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV),which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all-metal-oxide charge transport materials.Thanks to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties,ambient stability(retaining 95%of initial PCE after 1 month),thermal stability(retaining 80%of initial PCE after 2 weeks)and light stability(retaining 90%of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging)of resultant devices are enhanced significantly.In addition,owing to the low-temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device,we have obtained a PCE of over 21%for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability. 展开更多
关键词 fast and balanced charge transfer inverted perovskite solar cells long-term stability low-temperature processing metal oxides
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Reduced-Order Observer-Based LQR Controller Design for Rotary Inverted Pendulum
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作者 Guogang Gao LeiXu +2 位作者 Tianpeng Huang Xuliang Zhao Lihua Huang 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第7期305-323,共19页
The Rotary Inverted Pendulum(RIP)is a widely used underactuated mechanical system in various applications such as bipedal robots and skyscraper stabilization where attitude control presents a significant challenge.Des... The Rotary Inverted Pendulum(RIP)is a widely used underactuated mechanical system in various applications such as bipedal robots and skyscraper stabilization where attitude control presents a significant challenge.Despite the implementation of various control strategies to maintain equilibrium,optimally tuning control gains to effectively mitigate uncertain nonlinearities in system dynamics remains elusive.Existing methods frequently rely on extensive experimental data or the designer’s expertise,presenting a notable drawback.This paper proposes a novel tracking control approach for RIP,utilizing a Linear Quadratic Regulator(LQR)in combination with a reduced-order observer.Initially,the RIP system is mathematically modeled using the Newton-Euler-Lagrange method.Subsequently,a composite controller is devised that integrates an LQR for generating nominal control signals and a reduced-order observer for reconstructing unmeasured states.This approach enhances the controller’s robustness by eliminating differential terms from the observer,thereby attenuating unknown disturbances.Thorough numerical simulations and experimental evaluations demonstrate the system’s capability to maintain balance below50Hz and achieve precise tracking below1.4 rad,validating the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. 展开更多
关键词 Rotary inverted pendulum(RIP) linear quadratic regulator(LQR) reduced-order observer states estimate
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Significance of including lid thickness and particle shape factor in numerical modeling for prediction of particle trap efficiency of invert trap
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作者 Salman Beg Deo Raj Kaushal 《Water Science and Engineering》 EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期166-176,共11页
Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sedime... Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%. 展开更多
关键词 invert trap Lid thickness Particle image velocimetry Particle shape factor Turbulent kinetic energy Scanning electron microscope
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Chlorine-Substituent Regulation in Dopant-Free Small-Molecule Hole-Transport Materials Improves the Effi ciency and Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
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作者 Xinyi Liu Xiaoye Zhang +7 位作者 Zhanfeng Li Jinbo Chen Yanting Tian Baoyou Liu Changfeng Si Gang Yue Hua Dong Zhaoxin Wu 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2024年第4期314-323,共10页
Although doped hole-transport materials(HTMs)off er an effi ciency benefi t for perovskite solar cells(PSCs),they inevi-tably diminish the stability.Here,we describe the use of various chlorinated small molecules,spec... Although doped hole-transport materials(HTMs)off er an effi ciency benefi t for perovskite solar cells(PSCs),they inevi-tably diminish the stability.Here,we describe the use of various chlorinated small molecules,specifi cally fl uorenone-triphenylamine(FO-TPA)-x-Cl[x=para,meta,and ortho(p,m,and o)],with diff erent chlorine-substituent positions,as dopant-free HTMs for PSCs.These chlorinated molecules feature a symmetrical donor-acceptor-donor structure and ideal intramolecular charge transfer properties,allowing for self-doping and the establishment of built-in potentials for improving charge extraction.Highly effi cient hole-transfer interfaces are constructed between perovskites and these HTMs by strategi-cally modifying the chlorine substitution.Thus,the chlorinated HTM-derived inverted PSCs exhibited superior effi ciencies and air stabilities.Importantly,the dopant-free HTM FO-TPA-o-Cl not only attains a power conversion effi ciency of 20.82% but also demonstrates exceptional stability,retaining 93.8%of its initial effi ciency even after a 30-day aging test conducted under ambient air conditions in PSCs without encapsulation.These fi ndings underscore the critical role of chlorine-substituent regulation in HTMs in ensuring the formation and maintenance of effi cient and stable PSCs. 展开更多
关键词 Hole-transport materials inverted perovskite solar cells Chlorinated small molecules Donor–acceptor–donor structure
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An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic
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作者 Yan Zhang Bowen Du +3 位作者 Benren Pan GuannanWang Guoqiang Xie Tong Jiang 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2024年第7期1903-1920,共18页
During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in unc... During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems. 展开更多
关键词 Short circuit calculation inverter type distributed power supplies affine arithmetic distribution network
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