Sliding mode control of three-phase AC/DC converters using exponential rate reaching law

Sliding mode control(SMC) becomes a common tool in designing robust nonlinear control systems, due to its inherent characteristics such as insensitivity to system uncertainties and fast dynamic response.Two modes are involved in the SMC operation, namely reaching mode and sliding mode.In the reaching mode, the system state is forced to reach the sliding surface in a finite time.The major drawback of the SMC approach is the occurrence of chattering in the sliding mode, which is undesirable in most applications.Generally, the trade-off between chattering reduction and fast reaching time must be considered in the conventional SMC design.This paper proposes SMC design with a novel reaching law called the exponential rate reaching law(ERRL) to reduce chattering, and the control structure of the converter is designed based on the multiinput SMC that is applied to a three-phase AC/DC power converter.The simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

FCS-MPC for four-switch three-phase AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing

Due to the decrease in the number of switches for the four-switch three-phase alternating current-direct current(FSTP AC-DC)converter,it can easily lead to DC-link capacitor voltage imbalance and the system stability reduction.In order to solve these problems,a finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)for FSTP AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing is proposed.In this strategy,in order to facilitate calculation,theαβcoordinate system model is established and all voltage vectors are evaluated by establishing a cost function.During the whole process,phase locked loop(PLL)and complex modulation strategy are not required.In the new established cost function,the additional objective term of suppressing capacitor voltage fluctuation is to eliminate effectively the capacitor voltages oscillations and deviations and improve the system reliability.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can keep the capacitor voltage balancing and has good dynamic and static performance.

Vector Control of Three-Phase Solar Farm Converters Based on Fictive-Axis Emulation

In this paper,a new method for adjusting the current of three-phase voltage source DC-AC converter in orthogonal(DQ)reference frame is presented.In the DQ reference system,AC variable appears in the constant form of DC,making the controller design the same as the DC-DC converter[1].It provides controllable gain benefits at the steady-state operating point,and finally realizes zero steady-state error[2].In addition,the creative analytical model is dedicated to building up a series of virtual quantities orthogonal to the actual single-phase system.In general,orthogonal imaginary numbers get the reference signal by delaying the real quantity by a quarter period.However,the introduction of such time delay makes the dynamic response of the system worse.In this paper,orthogonal quantities are generated from a virtual axis system parallel to the real axis,which can effectively improve the dynamic performance of traditional methods without increasing the complexity of controller structure.Through PSCAD simulation,the ideal experimental results are obtained.

Three-phase Voltage-fed Quasi-Z-Source AC-AC Converter

The paper proposes a novel three-phase voltage-fed quasi-Z-source ac-ac converter topology to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional three-phase AC-AC chopper.The quantitative relationship between the output voltage and duty-ratio is deduced by investigating the topology and operating principle.It can provide buck-boost function,and the output voltage of the circuit can keep stable in the case of voltage sagging.Simulation is performed using the MATLAB software,and the experimental circuit is built based on the simulation results,the simulation and experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed ac-ac converter topology.

Interleaved-Connected Split Planar Resonant Inductor Design in 1 kV SiC LLC Converters

Design method of split planar resonant inductor in 1 kV SiC logical link control(LLC)converter is proposed,which ensures the converter power density of 93.59 W/in^3 and peak efficiency of 95.73%.Split resonant inductor helps to provide symmetrical resonant current by symmetrical impedance,and improves the distortion of resonant current,which ensures the efficiency of the whole converter.An interleaved winding connecting scheme improves the power density of the planar magnets,which contributes to power density improvement.Design method and calculation process of such split planar resonant inductor are provided.To verify the feasibility of the proposed design method,a 1 kV/48 V 6.6 kW,210 k Hz SiC LLC prototype was built,and the experimental results are given.

基于双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的退役电池组均衡方法

退役电池在储能应用过程中,由于其较大的不一致性问题会导致退役电池组出现过充或过放现象,从而限制电池组整体的容量甚至引起热失控,造成安全隐患。针对以上问题,设计一种基于双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的有源均衡电路。该均衡电路通过开关阵列与隔离型双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的相互配合,能够实现单体电池与电池组整体之间的能量传递,使退役电池组中各单体电池达到能量平衡。另外,为进一步提高均衡器的均衡速度及精度,提出一种联合电压与荷电状态(SOC)共同作为均衡变量的多状态均衡控制策略。依据电池组当前不同的能量状态,在电池组静置、充电及放电3种不同状态下,分别采用不同的均衡变量以及对应的均衡策略,从而实现电池组的快速均衡。最后,通过搭建小型的均衡实验样机对6节串联电池进行均衡实验,实验结果表明,所提均衡方法具有较快的均衡速度及较好的均衡效果。

宽增益高效率级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器

为了解决变频控制的桥臂共用型四开关Buck-BoostLLC级联变换器磁性元件设计和优化困难的问题,提出一种二次侧为特殊全桥整流结构的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器。通过控制二次侧开关管的交叠导通时间以拓宽变换器的电压增益。该变换器可根据不同的输入电压范围工作在交叠模式和整流模式;在不改变变换器参数的条件下将增益显著提高,能够适应更宽范围的输入电压,同时保持了变换器较高的工作效率。在两种工作模式的基础上,采用移相控制使变换器所有开关管实现零电压导通(ZVS),二极管实现零电流关断(ZCS)。结合状态平面轨迹分析法,对定频控制的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器进行模态分析,并推导两种工作模式下的输入-输出表达式和开关管的软开关实现条件。最后,通过研制一台70~280 V输入、240 W/28 V输出的实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。

变化负载下全桥LLC谐振变换器参数优化设计

LLC谐振变换器在软开关特性方面有一定的局限性。针对可变负载条件下LLC谐振变换器软开关特性不稳定的问题,本文结合ZVS/ZCS边界推导了软开关约束条件,提出一套基于全桥LLC谐振变换器变化负载下参数优化设计方法,以提高系统的稳定性和效率。方案不仅考虑谐振电感、电容和变压器的参数优化,还充分考虑负载变化对软开关行为的影响。文中介绍了全桥LLC谐振变换器的工作原理,并对电压增益与谐振网络阻抗特性进行较为细致的分析。根据上述设计方案搭建了一台500 W的车载充电机试验样机,在实验室条件下对样机进行测试,结果表明试验样机整机在参数优化后效率有所提升,最高效率可达96.36%。

采用金豺优化的LLC谐振变换器自抗扰稳压控制

为解决LLC谐振变换器采用传统PID控制时抑制负载冲击能力差的问题,提出采用金豺优化算法(golden jackal optimization,GJO)的改进线性自抗扰控制方法。该方法基于状态空间表达式,结合降阶模型中的参数信息,改进扩张状态观测器的系数矩阵。利用频域拟合的方法获得线性自抗扰控制器参数初值,避免了繁复的人工调参过程。使用GJO算法对线性自抗扰控制器参数寻优,进一步改善控制器性能。实验结果表明,相较于PSO-PID控制器,GJO-MLADRC控制器有效提高了LLC谐振变换器在系统扰动较大的情况下的动态性能,在负载突增、突降2种工况下,调节时间分别缩短了1.5、1.0 ms,输出电压最大波动量分别减小0.10、0.05 V,改进后的LADRC控制策略有效地抑制了恒压模式下负载波动对输出电压的扰动。

基于LLC谐振变换器的双向DC-DC光伏储能回路设计

针对光储逆变器的储能回路效率较低,控制较为复杂等问题,该文设计了一款基于双向全桥LLC谐振变换器的双向储能电路。对双向全桥LLC谐振变换器的正向导通特性和反向导通特性进行介绍和分析,基于采用基波分析法得到的LLC谐振变换器等效电路,推导出变换器实现软开关的条件。通过推导得到的条件对LLC谐振变换器进行硬件参数设计,并成功搭建一台样机进行实验验证,实验结果表明,变换器可以在全负载领域实验软开关,并具有较高的效率,验证了理论分析的正确性。

限制调频范围的不对称多模式宽输出LLC变换器

频率控制的传统LLC谐振变换器往往受限于开关频率的有效调节范围,难以实现宽输出电压范围,为此,研究了一种限制调频范围的不对称多模式宽输出LLC谐振变换器。采用双谐振腔且对应两变压器变比不同的不对称结构,能够根据原边开关组合的不同,使得双谐振腔分别工作在单半桥、双半桥和半桥+全桥3种不同的模式,从而获得3种不同的电压增益,并且保证每种模式之间归一化增益调节范围不超过1.5,可以在窄开关频率范围内实现宽输出电压范围。建立300 W的实验样机,验证了所提变换器可实现1~3倍的宽输出电压范围,并且实现了原边开关管的零电压开通和副边二极管的零电流关断,具有良好的软开关性能,验证了变换器的可行性。

一种混合滞环控制的LLC控制器应用研究

为优化LLC变换器的瞬态性能、间歇工作特性及轻载效率,提出了一种LLC的混合滞环控制方法及变换器实现方案。在深入分析混合滞环控制原理、对称半桥LLC变换器设计方法的基础上,给出基于混合滞环控制的模拟控制器应用方法及200 W对称半桥LLC变换器的关键参数设计,包括控制器外围电路设计,对称半桥电路设计,驱动电路设计,LLC谐振腔各项参数设计等,并通过实验样机进行详细验证。实验结果表明,所提出的混合滞环控制方法及控制器的应用设计科学可行。

具有混合控制策略的宽输出双全桥LLC谐振变换器

针对宽输出电压范围应用中传统频率控制的LLC型谐振变换器存在开关频率调节范围宽、循环电流大及难实现高效运行等问题,提出1种具有定频移相-定频PWM混合控制策略的双全桥LLC型谐振变换器,以适用于较宽输出电压范围。其由2个全桥LLC型谐振变换器共用1个桥臂组合而成,输出电压通过定频移相-定频PWM混合控制进行调节,使该谐振变换器实现4倍电压增益范围以获得较宽输出电压,同时解决传统频率控制中循环电流过大及在移相控制移相角小时的软开关不能实现问题,提升系统效率。该转换器开关频率工作在谐振频率点,电压增益与负载无关且有助于磁性元件设计,在全负载范围内实现软开关。最后给出详细的电路工作原理分析并通过仿真进行验证,搭建实验平台验证了所提变换器的可行性和有效性。

全桥LLC谐振变换器的线性自抗扰控制

由于传统PI控制下的全桥LLC谐振变换器的动态性能和抗扰动能力均比较差,设计了一种基于线性自抗扰控制(Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control,LADRC)的闭环控制器——控制全桥LLC谐振变换器。通过对全桥LLC变换器进行建模得到小信号模型,推导出闭环传递函数,并对其进行了优化处理。采用线性扩张状态观测器对全桥LLC谐振变换器模型自身的不确定性和外部扰动进行跟踪观测补偿,将总扰动的微分扩张为一个新的状态变量,在负载跳变时保证LLC谐振变换器输出电压的稳定。对变换器建立仿真模型,搭建满载功率为100 W、谐振频率为50 kHz硬件实验样机,验证了线性自抗扰控制器的抗扰动能力与有效性。

基于状态平面分析法的LLC谐振变换器四阶段软启动

LLC谐振变换器的启动过程是一个复杂的动态过程,现有的启动方案往往很难同时保证谐振电流在电流限值之下且启动过程迅速。为实现快速且稳定的软启动,该文提出基于状态平面分析法的LLC四阶段软启动方案。通过对LLC启动过程中状态轨迹的分析,将LLC的启动过程分为4个阶段,并对各个阶段的谐振电流进行计算,保证谐振电流的最大值不超过电流限值,根据各个阶段设计不同的实现方式,并介绍LLC四阶段软启动方案的数字控制实现方法。搭建仿真模型和实验样机,验证LLC四阶段软启动方案的安全性与快速性以及计算方法的精确性与合理性。

Finite control set model predictive control of three-port converter for interfacing a PV-battery energy storage system to a three-phase stand-alone AC system

This paper proposes a multiport bidirectional non-isolated converter topology that provides advantages in terms of simultaneous multiple operations,single-stage conversion,high power density and reduced power losses due to the lower number of switches.The proposed multiport converter uses a centralized non-linear controller known as a finite control set model predictive controller to manage the flow of power between different ports.It deals with the parallel operation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems for stand-alone alternating current(AC)systems.The converter connects the lower voltage battery to the photovoltaic port using a bidirectional buck/boost converter and the photovoltaic port is linked to the stand-alone AC load through a three-phase full-bridge inverter.Each leg of the three-phase converter will act as a bidirectional direct current(DC)/DC converter as well as an inverter simultaneously.Only six switches manage the power transfer between all the connected ports of photovoltaic-battery energy storage system linked to the stand-alone AC load.The proposed multiport converter is mathematically modelled and controlled by a finite control set model predictive controller.The system is validated in simulation(1-kW rating)and experimental environment(200-W rating).The hardware prototype is developed in the laboratory and the controller is implemented on the field-programmable gate array board.Two independent case studies are carried out to validate the efficacy of the system.The first scenario is for a change in solar irradiance,while the second scenario is for a change in the output load.

集成电压平衡功能的三绕组LLC谐振变换器

当正负极母线之间功率不平衡时,双极直流配电系统面临着电压不平衡的挑战,需要电压平衡器进行均压。然而,额外电压平衡组件的引入增加了设备体积与成本,降低了变换器转换效率。提出一种用于两极直流配电系统集中式电压平衡的三绕组LLC谐振变换器,采用频率和移相的调制方式来传输功率。重要的是,它可以自动均衡两极电压,并且对负载侧的不平衡电流进行重新分配。对于所提变换器,分析其工作特性,包括均压原理、不平衡电流分配过程、软开关、损耗和器件应力。除此之外,还提出了预防变压器饱和的磁通平衡控制策略。最后,通过仿真验证变换器均压能力以及磁通平衡控制的有效性。

一种具有高容错能力的改进型LLC拓扑及其控制策略

LLC谐振变换器因其功率密度高、效率高和体积小等优点被广泛应用于车载电源中,其可靠的运行能力对行驶安全和乘用体验十分关键。然而,车辆运行的复杂工况和严苛环境对功率器件的冲击巨大,一旦出现开关管故障则谐振变换器无法在保证输出电压不变的同时运行在谐振点附近,系统的效率和输出能力均大幅下降。为使变换器具有故障容错能力,提出一种改进型LLC拓扑及相应控制策略,可在开关发生故障后保证输出电压不受影响且变换器工作在谐振频率附近。此外,针对容错瞬态过程中谐振电容电压尖峰较大的问题,设计一种优化的Burst控制策略对其进行抑制,保证容错过程的平滑,仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于平面磁元件的LLC变换器相关参数的整体优化设计方法

平面磁心和印制电路板(PCB)绕组的可定制化设计和可重复性制造,为进一步提高LLC变换器的效率和功率密度提供条件。对于工作频率、谐振腔参数、平面磁元件尺寸等数量多、连续性强、对变换器整体效率影响存在耦合关系的设计参数,采用传统的分步优化设计方法难以实现变换器最高整体效率。为此该文提出一种基于平面磁元件的LLC变换器工作频率、谐振腔参数和平面磁元件尺寸的整体优化设计方法,在满足实际工程要求的前提下,以实现理论最高峰值效率为目标,可进一步得到全局最优的设计参数。基于此方法设计一台3 kW高效率、高密度LLC变换器,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:变换器功率密度510 W/in^(3)(1in3=1.63871×10^(-5) m^(3)),峰值效率99.0%,满载效率98.3%,与所提出的设计方法得到的理论结果接近,证明了该设计方法的正确性和有效性。

基于GaN器件的磁集成LLC谐振变换器的优化设计

为解决电动汽车辅助电源变换效率和功率密度相对较低的问题,提出一种基于改进磁集成变压器的LLC谐振变换器设计方案,修改了磁芯结构,在一个EEE磁芯上同时集成了谐振电感及变压器,减少了磁元件的重量和体积,优化了绕组排布及气隙结构,降低了磁芯饱和度和损耗,并结合GaN功率器件,最终搭建了一台150W的实验样机.实验结果表明,引入GaN器件及磁集成技术,可大幅提高变换器的功率密度和效率,从而验证了所提出设计方案的可行性.