Numerical analysis of bending property of bi-modulus materials and a new method for measurement of tensile elastic modulus

In nature,there are widely distributed bi-modulus materials with different deformation characteristics under compressive and tensile stress states,such as concrete,rock and ceramics.Due to the lack of constitutive model that could reasonably consider the bi-modulus property of materials,and the lack of simple and reliable measurement methods for the tensile elastic parameters of materials,scientists and engineers always neglect the effect of the bi-modulus property of materials in engineering design and numerical simulation.To solve this problem,this study utilizes the uncoupled strain-driven constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)to systematically study the distributions and magnitudes of stresses and strains of bi-modulus materials in the three-point bending test through the numerical method.Furthermore,a new method to synchronously measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli of materials through the four-point bending test is proposed.The numerical results show that the bi-modulus property of materials has a significant effect on the stress,strain and displacement in the specimen utilized in the three-point and four-point bending tests.Meanwhile,the results from the numerical tests,in which the elastic constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)is utilized,also indicate that the newly proposed measurement method has a good reliability.Although the new measurement method proposed in this study can synchronously and effectively measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli,it cannot measure the tensile and compressive Poisson’s ratios.

Bending Analysis of a Filament-Wound Composite Tube

The aim of this paper is to present finite element model of a filament-wound composite tube subjected to three-point bending and bending in accordance with standard EN?15807:2011?(railway applications-pneumatic half couplings) along with its experimental verification. In the finite element model, composite reinforcement plies have been characterized by linear orthotropic material model, while rubber liners have been described by a two-parameter MooneyRivlin model. Force-displacement curves of three-point bending show fairly good agreement between simulation results and experimental data. Reaction forces of FE simulation and experiment of standard bending test are in good agreement.

Analysis of Crack Expansion and Morphology of Cross-Laminated Timber Planar Shear Test

To describe the dynamic cracking process of the CLT vertical layer,the correlation between a load-displacement curve,specimen cracking,and planar shear failure mechanism of the CLT were explored.A three-point bending test and an improved planar shear test are used to evaluate the shear performance of the CLT.In this study,the load-displacement curve is recorded,the experimental part is synchronized with the video,the dynamic process of cracking of the vertical layer is observed and analyzed throughout the test.From the load-displacement curve,the image characteristics of the initial cracking and the sudden increase of the cracking of the specimen are summar-ized.The description results of the whole dynamic process of the CLT vertical layer cracking are analyzed by pla-nar shear strength value,cracking phenomenon,and azimuth angle of cracking surface.The main conclusions show that the three-point bending test and the improved plain shear test can be used to test the plain shear strength of the CLT,with a difference of only 5.7%.The original crack and the new crack expansion account for 18.9%and 81.1%of the main cracking surface,respectively.And the vertical layer of the CLT specimen under three-point bending has three cracking morphologies,such as radial shake,ring shake,neither along with the radial shake nor along with the ring shake.The azimuth angle of the cracking surface of the CLT vertical layer under planar shear is quite consistent with the first main plane azimuth of the vertical layer of the CLT specimens under the three-point bending test and the shearing test.The shape in the cracking direction of the left half-span or the right half-span of the vertical layer of the specimen is similar to the Chinese character eight.

两种方法设计沥青混合料的疲劳特性

利用轮碾法成型车辙板,并切割成小梁试件,研究采用垂直振动法和马歇尔法设计的AC-20混合料的弯拉疲劳特性,并应用威布尔分布建立疲劳方程.结果表明：与马歇尔法设计的AC-20混合料相比,垂直振动法设计的AC-20混合料油石比降低了6.91%,密度提高了1.6%,动稳定度、抗剪强度和抗拉强度分别提高了32.2%,38.7%和43.7%;垂直振动法AC-20混合料在高应力作用下抗疲劳性能及对应力变化敏感性均优于马歇尔法AC-20混合料,体现在垂直振动法AC-20混合料与马歇尔法AC-20混合料的疲劳方程斜率之比为0.883-0.965,截距之比为1.131-1.194.

空隙率对摊铺式橡胶沥青应力吸收层性能影响

为研究空隙率对摊铺式橡胶沥青应力吸收层性能影响,选取2.5%,4.0%两种典型设计空隙率,分别采用了高温车辙试验、浸水马歇尔试验与冻融劈裂试验评价沥青混合料高温性能、水稳定性能;采用了小梁弯曲试验与SCB裂缝扩展试验综合评价应力吸收性能。试验显示,将空隙率由4.0%降低至2.5%后,各级配混合料动稳定度下降,但降幅均在10%以内;浸水残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比均有一定提高;-10℃时,弯拉应变与应变能密度提升幅度为19.0%~46.6%,15℃时提升幅度为2.1%~6.7%;3种级配混合料断裂能增长幅度为:11.0%~17.8%,柔性指数增长幅度为:4.4%~40.0%。结果表明:不同试验方法评价结果并不具有一致性,应采用小梁弯曲试验的弯拉应变与应变能密度、SCB裂缝扩展试验的断裂能与柔性指数综合评价沥青混合料应力吸收性能;较小设计空隙率可一定程度降低沥青混合料高温稳定性,但提高水稳定性、改善了低温拉伸性能、应力吸收性能,因此,采用橡胶沥青进行摊铺式应力吸收层设计具有良好的应用潜力,且当设计空隙率控制在2.0%~3.0%水平时对应力吸收层整体功能发挥最为有利。

多聚磷酸以及多聚磷酸与SBS复合改性沥青混合料路用性能研究

采用加速加载试验、三分小梁弯曲试验、冻融劈裂试验、APA疲劳试验分别研究了多聚磷酸(PPA)以及多聚磷酸与SBS复合改性沥青混合料的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、水稳定性和疲劳性能,结果表明PPA的加入可以改善沥青混合料的高温稳定性和疲劳性能,随着PPA掺量的沥青增加混合料的低温抗裂性和水稳定性变差。SBS的加入可以改善PPA改性沥青混合料的路用性能,在3%SBS+1%PPA掺量下复合改性沥青的路用性能可达到5%SBS掺量的SBS改性沥青路用性能。

多聚磷酸SBS复合改性沥青混合料低温流变特性及本构关系研究

基于小梁弯曲蠕变试验和直接拉伸应力松弛试验,采用蠕变速率、松弛时间、松弛模量等流变学指标,对比分析了在不同低温条件下,多聚磷酸(PPA)-SBS复合改性沥青混合料和SBS改性沥青混合料的低温流变特性,同时结合损伤力学和黏弹性力学理论,建立了蠕变损伤模型与六单元广义Maxwell应力松弛模型.结果表明:不同低温条件下,PPA-SBS复合改性沥青混合料进入蠕变稳定期的时间早于SBS改性沥青混合料,其累积变形量和蠕变速率均大于SBS改性沥青混合料;以Burgers模型为基础,结合损伤力学建立的蠕变损伤模型能够较好地反映蠕变损伤3阶段的变形特性;10℃时2种沥青混合料的应力松弛能力几乎相同,而0、-10、-20℃时PPA-SBS复合改性沥青混合料的应力松弛能力要优于SBS改性沥青混合料,且温度越低效果越明显;采用六单元广义Maxwell模型能够较好地描述低温条件下的沥青混合料应力松弛特性.

改进施工措施对沥青混凝土心墙层间结合质量的影响研究

为了研究向沥青混凝土心墙层面洒水这种工程措施对于心墙层间结合质量的影响,在不同层面温度下室内模拟沥青混凝土心墙施工,进行小梁弯曲试验。试验结果显示:向心墙层面洒水后,结合面处骨料排列杂乱无序,并未产生明显分层现象;结合面处沥青混凝土抗弯强度最低为1.56 MPa左右,弯曲应变最低为1.9%左右,均能满足《土石坝沥青混凝土面板和心墙设计规范》(DL/T 5411—2009)对抗弯强度和弯曲应变的要求;结合面处的强度和应变随层面温度的降低而降低,当层面温度为75℃时,强度和应变均下降了约10%,下降幅度较小,可将此温度作为采用该措施下无需人为加热层面的允许最低温度。结果表明,该工程措施可以避免柴油等有机溶剂对心墙层面造成污染,不会影响心墙沥青混凝土的密度、孔隙率和防渗性,不会对心墙层间结合质量造成影响,而且可以节约施工成本。

竹纤维沥青混合料的疲劳性能与其作用机理研究

为研究竹纤维沥青混合料的疲劳性能和纤维增强机理,采用四点小梁弯曲疲劳试验测试竹纤维沥青混合料的疲劳寿命,并与木质素纤维沥青混合料进行对比分析。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)从微观角度揭示纤维增强沥青混合料疲劳性能的作用机理。结果表明:在相同的应力水平下,竹纤维沥青混合料的疲劳寿命与木质素纤维相当,其抵抗疲劳重复荷载的能力略优于木质素纤维,但其疲劳寿命对应力水平变化的敏感程度略高于木质素纤维。竹纤维对沥青混合料初始疲劳损伤的阻滞作用和对沥青混合料自愈能力的增强作用使其具有优良的改善混合料疲劳性能的效果。未来可进一步提高其表面粗糙度与其在混合料中的分散性以增强其对沥青混合料抗疲劳性能的作用效果。

寒区道路Top-Down裂缝成因分析

基于Top-Down裂缝病害路段区分路况(优、中、差)现场钻取的芯样和路面板,室内分层(上、中、下面层)切割试件进行沥青抽提后三大指标试验、OT试验及小梁弯曲试验,对寒区TopDown裂缝成因进行分析.试验结果表明,沥青结合料老化和混合料低温疲劳、低温收缩均为寒区Top-Down裂缝产生的原因.

应力控制模式下沥青混合料疲劳损伤力学性能研究

为提高沥青混合料在不同交通环境条件下的疲劳性能,本文以SMA-13,Sup-20和Sup-25等3种不同级配沥青混合料为试验对象,分别添加不同种类的沥青和纤维,制备成7种不同类型沥青混合料车辙模板,采用四点弯曲疲劳试验方法,对不同类型的沥青混合料进行疲劳损伤力学性能研究.结果表明,玄武岩纤维的掺入对沥青混合料在疲劳损伤时耗散角的影响较小.在3个应力水平循环荷载作用下弯拉劲度模量的变化都可分成3个阶段.另外,在单对数坐标下沥青混合料的疲劳寿命与应力水平存在较好的线性关系.

Interdiffusion behavior between Cr and Zr and its effect on the microcracking behavior in the Cr-coated Zr-4 alloy

High-temperature chromium(Cr)-zirconium(Zr)interdiffusion commonly occurs in Cr-coated zircaloys applied for enhanced accident-tolerant fuel(ATF)claddings.Such interdiffusion changes the interfacial microstructure and thus the fracture mechanism of the coating under external loading.In this study,the interdiffusion behavior in a magnetron sputtered Cr coating deposited on a Zr-4 alloy was studied in a vacuum environment at 1160C.In addition,the effect of interdiffusion on the microcracking behavior of the Cr coating was determined by in situ three-point bending tests.The experimental results show that the interdiffusion behavior resulted in the formation of a ZrCr2 layer,accompanied by the consumption of Cr coating and interfacial roughening.The growth of the diffusion layer followed a nearly parabolic law with respect to annealing time,and the residual stress of the annealed coating decreased with increasing annealing time.Under external loading,a large number of cracks were generated in the brittle interlayer,and some interfacial cracks were formed and grew at the ZrCr2/Zr-4 interface.Despite the remarkable microcracks in the ZrCr2 layer,the vacuum-annealed Cr coating has significantly fewer cracks than the original coating,mainly because of the recrystallization of the coating during annealing.

Mesoscale fracture behavior of Longmaxi outcrop shale with different bedding angles:Experimental and numerical investigations

The mechanical properties and fracturing mechanism of shale containing beddings are critically important in shale gas exploitation and wellbore stability.To investigate the effects of shale bedding on crack behavior and fracturing mechanism,scanning electron microscope(SEM)with a loading system was employed to carry out three-point bending tests on Longmaxi outcrop shale.The crack initiation and propagation of Longmaxi shale were observed and recorded by taking photos during loading.The cracking paths were extracted to calculate the crack length through a MATLAB program.The peak load,fracture toughness and fracture energy all increase with the bedding angle from 0°to 90°.The crack length and energy were also found to increase with the bedding angle in the range of 0°-600 and then drop slightly.The fracturing mechanism of shale includes the main crack affected by the bedding angle and disturbed by randomly distributed particles.The main cracking path was accompanied by several microcrack branches which could form an interconnected crack system.When the main crack encounters larger sedimentary particles,it will deflect around the particles and then restore to the initial direction.A numerical technique using extended finite element method(XFEM)coupled with anisotropic cohesive damage criteria was developed,which is able to capture the dependence of crack propagations on bedding angle and sedimentary particles.This study sheds light on understanding and predicting mesoscale fracture behavior of shale with different bedding angles.

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion characterization of an as-cast Mg-3Zn-0.4Ca alloy for biomedical applications

The as-cast Mg-3Zn-0.4Ca alloy shows a great potential to be used in biomedical applications due to its composition,mechanical properties and biodegradability.Zn and Ca appear naturally in the organism accomplishing vital functions.The alloy consists of an a-Mg matrix and a eutectic composed of a-Mg4-Ca2Mg6Zn3.The eutectic product enhances the mechanical properties of the studied alloy,causing strengthening and providing superior hardness values.In this alloy,cracks initiate at the intermetallic compounds and progress through the matrix because of the open network formed by the eutectics.Attending to the corrosion results,the eutectic product presents a noble potential compared to the a-Mg phase.For this reason,the corrosion progresses preferentially through the matrix,avoiding the(α-Mg+Ca2Mg6Zri3)eutectic product,when the alloy is in direct contact to Hank's solution.

Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding acrylamide monomer （AAm） on the characterization, flexural strength, flexural modulus and thermal degradation temperature of poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） denture-base resins. Specimens （n= 10） were fabricated from a conventional heat-activated QC-20 （Qc-） and a microwave heat-activated Acron MC （Ac-） PMMA resins. Powder/ liquid ratio followed the manufacturer＇s instructions for the control groups （Qc-c and Ac-c） and for the copolymer groups, the resins were prepared with 5% （-5）, 10% （- 10）, 15% （- 15） and 20% （-20） acrylamide contents, according to the molecular weight ratio, respectively. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured by a three-point bending test. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test （a=O.05） to determine significant differences between the groups, The chemical structures of the resins were characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal stabilities were determined by thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） with a heating rate of 10 ~C.min-1 from 35 ~C to 600 ~C. Control groups from both acrylic resins showed the lowest flexural strength values. Qc-15 showed significant increase in the flexural strength when compared to Qc-c （P〈O.01）. Ac-10 and Ac-15 showed significance when compared to Ac-c （P〈O.01）. Acrylamide incorporation increased the elastic modulus in Qc-10, Qc-15 and Qc-20 when compared to Qc-c （P〈0.01）. Also significant increase was observed in Ac-10, Ac-15 and Ac-20 copolymer groups when compared to Ac-c （P〈0.01）. According to the 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） results, acrylamide copolymerization was confirmed in the experimental groups. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of PMMA is increased by the insertion of AAm.

Crack deflection occurs by constrained microcracking in nacre

For decades, nacre has inspired researchers because of its sophisticated hierarchical structure and remarkable mechanical properties, especially its extreme fracture toughness compared with that of its predominant constituent,CaCO3, in the form of aragonite. Crack deflection has been extensively reported and regarded as the principal toughening mechanism for nacre. In this paper, our attention is focused on crack evolution in nacre under a quasi-static state. We use the notched three-point bending test of dehydrated nacre in situ in a scanning electron microscope(SEM) to monitor the evolution of damage mechanisms ahead of the crack tip. The observations show that the crack deflection actually occurs by constrained microcracking. On the basis of our findings, a crack propagation model is proposed, which will contribute to uncovering the underlying mechanisms of nacre’s fracture toughness and its damage evolution. These investigations would be of great value to the design and synthesis of novel biomimetic materials.

Effect of layer thickness on the flexural property and microstructure of 3D-printed rhomboid polymer-reinforced cemented tailing composites

For mines with poor ore bodies and surrounding rocks,the general mining method does not allow the ore to be extracted from underground safely and efficiently.For these mines,the downward layered filling mining technique is undoubtedly the most suitable mining method.The downward filling mining technique may eliminate the troubles relating to poor ore deposit conditions,such as production safety,ore loss rate,and depletion rate.However,in this technique,the safety of the artificial roof of the next stratum is of paramount importance.Cementitious tailings backfilling(CTB)that is not sufficiently cemented and causes collapses could threaten ore production.This paper explores a diamond-shaped composite structure to mimic the stability of a glued false roof in an actual infill mine based on the recently emerged three-dimensional(3D)printing technology.Experimental means such as three-point bending and digital image correlation(DIC)techniques were used to explore the flexural characteristics of 3D construction specimens and CTB combinations with different cement/tailings weight ratios at diverse layer heights.The results show that the 3D structure with a 14-mm ply height and CTB has strong flexural characteristics,with a maximum deflection value of 30.1 mm,while the 3D-printed rhomboid polymer(3D-PRP)structure with a 26-mm ply height is slightly worse in terms of flexural strength characteristics,but it has a higher maximum flexural strength of 2.83 MPa.A combination of 3D structure and CTB has more unique mechanical properties than CTB itself.This research work offers practical knowledge on the artificial roof performance of the downward layered filling mining technique and builds a scientific knowledge base regarding the successful application of CTB material in mines.

J-Integral of Interfacial Crack Between Metal-Base Ceramic Coating and Steel

The definition of J-integral of interfacial crack was introduced. The three-point bending tests were can＇ied out to obtain the critical loading values when the interfacial crack initiation occurred between coatings and substrates. The finite element analysis （FEA） was adopted to analyze the stress distribution in the specimens and compute the J-integral of the interracial crack between LX88A coating and Chinese Q345 steel. The results showed that the average value of critical J-integral is 0.70 N/m, which can be taken as the fracture parameter to evaluate the interracial fracture behavior for the three-point bending specimens of LX88A coating/Q345 steel system.

稳定化炉渣对沥青混合料抗裂性能的影响研究

为提高炉渣资源利用率,基于钙盐的碳酸化设计了一种炉渣稳定化处理方法,并通过三点小梁弯曲试验和Overlay Test试验,对采用稳定化炉渣制备的沥青混合料的抗裂性能展开了研究。研究结果表明:经稳定化处理后,炉渣的性能得到明显提升,且稳定化处理后的炉渣在沥青混合料中的最大替换比例可达30%。

不同温度下沥青混凝土弯曲性能试验研究

为了确保沥青混凝土在不同温度条件下都具有优异的抗弯拉性能,文中采用小梁弯曲试验,对沥青混凝土在不同温度下的弯曲性能进行研究。结果表明,无论油石比和矿粉浓度如何变化,温度始终是对沥青混凝土的应力变化产生影响的主要因素;且组合比不同,随着温度的升高,沥青混凝土的抗弯强度呈现出不同的变化趋势。