State of the art of synthetic threshold scale inhibitors for mineral scaling in the petroleum industry: a review

Inorganic scale deposits are a major water-related problem encountered in producing oil and gas wells. The harshness of scale deposits is dependent on the field operating conditions. Scale deposits can vary from mild scaling tendencies to extreme. In general, the scale deposit will cause a reduction in formation pores, declining productivity and eventually blockage of the wellbore and hence unexpected downtime if it is allowed to persevere. To overcome this, the productivity of an oil and gas well is ensured by handling scale deposits via removal or prevention methods. Scale prevention is the best and cost-e ective method for handling scale deposits that ensures production continuity. Inhibition through 'threshold' scale inhibitor treatment is the most common method that is proven to prevent or reduce likely deposits. This paper examines the art of synthetic scale inhibitors, in particular, threshold scale inhibitors in oil and gas production. It discusses the chemistry of those inhibitors, inhibition mechanisms, treatment methods and key properties for their applications. It also highlights the chemistry of the synthetic routes often used to produce them in the laboratory and/or industry. Finally, it highlights the environmental concerns for the applicability of threshold scale inhibitors.

非化学配比阻垢剂对水垢析晶过程影响的动力学研究

我们基于溶液电离平衡、质子平衡、离子活度原理以及法拉第分布电解定律 ,建立了精确测量碳酸钙过饱和溶液在析晶过程中所有离子变化的试验系统 ,并使用该系统研究了阻垢剂聚丙烯酸和多聚磷酸钠对碳酸钙析晶过程的影响。试验中使用了植晶的方法 ,保证了试验具有高重复性。试验研究表明 ,静态法所定义的阻垢率数值易受溶液过饱和度的影响 ,但是动力学方法测量的阻垢剂的阻垢阈值不受影响。

用鼓泡法对GDMP阻垢性能的研究

利用鼓泡法研究了甘氨酸二甲叉磷酸ＧＤＭＰ（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｄｉｍｅｔｈｙ－ｌｅｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｎｉｃａｃｉｄ）在模拟冷却水中对ＣａＣＯ３垢的抑制作用，结果发现ＧＤＭＰ具有溶限效应，能有效的抑制ＣａＣＯ３垢的析出；通过对比实验还发现，其阻垢性能优于氨基三甲叉磷酸ＡＴＭＰ（Ａｍｉｎｏ－ｔｒｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｎｉｃａｃｉｄ），是一种性能优异的阻垢剂。