Thymoquinone affects hypoxia-inducible factor-1αexpression in pancreatic cancer cells via HSP90 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer(PC)is associated with some of the worst prognoses of all major cancers.Thymoquinone(TQ)has a long history in traditional medical practice and is known for its anti-cancer,anti-inflammatory,anti-fibrosis and antioxidant pharmacological activities.Recent studies on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)and PC have shown that HIF-1αaffects the occurrence and development of PC in many aspects.In addition,TQ could inhibit the development of renal cancer by decreasing the expression of HIF-1α.Therefore,we speculate whether TQ affects HIF-1αexpression in PC cells and explore the mechanism.AIM To elucidate the effect of TQ in PC cells and the regulatory mechanism of HIF-1αexpression.METHODS Cell counting kit-8 assay,Transwell assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect the effects of TQ on the proliferative activity,migration and invasion ability and apoptosis of PANC-1 cells and normal pancreatic duct epithelial(hTERTHPNE)cells.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were performed to detect the expression of HIF-1αmRNA and protein in PC cells.The effects of TQ on the HIF-1αprotein initial expression pathway and ubiquitination degradation in PANC-1 cells were examined by western blot assay and co-immunoprecipitation.RESULTS TQ significantly inhibited proliferative activity,migration,and invasion ability and promoted apoptosis of PANC-1 cells;however,no significant effects on hTERT-HPNE cells were observed.TQ significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1αin PANC-1,AsPC-1,and BxPC-3 cells.TQ significantly inhibited the expression of the HIF-1αinitial expression pathway(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)related proteins,and promoted the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein in PANC-1 cells.TQ had no effect on the hydroxylation and von Hippel Lindau protein mediated ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein but affected the stability of the HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1αand HSP90,thus promoting its ubiquitination degradation.CONCLUSION The regulatory mechanism of TQ on HIF-1αprotein expression in PC cells was mainly to promote the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1αand HSP90;Secondly,TQ reduced the initial expression of HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Thymoquinone enhances the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Lebanese propolis

BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species(ROS)are produced by multiple cellular processes and are maintained at optimal levels in normal cells by endogenous antioxidants.In recent years,the search for potential exogenous antioxidants from dietary sources has gained considerable attention to eliminate excess ROS that is associated with oxidative stress related diseases including cancer.Propolis,a resinous honeybee product,has been shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress and anticancer effects against several types of neoplasms.AIM To investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of Lebanese propolis when applied alone or in combination with the promising anticancer compound Thymoquinone(TQ)the main constituent of Nigella sativa essential oil.METHODS Crude extracts of Lebanese propolis collected from two locations,Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh,were prepared in methanol and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method.The antioxidant activity was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical and to inhibit H2O2-induced oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes.The anticancer activity was evaluated by[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]MTT assay against HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells and MDAMB-231 human breast cancer cells.RESULTS The total phenolic content of propolis extract from Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh were 56.81μg and 83.503μg of gallic acid equivalent/mg of propolis,respectively.Both natural agents exhibited strong antioxidant activities as evidenced by their ability to scavenge DPPH free radical and to protect erythrocytes against H2O2-induced hemolysis.They also dose-dependently decreased the viability of both cancer cell lines.The IC50 value of each of propolis extract from Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh or TQ was 22.3,61.7,40.44μg/mL for breast cancer cells at 72 h and 33.3,50.9,33.5μg/mL for colorectal cancer cells at the same time point,respectively.Importantly,the inhibitory effects of propolis on DPPH radicals and cancer cell viability were achieved at half its concentration when combined with TQ.CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Lebanese propolis extract has antioxidant and anticancer potential and its combination with TQ could possibly prevent ROS-mediated diseases.

Inhibitory effect of thymoquinone on neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease model by regulating NLRP3 inflammatory bodies

Objective:To explore the intervention mechanism of Thymoquinone in regulating NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome mediated on neuroinflammatory injury of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.Methods:After establishment of the MPTP-induced PD mouse model,which was randomly divided into control group,control+TQ group,model group and model+TQ group.The effects of TQ on the motor deficits in PD mice were evaluated by open-field test and rotarod test.The effects of TQ on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase,α-Synuclein and NLRP3 inflammasomes in midbrain of PD mice were determined by Western blot.In vivo,BV-2 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide+and MPP to establish neuroinflammation models of Parkinson's disease.The cell supernatant was collected as conditioned medium and acted on human neuroblastoma(SH-SY5Y)cells to construct PD inflammatory injury model.MTT method determined the optimal concentration+of TQ and MPP in vitro intervention and the survival rate of cells in each intervention group;SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis was detected by TUNEL.Western blot was used to analyze the expression of Bax,Bcl-2,Caspase-3 proteins in each experimental group.The effect of TQ on the proinflammatory factor interleukin 1βby ELISA.The expression of related proteins NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1βand Tubulin were detected by Western blot after TQ treatment.Results:Compared with normal group,the motor function of model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),the motor function of TQ group was significantly increased(P<0.01).In Western blot experiment,compared with normal group,theα-Syn level in model group was significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with model group,TQ significantly decreased theα-Syn level of MPTP mice(P<0.01);Compared with model group,TH protein expression was significantly increased after TQ administration(P<0.01).TQ further inhibited the up-regulation of NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1β,ASC protein expression in PD mice(P<0.01).MTT detection found that the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells after-1+100μmol∙L MPP treatment was significantly decreased,SH-SY5Y cells damage can be+relieved after TQ treatment.TUNEL staining showed that SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP conditioned medium could induce apoptosis,and TQ pretreatment could significantly(P<0.01)reduce the apoptosis rate.Western blotting showed that MPP+conditioned medium caused the down regulation of Bcl-2/Bax in SH-SY5Y cells,while TQ inhibited the down regulation+of Bcl-2/Bax.Meanwhile,MPP conditioned medium induced the activation of Caspase-3 in SH-SY5Y cells,and caspase-3 expression was decreased by TQ(P<0.01).ELISA kit showed+that TQ inhibited MPP induced IL-1βcontent increases(P<0.01).Western blotting showed that TQ inhibited the protein expression of NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1βand ASC of BV-2 cells+induced by MPP(P<0.01).Conclusion:Thymoquinone can reduce the inflammatory damage of PD model neurons by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in PD model,and thus play a protective role in dopaminergic neurons.

Thymoquinone suppresses migration of Lo Vo human colon cancer cells by reducing prostaglandin E2 induced COX-2 activation

AIM To identify potential anti-cancer constituents in natural extracts that inhibit cancer cell growth and migration.METHODS Our experiments used high dose thymoquinone(TQ) as an inhibitor to arrest Lo Vo(a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line) cancer cell growth, which was detected by cell proliferation assay and immunoblotting assay. Low dose TQ did not significantly reduce Lo Vo cancer cell growth. Cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2) is an enzyme that is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in humans. PGE2 can promote COX-2 protein expression and tumor cell proliferation and was used as a control.RESULTS Our results showed that 20 μmol/L TQ significantly reduced human LoV o colon cancer cell proliferation. TQ treatment reduced the levels of p-PI3 K, p-Akt, p-GSK3β, and β-catenin and thereby inhibited the downstream COX-2 expression. Results also showed that the reduction in COX-2 expression resulted in a reduction in PGE2 levels and the suppression of EP2 and EP4 activation. Further analysis showed that TG treatment inhibited the nuclear translocation of β-catenin in LoV o cancer cells. The levels of the cofactors LEF-1 and TCF-4 were also decreased in the nucleus following TQ treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with low dose TQ inhibited the COX-2 expression at the transcriptional level and the regulation of COX-2 expression efficiently reduced LoV o cell migration. The results were further verified in vivo by confirming the effects of TQ and/or PGE2 using tumor xenografts in nude mice.CONCLUSION TQ inhibits LoV o cancer cell growth and migration, and this result highlights the therapeutic advantage of using TQ in combination therapy against colorectal cancer.

A novel polyherbal formulation containing thymoquinone attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal injury in a rat model

Objective:To evaluate a novel polyherbal formulation(BSVT)containing the standardized extracts from the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa,Solidago virgaurea,Vitex negundo,and thymoquinone in CCl4 induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats.Methods:A total of 36 rats were divided into six groups including normal control,CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+Cystone?(750 mg/kg p.o.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(25 mg/kg,p.o.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(50 mg/kg,p.o.),and CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(100 mg/kg,p.o.).All treatments were given for four weeks.Serum levels of aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,cholesterol,total protein,serum urea,blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were assessed.Superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in tissue homogenate.The histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues was also done.Results:Aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,cholesterol,serum urea,blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly elevated(P<0.001)while total protein was considerably reduced in the CCl4 group as compared to the normal control(P<0.001),which indicated hepatorenal toxicity.In addition,superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly decreased(P<0.001)while malondialdehyde levels were increased markedly(P<0.001).Treatment with BSVT formulation recovered these parameters towards a normal level in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions:BSVT formulation ameliorates the hepatorenal toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,clinical studies are required to confirm its efficacy.

Thymoquinone inhibits proliferation in gastric cancer via the STAT3 pathway in vivo and in vitro

AIM: To elucidate the mechanism of thymoquinone(TQ)-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.METHODS: HGC27, BGC823, and SGC7901 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with TQ(0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 μmol/L) for 12 h, 24 h, and 36 h, and then the proliferation inhibitory rates were detected by methylthiazole tetrazolium assay. Apoptosis was observed after Hoechst staining. The protein expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3, p-STAT3, STAT5, p-STAT5, phospho-janus-activated kinase 2(JAK2), JAK2, p-Src, Src, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lamin-A, survivin, Cyclin D, Bcl-2, Bax, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, and caspase-3,7,9 were detected by western blot. Cell cycle and apoptosis weredetermined with flow cytometry. TQ induced dosedependent apoptotic cell death in HGC27 cells was measured by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)/propidium iodide(PI) analysis and Hoechst 33258. RESULTS: TQ inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 but not STAT5. TQ-induced downregulation of STAT3 activation was associated with a reduction in JAK2 and c-Src activity. TQ also downregulated the expression of STAT3-regulated genes, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D, survivin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and activated caspase-3,7,9. Consistent with the in vitro results, TQ was significantly effective as an antitumor agent in a xenograft tumor mouse model. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence that downregulation of the STAT3 signaling pathway mediates TQ-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer.

Anti-microsporidial effect of thymoquinone on Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in vitro

Objective:To evaluate the anti-microsporidial effects of the active component of Nigella sativa seeds,thymoquinone,against Encephalitozoon intestinalis using an in vitro model.Methods:Anti-microsporidial effect of thymoquinone against Encephalitozoon intestinalis was evaluated by using various concentrations of thymoquinone(0,1,5,10,15,20,30,35,and 40μM)and sterile dimethyl sulfoxide.Real time PCR was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of thymoquinone on the life cycle of Encephalitozoon intestinalis.Results:The cytotoxic effect of thymoquinone on HEK293 cell line was observed with 30,35,and 40μM concentrations of thymoquinone after 24,48,and 72 hours of incubation.It was observed that 10,15,20,and 30μM concentrations of thymoquinone decreased the spore density compared with the control;however,it was significant only at 30μM.Conclusions:Thymoquinone shows potent anti-microsporidial effects against Encephalitozoon intestinalis in the in vitro model;however,the toxic concentrations of thymoquinone are also toxic to the host cells.

Thymoquinone Suppresses Cellular Proliferation, Inhibits VEGF Production and Obstructs Tumor Progression and Invasion in the Rat Model of DMH-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis

A myriad of medicinal effects has been attributed to Thymoquinone (TQ), the major biological-active component of Nigella sativa. TQ has been shown to exhibit potent anti-tumor activities. The present work was undertaken to further explore TQ’s chemopreventive efficacy against 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in the rat model through a two-phase study (initiation and post-initiation) and to evaluate its potential impact on tumor progression and invasion in vivo. TQ treatment in the initiation phase significantly reduced tumor incidence, multiplicity and mean tumor volume. However, although mean tumor volume and multiplicity were decreased upon TQ treatment in the post-initiation phase, TQ did not reduce incidence significantly. Cellular proliferation, as assessed by expression of colonic PCNA, was shown to be inhibited in consequence to TQ treatment in both phases, with a more pronounced reduction in the initiation phase. In addition, our results demonstrated an appreciable negative impact of TQ on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in tumor-bearing rats. Furthermore, we provided evidence that TQ-treatment, in both phases, tended to considerably suppress tumor progression and invasion. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that TQ, at an orally daily dose of 10 mg/kg, has a chemopreventive effect in the initiation phase, and has the potential to attenuate tumor burden, suppress progression of pre-neoplastic lesions and to inhibit tumor growth in the post-initiation phase of DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis, We surmise that such effects of TQ may be due to suppression of cellular proliferation and inhibition of VEGF production. The results could provide an effective chemopreventive approach in the primary prevention of colon cancer in humans in the next future, and illuminate a promising horizon to combat progression of benign colonic pre-neoplastic lesions into malignant metastatic tumors and to manage colon cancer.

Therapeutic potential of thymoquinone in combination therapy against cancer and cancer stem cells

The long-term success of standard anticancer monotherapeutic strategies has been hampered by intolerable side effects,resistance to treatment and cancer relapse.These monotherapeutic strategies shrink the tumor bulk but do not effectively eliminate the population of self-renewing cancer stem cells(CSCs)that are normally present within the tumor.These surviving CSCs develop mechanisms of resistance to treatment and refuel the tumor,thus causing cancer relapse.To ensure durable tumor control,research has moved away from adopting the monotreatment paradigm towards developing and using combination therapy.Combining different therapeutic modalities has demonstrated significant therapeutic outcomes by strengthening the anti-tumor potential of monotreatment against cancer and cancer stem cells,mitigating their toxic adverse effects,and ultimately overcoming resistance.Recently,there has been growing interest in combining natural products from different sources or with clinically used chemotherapeutics to further improve treatment efficacy and tolerability.Thymoquinone(TQ),the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa,has gained great attention in combination therapy research after demonstrating its low toxicity to normal cells and remarkable anticancer efficacy in extensive preclinical studies in addition to its ability to target chemoresistant CSCs.Here,we provide an overview of the therapeutic responses resulting from combining TQ with conventional therapeutic agents such as alkylating agents,antimetabolites and antimicrotubules as well as with topoisomerase inhibitors and non-coding RNA.We also review data on anticancer effects of TQ when combined with ionizing radiation and several natural products such as vitamin D3,melatonin and other compounds derived from Chinese medicinal plants.The focus of this review is on two outcomes of TQ combination therapy,namely eradicating CSCs and treating various types of cancers.In conclusion,the ability of TQ to potentiate the anticancer activity of many chemotherapeutic agents and sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy makes it a promising molecule that could be used in combination therapy to overcome resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents and reduce their associated toxicities.

Antidepressant and anti-nociceptive effects of Nigella sativa and its main constituent,thymoquinone:A literature review

Medicinal plants and their ingredients have beneficial effects on human health.Nigella sativa is a herbal plant with multiple biological and pharmacological activities.Previous studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Nigella sativa and its main constituent thymoquinone significantly contributes to the antidepressant and anti-nociception effects of this plant.It has been reported that thymoquinone may achieve its antidepressant effect by preventing the elimination of brain neurotransmitters affecting depression such as serotonin.The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factors in the antidepressant effects of thymoquinone has also been documented.Additionally,thymoquinone can attenuate pain by upregulation of intracellular signaling pathways related to nitric oxide and K_(ATP)^(+)channels.The present review summarizes the antidepressant and anti-nociceptive activity of Nigella sativa and its main constituent thymoquinone by searching literature on electronic databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,Scopus,and Google Scholar from the beginning of 2010 until the end of August 2022.

Hepato-and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone,crocin,and carvacrol:A comprehensive review

Medicinal plants are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which prevent and treat a wide range of ailments.Accumulating experimental studies exhibit that some bioactive ingredients extracted from medicinal plants have suitable therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal injuries.This review focuses on the hepato-and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone,crocin,and carvacrol.The relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases from the beginning of 2015 until the end of November 2021.According to the scientific evidence,the considered phytochemicals in this review have been applied with useful therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal damage.These therapeutic effects were mainly mediated through the amelioration of oxidative stress,suppression of inflammatory responses,and inhibition of apoptosis.Intracellular signaling pathways linked to nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,c-jun N-terminal kinase,and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Toll-like receptors are the most important pathways targeted by these phytochemicals.Up-regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 and down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by these natural compounds also contribute to the alleviation of hepatic and renal injuries.

An overview on cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effects of thymoquinone

Thymoquinone(TQ), one of the active components of Nigella sativa exhibited to have many biological effects. Several beneficial effects of TQ such as its antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory activities have been recognized. The present review focuses on the findings of recent studies on the protective effects of TQ against cardiovascular diseases. In the current review, we additionally concluded that TQ may be therapeutically effective agents for controlling diabetes and hyperlipidemia by decreasing the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Hepato-protective effect of thymoquinone against acetaminophen induced liver injury is associated with regulation of JNK and AMPK signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hepato-protective mechanism of thymoquinone(TQ) on the development of acetaminophen(APAP)-induced liver injury.METHODS In vivo,male kunming mice were injected with a single dose of 300 mg·kg^(-1) APAP.Some mice were pretreated with TQ(5 or 20 mg·kg^(-1))and N-acetylcysteine(NAC,300 mg·kg^(-1))2 h before APAP injection.Mice were euthanized at 2 h,6 h,12 h after APAP treatment.In vitro,human Chang liver cells were incubated with 3.125,6.25 or 12.5μmol·L^(-1) TQ,10μmol·L^(-1) SP600125 and 500μmol·L^(-1) AICAR in the presence of APAP for 24 h.Cell viability were analyzed by MTT assay,protein expressions were assessed by Western blot.RESULTS TQ pretreatment significantly reduced serum aminotransferase and increased hepatic glutathione(GSH)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)activities,while significantly inhibited interleukin-1β(IL^(-1)β)levels.TQ significantly inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),extracellular signal regulated kinase(ERK)and P38 phosphorylation induced by APAP.Moreover,TQ inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR)signaling activation and activated AMPK phosphorylation induced by APAP.In addition,TQ inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)phosphorylation on APAP-induced liver injury.In vitro,APAP enhanced JNK phosphorylation and attenuated AMPK phosphorylation in Chang liver cel s,and these effects were blocked by pretreatment with TQ,SP600125(JNK inhibitor)and AICAR(AMPK activator).CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TQ may actively prevent APAP-induced liver injury,and this effect may be mediated by JNK and AMPK signaling pathways.

A hepatocellular carcinoma–bone metastasis-on-a-chip model for studying thymoquinone-loaded anticancer nanoparticles

We report the development of a metastasis-on-a-chip platform to model and track hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)-bone metastasis and to analyze the inhibitory effect of an herb-based compound,thymoquinone(TQ),in hindering the migration of liver cancer cells into the bone compartment.The bioreactor consisted of two chambers,one accommodating encapsulated HepG2 cells and one bone-mimetic niche containing hydroxyapatite(HAp).Above these chambers,amicroporous membrane was placed to resemble the vascular barrier,where medium was circulated over the membrane.It was observed that the liver cancer cells proliferated inside the tumor microtissue and disseminated from the HCC chamber to the circulatory flow and eventually entered the bone chamber.The number of metastatic HepG2 cells to the bone compartment was remarkably higher in the presence of HAp in the hydrogel.TQ was then used as ametastasis-controlling agent in both free form and encapsulated nanoparticles,to analyze its suppressing effect on HCC metastasis.Results indicated that the nanoparticle-encapsulated TQ provided a longer period of inhibitory effect.In summary,HCC-bone metastasis-on-a-chip platform was demonstrated to model certain key aspects of the cancer metastasis process,hence corroborating the potential of enabling investigations on metastasis-associated biology as well as improved anti-metastatic drug screening.

Thymoquinone anticancer activity is enhanced when combined with royal jelly in human breast cancer

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cause of the majority of cancer-related deaths in women,among which triple-negative breast cancer is the most aggressive type of breast cancer diagnosed with limited treatment options.Thymoquinone(TQ),the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa,has been extensively studied as a potent anticancer molecule against various types of cancers.Honeybee products such as the royal jelly(RJ),the nutritive secretion fed to honeybee queens,exhibit a variety of biological activities besides its anticancer effect.However,the anticancer activity of the combination of TQ and RJ against breast cancer is still unknown.AIM To investigate cytotoxicity of RJ in FHs 74 Int cells and the anticancer effects of TQ,RJ,and their combinations in the MDA-MB-231 cell line.METHODS Cells were treated with TQ,RJ,and their combinations for 24 h.Using 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,we determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of TQ.Trypan blue and 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were then performed to assess the cell viability in response to different treatment conditions.Cell death and cycle regulation were investigated using propidium iodide deoxyribonucleic acid staining followed by flow cytometry in response to a single dose of TQ,RJ,and their combination.Immunostaining for cleaved caspase 3 and Ki67 expression was used to determine apoptosis induction and changes in cell proliferation.RESULTS TQ alone inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations below and above the half-maximal inhibitory concentration.RJ exhibited relatively nontoxic effects against MDA-MB-231 cells and FHs 74 Int small intestinal cells at concentrations below 5μg/mL.High doses of RJ(200μg/mL)had greater toxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells.Interestingly,the inhibition of cell viability was most pronounced in response to 15μmol/L TQ and 5μg/mL RJ.A dose of 15μmol/L TQ caused a significant increase in the PreG1 population,while a more pronounced effect on cell viability inhibition and PreG1 increase was observed in response to TQ and RJ combinations.TQ was the main inducer of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis when applied alone and in combination with RJ.In contrast,no significant regulation of Ki67 expression was observed,indicating that the decrease in cell viability was due to apoptosis induction rather than to inhibition of cell proliferation.CONCLUSION This study is the first to report enhanced anticancer effects of TQ and RJ combination against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells,which could confer an advantage for cancer therapy.

Potential therapeutic effects of thymoquinone on treatment of amphetamine abuse

Dear Editor,The prevalence of drug abuse has diverted from traditional drugs such as opioid and cannabis to modern,synthetic and psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine groups,the amphetamine(AT)and methamphetamine[1].Amphetamine is used medically to treat several disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,narcolepsy,depression and minor obesity[2].However,AT has also gained

Thymoquinone inhibits the migration of mouse neuroblastoma(Neuro-2a) cells by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9

Thymoquinone(TQ), an active component derived from the medial plant Nigella sativa, has been used for medical purposes for more than 2 000 years. Recent studies have reported that TQ blocked angiogenesis in animal model and reduced migration, adhesion, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We have recently shown that TQ could exhibit a potent cytotoxic effect and induce apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma(Neuro-2a) cells. In the present study, TQ treatment markedly decreased the adhesion and migration of Neuro-2a cells. TQ down-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression and m RNA levels and their activities. Furthermore, TQ significantly down-regulated the protein expression of transcription factor NF-κB(p65) but not significantly altered the expression of N-Myc. Taken together, our data indicated that TQ's inhibitory effect on the migration of Neuro-2a cells was mediated through the suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, suggesting that TQ treatment can be a promising therapeutic strategy for human malignant neuroblastoma.

Biased activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase:the Janus face of thymoquinone

The natural compound thymoquinone, extracted from Nigella sativa(black cumin), is widely used in humans for its anti-oxidative properties. Thymoquinone is known for its acute endotheliumindependent vasodilator effects in isolated rat aortae and pulmonary arteries, depending in part on activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels. The compound also improves endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric arteries of ageing rodents and in aortae of rabbits treated with pyrogallol, by inhibiting oxidative stress. Serendipitously,thymoquinone was found to augment contractions in isolated arteries with endothelium of both rats and pigs. The endothelium-dependent augmentation it causes counterintuitively depends on biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase(sGC) producing inosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(cyclic IMP) rather than guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. This phenomenon shows a striking mechanistic similarity to the hypoxic augmentation previously observed in porcine coronary arteries. The cyclic IMP preferentially produced under thymoquinone exposure causes an increased contractility of arterial smooth muscle by interfering with calcium homeostasis. This brief review summarizes the vascular pharmacology of thymoquinone, focussing in particular on how the compound causes endothelium-dependent contractions by biasing the activity of sGC.

A review of inherent beneficial effects of black seeds(Nigella sativa)in Marburg virus disease management

Background:In the management of patients with MARV infection,this review article focuses on the potential protective effects of black seeds(Nigella sativa).Methods:To find studies that evaluated various effects of black seeds(N.sativa)related to signs and symptoms of MARV infection,reference lists and databases such as Medline/Pubmed/PMC,Google Scholar,Science Direct,Ebsco,Scopus,Web of Science,and Embase were searched.Results:In numerous clinical,animal,in-vitro,in-vivo,and in-ovo studies,black seeds(N.sativa)have demonstrated potential antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,immunomodulatory,and hepatoprotective properties that may aid in the treatment of MARV-infected patients.Conclusion:In the initial generalization phase of MARV infection,patients may use black seeds(N.sativa)as an adjunctive therapy in addition to symptomatic treatment and supportive care.Future randomized controlled clinical trials would confirm N.sativa’s efficacy and safety in MARV-infected patients.

A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa:A miracle herb

Nigella sativa(N.sativa)(Family Ranunculaceae)is a widely used medicinal plant throughout the world.It is very popular in various traditional systems of medicine like Unani and Tibb,Ayurveda and Siddha.Seeds and oil have a long history of folklore usage in various systems of medicines and food.The seeds of N.saliva have been widely used in the treatment of different diseases and ailments.In Islamic literature,it is considered as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine.It has been recommended for using on regular basis in Tibb-e-Nabwi(Prophetic Medicine).It has been widely used as antihypertensive,liver tonics,diuretics,digestive,anti-diarrheal,appetite stimulant,analgesics,anti-bacterial and in skin disorders.Extensive studies on N.sativa have been carried out by various researchers and a wide spectrum of its pharmacological actions have been explored which may include antidiabetic,anticancer,immunomodulator,analgesic,antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory,spasmolytic,bronchodilator,hepato-protective,renal protective,gaslro-prolective,antioxidant properties,etc.Due to its miraculous power of healing,N.sativa has got the place among the top ranked evidence based herbal medicines.This is also revealed that most of the therapeutic,properties of this plant are due to the presence of thymoquinone which is major bioactive component of the essential oil.The present review is an effort to provide a detailed survey of the literature on scientific researches of pharmacognostical characteristics,chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the seeds of this plant.