Effects of molybdenum on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets with low Ni

The effects of Mo on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti（C,N）-based cermets with low Ni have been studied systematically. Different contents of Mo （4-12 wt.%） were added into Tl（C,N）-based cermets. Specimens were fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy and vacuum sintered at temperatures of 1440, 1450, and 1460℃ individually. The microstructure and fracture morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties such as transverse strength and hardness were measured. The results show that the microstructure is uniform and the thickness of rim phase is moderate when the content of Mo is 8 wt.%; the mechanical properties of the specimens sintered at 1450℃ are better than those sintered at 1440 and 1460℃. The integrated properties of transverse strength and hardness are the best when the content of Mo is 8 wt.% and the sintering temperature is 1450℃.

Effect of VC addition on the microstructure and properties of Ti(C,N)-based nano cermets

In this paper, Ti（C,N）-based nano cermets were prepared by nano particles, and the effect of VC addition on the micmstructure and properties of Ti（C,N）-based nano cermets was investigated. The results showed that there existed black-core grayish-rim strucmre as well as gray-core grayish-rim structure in VC-doped Ti（C,N）-based nano cermets. With the increase of VC addition, the number of gray cores in- creased, the lattice parameter of Ti（C,N） phase increased, the grain size decreased, the hardness and fracture toughness of Ti（C,N）-based nano cermets were enhanced, and nearly full densification could be achieved. However, excessive addition of VC to 1 wt% resulted in slight decrease in hardness and fracture toughness. Some deep dimples were found in the fracture surface of cermets with VC addition, which corresponded to ductile fracture.

Microstructure and cutting performance of Ti(C, N)-based cermets heat-treated in nitrogen

Ti（C, N）-based cermets were treated using hot isostatic pressing （HIP） at 1423 K in nitrogen. The microstructures compared with the as-sintered cermets were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and electron microprobe analysis. It was found that high nitrogen activity in the surface zone resulted in the formation of gradient structure. Approximately 20-1am-deep, nitrogen-rich and titanium-rich hard surface zone was introduced by the heat treatment. The nitrogen activity was the driving force that caused the transportation of the atoms through the binder, titanium towards the surface, and tungsten and molybdenum inwards. In the surface zone, the particle size became fine, the inner rim disappeared, and the volume fraction of the outer rim and the binder phase considerably reduced. Small grains of TiN, WC, Mo2C, and nitrogen-rich carbonitlide phases formed in the surface zone during the heat treatment, improving the tlibological property of the heat-treated cermet.

Comparative study of the fabrication of ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets by spark plasma sintering and conventional vacuum sintering

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) and conventional vacuum sintering (VS) wereemployed to fabricate ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets. The shrinkage behavior, microstracture, andporosity and mechanical properties of the samples fabricated by SPS were compared with those of thesamples sintered by VS using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, universal testingmachine, and rockwell tester. The results are as follows: (1) The shrinkage process occurred mainlyin the range of 1000-1300 deg C during the VS process, and only a 0.2 percent linear shrinkage ratioappeared below 800 deg C; during the SPS process, a 60 percent dimensional change occurred below800 deg C as a result of pressure action. (2) By utilizing the SPS technique, it is difficult forobtaining fully dense Ti(C,N)-based cermets. Due to the much existence of pores and un-combinedcarbon, the mechanical properties of the sintered samples by SPS are inferior to sintered ones byVS. (3) grain size of the samples sintered by SPS is still below 0.5 urn, but not by VS; because oflow sintering temperature, there are no typical core/rim structures formed in the sintered samplesby SPS1; the main microstructures of the sintered samples by SPS2 are a white core/grey shellstructure, whereas by VS show a typical black core/grey shell structure.

Effect of Mo_2C on electrochemical corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-based cermets with different Mo2C additions was investigated in freely aerated 10% H2SO4 and potentiodynamic polarization of all the materials was conducted from -0.5 to 1.5 V. There are two passive regions for all polarization curves. The first should be attributed to passive film formation due to Ti(C,N), while the second may be due to the presence of Ni. Corrosion current density increases with Mo2C content increasing, from 2.06×10-3 to 6.70×10-3 mA/cm2 . It is indicated that the corrosion resistance of Ti(C,N)-based cermets decreases with the increase of Mo2C addition. A skeleton of Ti(C,N) gains is observed after dissolution of Ni. The inner rim of cermets, rich in Mo2C, is corroded along with Ni binder and is more serious with the increase of Mo2C content. The secondary carbide Mo2C can be oxidized and dissolved in sulphuric acid.

Influence of preparation process on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained Ti(C, N)-based cermets

The influences of forming and sintering processes on distortion, cracking as well as mechanical properties of sintered bodies of ultrafine grained Ti(C, N)-based cermets were investigated. The results show that lubricant is indispensable to fabrication of ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermets, however, with low binder content in powder mixture, the lubrication action of paraffin is attenuated. A appropriate level of 2% (mass fraction) paraffin is determined for a cermet with binder content of 36% (mass fraction). It is also found that the influence of compaction pressure on distortion and cracking of sintered bodies presents a complex relationship. A relatively lower or higher compaction pressure, less than 100 MPa and more than 400 MPa respectively, favors uniform density distribution in green compact. The heating rate of sintering should be strictly controlled. Too fast heating rate results in enclosed pores to burst and forms large size pores in sintering body. A heating rate of 3 ℃/min is recommended.

Effect of sintering on microstructures and properties of sub-micron Ti(C,N)-based cermets

The influence of different sintering processes, including vacuum sintering, vacuum sintering followed by HIP and sintering-HIP, on the microstructure and properties of sub-micron Ti(C,N) cermets with various binder contents was studied. Image analysis based on back-scattered electrons image observations was used to determine the morphologic and structural characteristics. Transverse rupture strength(TRS), hardness, fracture toughness were measured and TRS data were treated by Weibull statistics further. It is shown that a very significant improvement in TRS can be obtained by HIP or sintering-HIP treatment for the alloys with lower and middle binder content at the controlled cooling rate, but the effect is not obvious for the alloys with higher binder content. HIP is also helpful for improving the hardness of sub-micron Ti(C,N) cermets, however, but can lower the fracture toughness. The variation of these properties was interpreted in terms of the difference in morphologic and structural characteristics.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C, N)-based cermets with different molybdenum contents

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C, N)-based cermets with different content Mo were studied. Different Mo contents were added into Ti(C, N)-based cermets. Effect of sintering temperature on mechanical properties of the cermets was also investigated. Specimens were fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy techniques and vacuum sintered at different temperatures. The microstructure and the fracture morphology were investigated using scanning electron microscope. Transverse strength and hardness were measured. The results show that the microstructure is uniform and the thickness of rim phase is moderate when the content of Mo is 8%. The mechanical properties are the best when the content of Mo is 8% and the sintering temperature is 1450℃.

Effect of sintering parameters on powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets

Effect of two-stage sintering parameters such as heating rate, top sintering temperature and holding time, sintering temperature and holding time at the second stage on relative density, transverse rupture strength(TRS) and microstructures of powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets were investigated, by means of Archimedes’s method, three-point bending test and micrographic analysis. The results show that the optimum sintering cycle for powder injection molded Ti(C, N)-based cermets comprises rapid heating (10℃/min) at low temperatures, slow heating (5℃/min) at intermediate temperatures, holding at the highest sintering temperature (1420℃) for a short time (10min), and holding at the second stage (1360℃) for a longer time (6h) to avoid grain coarsening, and that its TRS reaches 624MPa, and there are little pores in their microstructures.

(Cr,La)_(2)(C,N)添加对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷结构与性能的影响

在开放体系下采用高温碳管炉制备了(Cr,La)_(2)(C,N)粉末,并将其作为添加剂制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、万能力学试验机及维氏硬度计等设备研究了(Cr,La)_(2)(C,N)添加对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,(Cr,La)_(2)(C,N)的添加能够有效细化Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的硬质相晶粒,其中Cr、La元素主要固溶于粘结相,La元素促进了硬质相的溶解–析出过程,金属陶瓷的抗弯强度、硬度以及断裂韧性等力学性能得到明显改善。当添加(Cr,La)_(2)(C,N)的质量分数为5.0%时,Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的综合力学性能达到最佳,抗弯强度为2002 MPa,维氏硬度为1643 MPa,断裂韧性为11.22 MPa·m^(1/2)。

Effect of Powder Particle Size on the Properties and Microstructure of Ti(C,N)-Based Cermet

The influence of raw powder particle size on the properties and microstructures of Ti (C, N)-based cermets has been studied. The conclusions are as follows: The microstructures of cermets were composed of two kinds of grains, the one with black cores surrounded by obvious rim structures, and the other whose cores were white with unconspicuous rim structures and adhesive phase. In the cermet made from fine powders, the amount of grains with white cores was much more than that in cermet made from coarse powders. In addition, their properties were also much better.

Microstructure and shear strength of the brazed joint of Ti(C,N)-based cermet to steel

Firm joins were obtained between Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel with Ag-Cu-Zn-Ni filler metal by vacuum brazing. The effects of technological parameters such as brazing temperature, holding time, and filler thickness on the shear strength of the joints were investigated. The microstructure of welded area and the reaction products of the filler metal were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, metallographic microscope （OM）, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis （EDS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The brazing temperature of 870℃, holding time of 15 min, and filler thickness of 0.4 mm are a set of optimum technological parameters, under which the maximum shear strength of the joints, 176.5 MPa, is achieved. The results of microstructure show that the wettability of the filler metal on Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel is well. A mutual solution layer and a diffusion layer exist between the welding base materials and the filler metal.

压制压力对纳米Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响研究

采用不同的压制压力制备纳米Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷生坯,研究低压烧结后金属陶瓷的微观组织、收缩性和力学性能。结果表明:当压制压力过低时,粉末排列不紧密,金属陶瓷组织不均匀;当压制压力过高时,金属陶瓷组织发生分层,孔隙度和缺陷增加。当压制压力为180 MPa时,得到的纳米Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷最为致密,其相对密度为97.06%,收缩系数为1.23,孔隙率最低,为A02B00C00;同时,该金属陶瓷具有最优异的综合力学性能,其中维氏硬度为1680 HV_(30),抗弯强度为1650 MPa,断裂韧性为8.8 MPa·m^(1/2)。

Spark Plasma Sintering Properties of Ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based Cermet

Ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermet was sintered by SPS from 1050℃ to 1450℃ and its sintering properties,such as porosity,mechanical properties and phase transformation,were investigated by optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).It is found that the spark plasma sintering properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermet differ from those of conventional vacuum sintering.The liquid phase appearance is at least lower by 150℃ than that in vacuum sintering.The porosity decreases sharply below 1 200℃ and reaches minimum at 1 200℃,and afterwards it almost keeps invariable and no longer increases.SPS remarkably accelerates the phase transformation of Ti(C,N)-based cermet and it has a powerful ability to remove oxides in Ti(C,N)-based cermets.Above 1 350℃,denitrification occurred.Fresh graphite phase formed above 1 430℃.Both the porosity and graphite are responsible for the poor TRS.

N_(2)分压烧结时间对超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响

针对真空烧结制备超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷时,烧结体的易脱氮和N的分解问题,通过在液相保温阶段1450℃通入130 Pa氮气,采用分压烧结制备了超细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,研究了氮气分压烧结时间对金属陶瓷显微组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,氮气分压烧结能提升试样内部组织均匀性。在氮气氛的影响下,试样最外层会形成富Ni层,材料的近表层形成TiN层。分压刚开始,试样最外层只有富Ni层,随分压时间的增加,近表层组织中黑芯相在氮气氛影响下发生溶解,黑芯相尺寸减小,环形相尺寸增加,直至黑芯相逐渐消失,形成富Ti的(Ti,W)(C,N)固溶体,固溶体通过合并长大的方式形成固溶体层,随分压时间增加,富钛的固溶体与N反应在试样近表层形成TiN层。分压烧结时间达40 min时试样的综合力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度增加了20%,达到2350 MPa;维氏硬度增加了13.9%,达到1635HV30;断裂韧性提升不明显。

Microstructural evolution and characteristics during sintering of submicron Ti(C,N)-based cermet

Ti（C,N）-based cermets were prepared with submicron powders. The microstructure evolution and characteristics during the sintering of cermet were studied by TEM, SEM, EDX and XRD. The forming mechanism of the structures was also studied. There exist inner rim and outer rim between the hard cores and the binder. The inner rim is enriched in Mo and W compared with the outer rim, and is formed during the solid sintering by counter diffusion of TiC, Mo2C and WC. The outer rim is formed during the liquid sintering by Ostwald ripening mechanism.

Characterization of phase transformation and microstructure of nano hard phase Ti(C,N)-based cermet by spark plasma sintering

By means of optical microscope , scanning electron microscope （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）, the process of densification, the characterization of phase transformation and the microstructure for spark plasma sintering （SPS） nano hard phase Ti（C,N）-based cermet were investigated. It is found that the spark plasma sintering （SPS） enables the nano hard phase Ti（C,N）-based cermet to densify rapidly, however, the full densification of the sintered samples can not be obtained. The rate of phase transformation is significantly quick. When being sintered at 1 200 ℃ for 8 min, Mo2C is completely dissolved, and TiN dissolves into TiC entirely and disappears. Above 1 200 ℃, Ti（C,N） begins to decompose and the atoms of C and N separate from Ti（C,N） resulting in the generation of N2 and the graphite. Due to the denitrification and the graphitization, the density and the hardness of sintered samples are rather low. The distribution of grain size of the sample sintered at 1 350 ℃ covers a wide range of 90500 nm, and most of the grain size are about 200 nm. The hard phase is not of typical core-rim structure. Oxides on the surface of particles can not be fully removed and present in sample as titanium oxide TiO2. Graphite exists in band-like shape.

Effect of hot isostatic pressing nitrogen on the microstructure and properties of a Ti(C,N)-based cermet

The high-temperature, high-pressure hot isostatic pressing technology was used for depositing hard coatings on Ti（C, N）-based cermets. The rnicrostructure and properties of the sample were investigated using optical microscopy, scan- ning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and microhardness tester. The results showed that the rich titanium and nitrogen in surface zone were induced by the heat treatment. The high nitrogen activity of the surface region was the driving force for outward transport of titanium and inward transport of tungsten in the cobalt binder. The toughness and hardness were improved and a hardness gradient was formed. It is the high-temperature, high-pressure N2 that enables closure of holes, thereby alleviating defects and prolonging tool life.

Preparation of ultrafine Ti (C, N)-based cermet using oxygen-rich powders

The availability using oxygen-rich powders to prepare ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets was investigated. The deoxidation process, denitrification phenomenon and the effect of deoxidation on microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered samples were discussed, respectively. The results show that oxygen in the samples prepared even with high oxygen contained in starting powders can be almost completely cleaned away through suitable sintering process. The ultrafine oxygen-rich powders have a significant effect on microstructure, which promotes the formation of white core phase. A ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermet with mean particle size of 0. 30 μm, uniform microstructure and excellent mechanical properties is successfully prepared. It is also found that there exists severe denitrification phenomenon in the preparation process of ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermet.

Evolution of Ti(C,N)-based cermet microstructures

Two series of Ti(C,N) based cermet materials originating from the same chemical composition but with different grain size distribution and sintered to different stages of the sintering cycle have been studied using SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD. Much of the surrounding structure is formed during solid state sintering. During the solid state sintering, at first, the Mo and W rich (Ti,Mo,W)C inner rim is formed by the interaction among TiC, WC, and Mo 2C; then the Mo and W lean (Ti,Mo,W)(C,N)outer rim is formed. During the liquid phase sintering, the outer rim of coarse grains grows rapidly throw a solution reprecipitation process; also coarse grains grow by particle coalescence. The interface between coarse grain outer rim and binder is flat (crystal surface).