Fretting-corrosion mechanisms of Ti6Al4V against CoCrMo in simulated body fluid under various fretting states

Ti6Al4V alloy‒CoCrMo alloy pair is commonly applied for modular head‒neck interfaces for artificial hip joint.Unfortunately,the fretting corrosion damage at this interface seriously restricts its lifespan.This work studied the fretting corrosion of Ti6Al4V‒CoCrMo pair in calf serum solution.We established this material pair’s running condition fretting map(RCFM)regarding load and displacement,and revealed the damage mechanism of this material pair in various fretting regimes,namely partial slip regime(PSR),mixed fretting regime(MFR),and gross slip regime(GSR).The damage mechanism of Ti6Al4V alloy was mainly abrasive wear induced by CoCrMo alloy and tribocorrosion.Adhesive wear(material transfer)also existed in MFR.The damage mechanism of CoCrMo alloy was mainly abrasive wear induced by metal oxides and tribocorrosion in GSR and MFR,while no apparent damage in PSR.Furthermore,a dense composite material layer with high hardness was formed in the middle contacting area in GSR,which reduced the corrosion and wear of Ti alloys and exacerbated damage to Co alloys.Finally,the ion concentration maps for Ti and Co ions were constructed,which displayed the transition in the amount of released Ti and Co ions under different displacements and loads.

Ti-Al-V-Zr合金的团簇式设计及铸态组织和力学性能

Ti-6Al-4V是目前应用最广泛的钛合金,但其铸态强塑性不足。本研究设计思想基于Ti-6Al-4V合金双团簇成分式α-{[Al-Ti_(12)](AlTi_(2))}_(12)+β-{[Al-Ti_(14)](V_(2)Ti)}_(5):首先通过改变β相团簇式个数为2,使合金成分偏向α-Ti,其次增加β相团簇式中V原子个数至3,提高了β-Ti结构单元稳定性,然后用不同个数Zr(x=1、2、3、5)替代β相团簇式中Ti,最后得到了团簇式α-{[Al-Ti_(12)](AlTi_(2))}_(15)-β-{[AlTi_(14-x)Zr_(x)]V_(3)}_(2),设计了Ti-(6.64~6.82)Al-(2.42~2.35)V-(1.44~7.02)Zr(质量分数/%)合金,采用非自耗真空电弧炉熔炼制备合金铸锭,并用真空铜模吸铸成合金棒材,进而对不同合金样品进行显微组织表征和拉伸测试。结果表明:合金均由α'相马氏体组成,其形貌由针状魏氏逐渐转为网篮组织,其中Ti-6.64Al-2.35V-7.02Zr(Zr含量最高)合金为网篮组织,具有最佳的力学性能,屈服强度σ_(YS)为806 MPa,抗拉强度σ_(UTS)为963 MPa,伸长率δ为5.9%,相比于相同状态下Ti-6Al-4V合金,分别提高了23%、19%、51%;比强度和比硬度分别为217 kN·m/kg和0.71 GPa·cm^(3)/g,相比于Ti-6Al-4V合金分别提高了18%和10%。

Ti6Al4V表面激光渗碳磨削及其强化机理

目的利用激光渗碳磨技术,研究Ti6Al4V表面性-形协同控制机理。方法以Ti6Al4V为研究对象,提出了一种高效的加工强化一体化技术——激光渗碳磨削。即对工件表面预涂覆渗碳膏,并置于马弗炉中干燥,形成稳定的固态碳源。采用激光辅热的方式对磨削加工过程进行表面性形协同抗疲劳制造。通过对比实验研究了激光渗碳磨削和传统磨削对Ti6Al4V表面力学性能和加工表面质量的影响。对Ti6Al4V表面微相组成、硬度、耐磨性和表面粗糙度进行表征。探究了激光渗碳合金化对材料磨削去除的正向作用以及磨削热回火对重熔层性能的调节作用。结果激光辅热足以使磨削表面温度高达1700℃,实现表面主动渗碳,且激光渗碳磨削后,Ti6Al4V表面形成具有均匀树枝状晶和颗粒状碳化物的重熔层,加工表面硬度达到850HV,磨损损失仅为常规磨削的6.7%,表面粗糙度Ra降低22%。结论激光渗碳磨是一种高效的Ti6Al4V表面性-形协同制造新技术。渗碳重熔层不仅提高了加工表面力学性能,还会影响表层材料的磨削特性,使加工表面更加光整。该技术实现了磨削加工-强化一体化制造,对指导工业生产具有重要的实际意义。

Tribological behavior of different films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by plasma-based ion implantation

The tribological behaviors of TiN coating and TiN+TiC+Ti(C, N)/diamond like carbon (DLC), TiN/DLC, TiC/DLC multilayers on Ti 6Al 4V alloy prepared by plasma based ion implantation (PBII) were compared. Under the test conditions of counterbody AISI 52100, load 1 N and speed 0.05 m/s, the tribological properties of the alloy are improved by these films in the order of TiN, TiC/DLC, TiN/DLC and TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC. Tribological behavior is affected by the conditions of surface modification and triboexperiments. The appearance of “peaks” in the wear dynamic resistance profiles may be due or correspond to the process of formation and breaking apart of transition films. The breakthrough of the DLC coated samples may start from partially wearing out, and end with joining piece dilamination. There are transition films on all counterbodies AISI 52100. When AISI 52100 counterbody is changed to Ti 6Al 4V, the wear of most modified samples is changed from only disc to both disc and ball abrasive dominated.

Effect of solution plus aging heat treatment on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of near-β titanium alloy

The microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of a Ti.5Al.5Mo.5V.3Cr.1Zr (Ti-55531) alloy after solution (760.820℃) plus aging (580.640℃) treatments were investigated. The results show that the volume fraction of the primary α(αp) phase decreases with the increase of solution temperature, and the length of the secondary α phase (αs) decreases while its width increases with the increase of aging temperature. Yield and tensile strengths decrease with the increase of solution temperature, while increase with the increase of aging temperature. A good balance of tensile strength and ductility of the alloy is obtained under solution of 800℃ for 2 h plus aging of 640℃ for 8 h, in which the tensile strength is 1434 MPa and the elongation is 7.7%. The coarsening αs phase makes crack propagation paths deflected and tortuous, which increases the crack propagation resistance and improves the ductility and fracture toughness.

Preparation of micro/nano-structured ceramic coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation process

In order to improve the osseointegration and antibacterial activity of titanium alloys,micro/nano-structured ceramic coatings doped with antibacterial element F were prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)process on Ti6Al4V alloy in NaF electrolyte.The influence of NaF concentration(0.15-0.50 mol/L)on the PEO process,microstructure,phase composition,corrosion resistance and thickness of the coatings was investigated using scanning/transmission electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy,atomic force microscopy,X-ray diffractometer,and potentiodynamic polarization.The results demonstrated that Ti6Al4V alloy had low PEO voltage(less than 200 V)in NaF electrolyte,which decreased further as the NaF concentration increased.A micro/nano-structured coating with 10-15μm pits and 200-800 nm pores was formed in NaF electrolyte;the morphology was different from the typical pancake structure obtained with other electrolytes.The coating formed in NaF electrolyte had low surface roughness and was thin(<4μm).The NaF concentration had a small effect on the phase transition from metastable anatase phase to stable rutile phase,but greatly affected the corrosion resistance.In general,as the NaF concentration increased,the surface roughness,phase(anatase and rutile)contents,corrosion resistance,and thickness of the coating first increased and then decreased,reaching the maximum values at 0.25 mol/L NaF.

Structural characteristics and high-temperature tribological behaviors of laser cladded NiCoCrAlY−B_(4)C composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy

In order to improve the hardness and tribological performance of Ti6Al4V alloy,NiCoCrAlY-B_(4)C composite coatings with B_(4)C of 5%,10%and 15%(mass fraction)were fabricated on its surface by laser cladding(LC).The morphologies,chemical compositions and phases of obtained coatings were analyzed using scanning electronic microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD),respectively.The effects of B_(4)C mass fraction on the coefficient of friction(COF)and wear rate of NiCoCrAlY-B_(4)C coatings were investigated using a ball-on-disc wear tester.The results show that the NiCoCrAlY-B_(4)C coatings with different B_(4)C mass fractions are mainly composed of NiTi,NiTi_(2),α-Ti,CoO,AlB_(2),TiC,TiB and TiB_(2)phases.The COFs and wear rates of NiCoCrAlY-B_(4)C coatings decrease with the increase of B_(4)C content,which are contributed to the improvement of coating hardness by the B_(4)C addition.The wear mechanisms of NiCoCrAlY-B_(4)C coatings are changed from adhesive wear and oxidation wear to fatigue wear with the increase of B_(4)C content.

Shear localization behavior in hat-shaped specimen of near-αTi−6Al−2Zr−1Mo−1V titanium alloy loaded at high strain rate

The microstructure characteristics in early stage shear localization of near-αTi−6Al−2Zr−1Mo−1V titanium alloy were investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)tests using hat-shaped specimens.The microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of hat-shaped specimens were revealed by electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)method.It is found that the nucleation and expansion of adiabatic shear band(ASB)are affected by both geometric and structural factors.The increase of dislocation density,structure fragment and temperature rise in the deformation-affected regions provide basic microstructural conditions.In addition to the dislocation slips,the extension twins detected in shear region also play a critical role in microstructural fragmentation due to twin-boundaries effect.Interestingly,the sandwich structure imposes a crucial influence on ASB,which finally becomes a mature wide ASB in the dynamic deformation.However,due to much larger width,the sandwich structure in the middle of shear region is also possible to serve as favorable nucleation sites for crack initiation.

Compatibility research of laser additive repairing TA15 forgings with Ti6Al4V-xTA15 alloy

The application of mixed powders with different mass fraction on laser additive repairing(LAR)can be an effective way to guarantee the performance and functionality of repaired part in time.A convenient and feasible approach is presented to repair TA15 forgings by employing Ti6Al4V-xTA15 mixed powders in this paper.The performance compatibility of Ti6Al4V-xTA15 powders from the aspects of microhardness,tensile property,heat capacity,thermal expansion coefficient and corrosion resistance with the TA15 forgings was fully investigated.The primaryαlaths were refined and the volume fraction of the secondaryαphase was increased by increasing the mass fraction of TA15 in the mixed Ti6Al4V-xTA15 powders,leading to varied performances.In conclusion,the mixed Ti6Al4V-70%TA15(x=70%)powders is the most suitable candidate and is recommended as the raw material for LAR of TA15 forgings based on overall consideration of the compatibility calculations of the laser repaired zone with the wrought substrate zone.

New high-strength Ti–Al–V–Mo alloy: from high-throughput composition design to mechanical properties

The high-throughput diffusion-multiple technique and thermodynamics databases were used to design new high-strength Ti alloys. The composition–microstructure–property relationships of the Ti64–xMo alloys were obtained. The phase fraction and composition of the α and β phases of the Ti64–xMo alloys were calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. After aging at 600℃, the Ti64–6 Mo alloy precipitated ultrafine α phases. This phenomenon was explained on the basis of the pseudo-spinodal mechanism by calculating the Gibbs energy curves of the α and β phases of the Ti64–xMo alloys at 600℃. Bulk forged Ti64–6 Mo alloy exhibited high strength and moderate plasticity after α/β-phase-field solution treatment plus aging. The tensile properties of the alloy were determined by the size and morphology of the primary and secondary α phases and by the β grain size.

Corrosion resistance improvement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by anodization in the presence of inhibitor ions

Colorful thin oxide films were synthesized by galvanostatic anodization on Ti−6Al−4V alloy.Three different aqueous solutions containing corrosion inorganic inhibitors(Na_(2)MoO_(4),NaH_(2)PO_(4) and NH4VO3)were employed for the anodization treatment.The effect of inhibitor anions on the corrosion behavior of the alloy in Ringer solution was studied.Open circuit potential(OCP),Tafel polarization,linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and chronoamperometry(CA)were performed to evaluate the corrosion performance of the treated electrodes.The incorporation of the inhibitor ions was detected by the release of Mo,V and P through ICP-AES technique.The formed oxides were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results show that compact,amorphous oxides without pores or cracks were obtained independently of the solution used.The sample anodized in Na_(2)MoO_(4) solution registered the lowest corrosion current density(0.11μA/cm^(2)),and it was able to protect the alloy even after 168 h of immersion in Ringer solution.No cracks or corrosion products were detected.The XPS analysis reveals the incorporation of molybdenum to the oxide film in the form of Mo^(6+) and Mo^(4+).

Effect of cryogenic and aging treatments on low-energy impact behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of cryogenic and aging treatments on the impact strength andmechanical properties of Ti?6Al?4V alloy.To accomplish that objective,cryogenic treatment(CT),aging treatment(AT)andcryogenic treatment followed by aging treatment(CAT)were conducted on Ti?6Al?4V alloy.Impact tests were performed onheat-treated and untreated samples using different impactor nose geometries(hemispherical,60°and90°conical)to determine theeffect of impactor nose geometry on the damage characteristic.The findings showed that energy absorption increased and areas ofdamage decreased as a result of heat treatment in all treated samples.The highest energy absorption was observed in the CATsamples,due to the increase in energy absorption,the smallest damaged area occurred in the CAT sample,and the largestdeformation was seen in the untreated samples.Additionally,it was seen that the damaged area and deflection were stronglydependent on impactor nose geometry.The maximum deflection and narrowest deformation area were seen with60o conical nosegeometry.The deformation area increased with increasing impactor nose angle.

Use of a Laser/TIG Combination for Surface Modification of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

The surface modification of materials such as Ti-6Al-4V is necessary to improve their wear resistant properties for use in tribological applications. In this paper it is shown that a laser with low power and tungsten inert gas (TIG) can be combined together for surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and when performed in a controlled atmosphere of pure nitrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and argon, can produce a wear-resistant surface alloy. Compared with laser processing, a cheaper surface modification process has been developed involving a shorter processing time, which is free of stringent requirements such as a vacuum system.

Improvement of tribological behavior of a Ti-Al-V alloy by nitrogen ion implantation

The tribological properties especially wear and hardness of a Ti-Al-V alloy with nitrogen implantation (energy 60 keV) were investigated. The implantation was carried out at fluences range from 1×1016 to 4×1017 ions/cm2. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were performed to obtain surface characterization of the implanted sample. The unimplanted and implanted samples were also annealed at 600 ℃ in order to understand the influence of annealing on the tribological properties of Ti-Al-V. The hardness shows significant improvement at the higher fluence. After annealing at 600 ℃, the friction coefficient exhibits a relative decrease for the nitrogen-implanted samples. In addition, the wear rates of the implanted samples exhibits a great decrease after annealing at 600 ℃. Nature of the surface and reason for the variation and improvement in wear resistance were discussed in detail.

Coordinately Improving the Wear and Fatigue Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Designed CrZr-alloyed Layer

A CrZr-alloyed layer was prepared through a pre-zirconizing and subsequent chromizing treatment on a Ti6Al4V substrate.After the removal of the top Cr deposit and Ti4Cr layers,a（Cr,Zr）-Ti solidsolution layer was obtained.The microstructure,composition,microhardness and toughness of the（Cr,Zr）-Ti solid-solution layer were evaluated.The results showed that the pre-addition of Zr played an important role in inhibiting the precipitation of the soft Ti4Cr phase,which in turn allowed us to obtain a material characterized by a remarkable hardness.Wear and fatigue tests showed that the（Cr,Zr）-Ti solid-solution layer could coordinately improve the properties of the Ti6Al4V alloy.This was mainly due to the good match of hardness and toughness of the（Cr,Zr）-Ti solid-solution layer.In addition,the gradual change in composition and mechanical properties was conducive to the coordinated deformation between the（Cr,Zr）-Ti solid-solution layer and the Ti6Al4V substrate during fatigue tests.This reduced the stress concentration in correspondence of the interface between the two materials.

Thermomechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Ti-6AI-4V, among the Ti alloys, is the most widely used. In the present work, the behavior of Ti-6AI-4V alloy has been investigated by the uniaxial hot isothermal compression tests and a series of dilatometric experiments were also carried out to determine the transformation temperatures at different cooling rates. Specimens for hot compression tests were homogenized at 1050℃ for 10 min and then quickly cooled to different straining temperatures from 1050 to 850℃. Cooling rates were chosen fast enough to prevent high temperature transformation during cooling. Compression tests were conducted at temperatures from 1050 to 850℃ in steps of 50℃ at constant true strain rates of 10-3 or 10-2 s-1. The apparent activation energy for compression in two-phase region was calculated 420 kJ·mol-1. Partial globularization of a phase was observed in the specimen deformed at low strain rates and at temperatures near the transformation zone and annealed after deformation.

溶胶-凝胶法制备Al_2O_3涂层及其对Ti6Al4V基合金的高温氧化防护性能

以Al(OC3H7)3(异丙醇铝)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法于Ti6Al4V基合金表面制备了不同厚度的Al2O3涂层。经SEM和XRD分析表明,涂层表面均匀、无裂纹,主要由非晶态Al2O3组成。研究了涂层对Ti6Al4V基合金等温(600℃和700℃)氧化行为的影响。结果表明,0.8μm厚涂层对合金的高温氧化防护性能最优。于700℃空气中等温氧化20 h,涂层样和空白样抛物线氧化速率常数分别为7.60×10-11、1.46×10-10g2/(cm4.s);涂层样氧化膜TiO2含量明显低于空白样;Al2O3涂层有效抑制了合金表面氧化膜的剥落和开裂;涂层样氧化膜厚度仅为空白样的1/2。

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面双层辉光等离子钨-钼共渗层的制备及其高温摩擦磨损性能

采用双层辉光等离子表面技术在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行钨-钼共渗,并对渗层的结构和高温摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明:在Ti6Al4V合金表面形成了与基体结合良好的钨-钼共渗层;渗层由沉积层、过渡层和扩散层构成,渗层组织为钨、钼及其在钛合金中的固溶体TixW1-x、MoTi;与基体相比,在450℃条件下共渗层的摩擦因数稍有降低,而耐磨性却显著提高,且磨损后渗层表面磨痕显著减小,粘着和擦伤现象均得到明显减轻,其磨损机制主要是粘着磨损和少量的微切削。

Adhesion Studies of Diamond-Like Carbon Films Deposited on Ti6Al4V Alloy after Carbonitriding

Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coatings have attracted significant attention due to their low friction coefficient, high degree of hardness, chemical inertness, and high wear resistance as well as and their many possible uses in metallurgical, aeronautical, and biomedical applications. However, DLC has low adhesion strength to metallic substrates. Carbonitriding was performed before DLC deposition to improve this adherence. Different concentration of nitrogen in the gas mixture was used during the carbonitriding of Ti6Al4V alloy. DLC films were subsequently grown from methane using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The samples were characterized with Raman scattering spectroscopy, nanoindentation, and tribological tests. Films from 80.0% N2 had the best friction coefficient (0.07) and a critical load of ~22 N. In the scratching test, these films had adhesive failure and they completely detached from the substrate only in the end of the tests. SEM images show carbonitring promoted a significant increase in the surface defects (homogeneously distributed) but without the presence of microcracks. EDX analysis indicated that nitrogen element was diffused throughout the thickness of the samples. Hydrogen and carbon atoms from carbonitriding formed a diffusion-barrier layer that can be used as the first step for DLC deposition. This carbonitriding can also provide a carbide layer, which serves as the precursor for the nucleation and growth of DLC films.

超塑性状态下Ti-6Al-4V钛合金扩散连接研究

根据高温扩散与空洞闭合蠕变理论,对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在超塑性状态下扩散连接进行理论分析,建立了数学模型,可作为预测工艺参数,诸如温度、压力、时间等对连接质量的影响和选择合适工艺参数的依据。理论分析与试验结果是吻合的。