Effect of Ni content on the weldability of middle-chromium hyperpure ferritic stainless steels 00Cr21Ti

Excellent weldability substantially contributes to the intrinsic quality of steels,while appropriate chemical composition plays a primary role in the essential weldability of steels.The poor weldability of ferritic stainless steels could be improved through modification with minor alloy elements while minimally increasing the cost.Therefore,studying the effect of minor alloy elements on the weldability of steels is of considerable importance.In this study,several steels of middle-chromium hyperpure ferritic stainless 00Cr21Ti with different Ni content(0.3%,0.5%,0.8%,and 1.0%)were developed,and their weldabilities of butt joint samples welded using the metal inert gas welding process,including the influence of welded joints on the microstructure,tensile performance,corrosion resistance,and fatigue property,were investigated.Results show that the steels with w(Ni)≥0.8%exhibit excellent mechanical properties compared with those with low-Ni content steels,further,their impact toughness at normal atmospheric temperature meets the industrial application standard and the fatigue property is similar to that of 304 austenitic stainless steel.Moreover,results show that the corrosion resistance of all the samples is almost at the same level.The results acquired in this study are supposed to be useful for the optimization of the chemical composition of stainless steels aiming to improve weldability.

Temperature and stress fields in electron beam welded Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel joint with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel （STS） using a copper filler metal was carried out. The temperature fields and stress distributions in the Ti/Fe and Ti/Cu/Fe joint during the welding process were numerically simulated and experimentally measured. The results show that the rotated parabola body heat source is fit for the simulation of the electron beam welding. The temperature distribution is asymmetric along the weld center and the temperature in the titanium alloy plate is higher than that in the 304 STS plate. The thermal stress also appears to be in asymmetric distribution. The residual tensile stress mainly exists in the weld at the 304 STS side. The copper filler metal decreases the peak temperature and temperature grade in the joint as well as the residual stress. The longitudinal and lateral residual tensile strengths reduce by 66 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. From the temperature and residual stress, it is concluded that copper is a good filler metal candidate for the electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel.

晶粒形态对Ti-Mo钢耐蚀性能的影响

采用周期浸润腐蚀实验机、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术等研究了晶粒形态对Ti-Mo微合金钢耐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明:Ti-Mo微合金钢经600~750℃等温热处理后的显微组织为单相铁素体,耐蚀性能受晶粒尺寸、大角度晶界比例、再结晶程度的影响;晶界和变形组织作为阳极,晶粒作为阴极,不均匀的电化学腐蚀使实验钢的腐蚀电流升高,促进了电偶腐蚀的发生,这是影响Ti-Mo微合金钢腐蚀行为的主要机制;在不损害力学性能的前提下,可通过采取适当增大晶粒尺寸、降低大角度晶界比例、提高再结晶程度的措施,提高Ti-Mo钢的耐蚀性能;在本实验条件下,当等温温度为600℃时,Ti-Mo钢的晶粒尺寸为9.66μm、大角度晶界比例为80.3%、平均错配角为1.99°、腐蚀质量损失率为1.98 g/(m^(2)·h),其耐蚀性能较高。

15-15Ti奥氏体不锈钢热老化小尺寸试样单轴拉伸行为的GTN微观损伤模型研究

通过加速热老化试验模拟了15-15Ti奥氏体不锈钢的辐照效应,构建了Ramberg-Osgood力学本构模型和GTN(Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman)微观损伤模型。结合有限元方法,探讨了热老化不同时间的15-15Ti奥氏体不锈钢小尺寸试样在不同温度拉伸试验过程中的应力-应变响应行为和损伤断裂过程。结果表明:热老化小尺寸试样中有少量碳化物析出和大量σ相形成,导致其抗拉强度和屈服强度显著下降;未热老化试样的拉伸断口中有大量韧窝,为韧性断裂,而热老化试样的拉伸断口中韧窝数量明显减少,析出相周围有撕裂棱,为脆性断裂;热老化试样标距段的应力集中和颈缩均延迟发生;热老化试样的断裂应变明显小于未热老化试样;热老化能促使小尺寸试样中孔洞的聚集和增多,从而加速失效。

等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变及组织性能的影响

采用热模拟实验、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和透射电镜等研究了等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变、组织及性能的影响。结果表明:当等温温度在750~725℃时,实验钢组织主要为马氏体+少量贝氏体或铁素体,随着等温温度降低(≤700℃),铁素体含量增多,排碳行为增加了过冷奥氏体的稳定性,抑制了中低温区贝氏体相变,在随后的冷却阶段,过冷奥氏体更倾向转变为马氏体。铁素体与马氏体的显微硬度均随等温温度降低而增加,但进一步降低温度,马氏体硬度基本保持稳定(361 HV0.1);650℃时铁素体显微硬度最高(242 HV0.1),这主要是由于铁素体内部产生了大量细小的相间析出,同时析出强化作用减小了铁素体与马氏体的硬度差异,降低了双相钢强度对马氏体体积分数的依赖性,等温温度较高时,相间析出形成被抑制。

15-15Ti ODS奥氏体钢晶粒组织与纳米粒子的透射电镜表征

15-15Ti奥氏体不锈钢由于其优异的耐腐蚀性能和高温力学性能成为钠冷快堆包壳的候选材料,其高温力学性能和抗辐照肿胀能力可以通过氧化物弥散强化(ODS)进行增强。本工作对通过机械合金化以及锻造工艺制备的15-15Ti ODS奥氏体钢和作为参比材料的15-15Ti奥氏体钢的微观结构进行研究,对ODS钢中氧化物颗粒的分布以及强化机制有了较为深入的认识。研究发现氧化物弥散粒子分布总体均匀但有成团聚集倾向。Y-Zr-O粒子的平均粒径为(9.97±0.04) nm,平均粒距为(17.25±0.68) nm,数密度约为4.49×10^(22)m^(-3)。在透射电镜明场像下观察到ODS样品中氧化物颗粒对位错的钉扎作用。扫描透射(STEM)结合能谱分析显示ODS样品中有两种氧化物,分别为占比较少的Al_(2)O_(3)以及占比较多的Y_(4)Zr_(3)O_(12)。高分辨电镜表征发现第二相粒子与基体之间出现共格或半共格界面的迹象,并且少数粒子周围出现非晶化界面。

Mg处理Nb-Ti微合金钢中非金属夹杂物演变机理研究

在工业生产条件下,对Nb-Ti微合金钢进行Mg处理试验,分析了Mg处理条件下,微合金钢中非金属夹杂物的演变规律。结果表明,微合金钢经过铝脱氧产物主要为Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂,进行Ca处理后,Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂减少,转变为CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂,且部分MnS夹杂转变为CaS夹杂;精炼阶段将Ca处理改为Mg处理后,可将铝脱氧产物Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂变性为MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂。Mg处理前,夹杂物在LF主要是Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂,进行Mg处理和Ti合金化后,钢中主要夹杂物变为MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂、MgO夹杂和TiN夹杂,最终在铸坯中的夹杂物为MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)外包裹CaS/MnS和(Nb、Ti)N复合夹杂。对Ca处理和Mg处理的夹杂物尺寸进行对比,夹杂物尺寸主要分布在5μm以内,Mg处理形成的2μm以内的夹杂物占比高于Ca处理工艺,表明镁处理可以较好地细化夹杂物,形成大量弥散分布的细小夹杂,有助于提升钢的综合力学性能。

Ti-Mg脱氧钢复合夹杂物诱导针状铁素体原位观察

以Ti-Mg脱氧钢为研究对象,采用热模拟和高温激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)研究了不同冷速对组织相变的影响以及连续冷却条件下原位观察晶内夹杂物诱导针状铁素(AF)体形成过程。结果表明:随着冷速的增加,AF含量先增加后降低,冷速为5℃/s时,AF含量最多;高温原位观察发现,614℃时AF开始在夹杂物处形核,553℃时形核长大结束。电子探针面扫夹杂物内层以MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)为主体,外层覆盖TiOx-MnO。贫Mn区的形成是诱导含Ti-Mg复合夹杂物诱导生成AF的主要原因。

Ti6321钛合金焊接接头高温-中应变率力学性能及微观组织

采用Gleeble热模拟试验机对焊接接头不同区域进行了高温-中应变率压缩试验,研究了焊接接头不同区域组织对其力学性能的影响,分析了温度和应变率对其变形过程的影响。结果表明,在高温-中应变率压缩时,热影响区强度最高,母材区较差,焊缝区强度最差。高温下(350℃和550℃),随应变率增加(1s^(-1)和10s^(-1)),变形主导因素由应变硬化效应转变为热软化效应。母材绝热剪切敏感性较低,在高温-中应变率压缩变形时沿剪应力最大方向发生大范围晶粒协调变形。由于热影响区组织均匀,应变率的增加相对于温度的增加,更能促进热影响区绝热剪切带的生成。焊缝区压缩时,应力易于在晶界处集中,此时温度对其压缩变形时绝热剪切带的生成更为有利。

Study on wear resistant cast B-containing 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

The developed 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel containing 1.63 wt.%B have been characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA),optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and Vickers microhardness measurement.The microstructural evolution and property of high boron stainless steel after solution treatment at the temperature of 1050℃are also investigated.The results show that the main compositions of borides are Fe,Cr and B,and with small amount of Ni,Mn and C elements.Silicon is insoluble in the borides.The hardness of borides is over 1,500 HV.It has been found that borides do not decompose during solution treatment,but part of borides dissolves into the matrix. The effect of increasing the solubility of boron element in the austenitic matrix favours the hardness enhancement by 8.54%.High boron stainless steel has excellent wear resistance in corrosive environment.Lifetime of transfer pipe made of high boron-containing stainless steel is 1.5-1.8 times longer than that of boron-free 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel.

Deformation behaviors of 21-6-9 stainless steel tube numerical control bending under different friction conditions

For contact dominated numerical control(NC) bending process of tube, the effect of friction on bending deformation behaviors should be focused on to achieve precision bending forming. A three dimensional(3D) elastic-plastic finite element(FE) model of NC bending process was established under ABAQUS/Explicit platform, and its reliability was validated by the experiment. Then, numerical study on bending deformation behaviors under different frictions between tube and various dies was explored from multiple aspects such as wrinkling, wall thickness change and cross section deformation. The results show that the large friction of wiper die-tube reduces the wrinkling wave ratio η and cross section deformation degree ΔD and increases the wall thinning degree Δt. The large friction of mandrel-tube causes large η, Δt and ΔD, and the onset of wrinkling near clamp die. The large friction of pressure die-tube reduces Δt and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on η. The large friction of bending die-tube reduces η and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on Δt. The reasonable friction coefficients on wiper die-tube, mandrel-tube, pressure die-tube and bending die-tube of 21-6-9(0Cr21Ni6Mn9N) stainless steel tube in NC bending are 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.15, 0.25-0.35 and 0.25-0.35, respectively. The results can provide a guideline for applying the friction conditions to establish the robust bending environment for stable and precise bending deformation of tube bending.

Effect of rare earths on mechanical properties of plasma nitrocarburized surface layer of 17-4PH steel

The aim of this investigation is to reveal the influence of rare earths(RE) addition on mechanical properties of plasma nitrocarburized 17-4PH steel.The nitrocarburized layers were characterized by optical microscope,scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer,X-ray diffractometer,microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribometer.The results showed that RE atoms could diffuse into the surface layer of 17-4PH steel plasma nitrocarburized at 500 °C for 4 h and did not change the ...

Ti-Mg脱氧工艺对低碳钢板气电立焊接头组织和性能的影响

Ti-Mg脱氧工艺可有效提高钢材的大线能量焊接性能,实焊条件下该类钢的组织特征及影响机理有待进一步研究。本文对比研究了Ti-Mg脱氧钢和普通工艺钢,开展了气电立焊大线能量焊接试验,检测了焊接接头组织与性能,采用电解萃取的方法提取钢中夹杂物,并进行扫描电镜表征,分析了脱氧工艺对焊接组织和性能的影响机理。结果表明,Ti-Mg复合脱氧工艺下钢中主要形成细小弥散的球状Ti-Mg-O型夹杂物,改善了夹杂物形态,减轻了对钢材基体性能的不利影响。大线能量焊接过程中,微细氧化物钉扎细化粗晶热影响区的奥氏体晶粒,消除仿晶铁素体和侧板条结构,促进针状铁素体组织转变,显著提高焊接接头冲击韧性。

Relationship of microstructure transformation and hardening behavior of type 17-4 PH stainless steel

The relationship between the microstructure transformation of type 17-4 PH stainless steel and the aging hardening behavior was investigated. The results showed that, when 17-4 PH stainless steel aging at 595℃, the bulk hardness of samples attains its peak value （42.5 HRC） for about 20 min, and then decreases at all time. TEM revealed the microstructure corresponding with peak hardness is that the fine spheroid-shape copper with the fcc crystal structure and the fiber-shape secondary carbide M23C6 precipitated from the lath martensite matrix. Both precipitations of copper and M23C6 are the reasons for strengthening of the alloy at this temperature. With the extension of holding time at this temperature, the copper and secondary carbide grow and lose the coherent relationship with the matrix, so the bulk hardness of samples decreases.

A two-parameter model to predict fatigue life of high-strength steels in a very high cycle fatigue regime

In this paper, ultrasonic （20 kHz） fatigue tests were performed on specimens of a high-strength steel in very high cycle fatigue （VHCF） regime. Experimental results showed that for most tested specimens failed in a VHCF regime, a fatigue crack originated from the interior of specimen with a fish-eye pattern, which contained a fine granular area （FGA） centered by an inclusion as the crack origin. Then, a two-parameter model is proposed to predict the fatigue life of high-strength steels with fish-eye mode failure in a VHCF regime, which takes into account the inclusion size and the FGA size. The model was verified by the data of present experiments and those in the literature. Furthermore, an analytic formula was obtained for estimating the equivalent crack growth rate within the FGA. The results also indicated that the stress intensity factor range at the front of the FGA varies within a small range, which is irrespective of stress amplitude and fatigue life.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar metal gas tungsten constricted arc welds:Maraging steel to 13-8 Mo stainless steel

Maraging steel (250) and 13-8 Mo stainless steel plates were joined by gas tungsten constricted arc welding(GTCAW) process in similar and dissimilar metal combinations using 13-8 Mo stainless steel filler wire. The similar and dissimilar metal welds made in solutionized condition were subjected to standard post weld hardening treatments direct ageing at 485 ℃, soaking for 31/2 hours followed by air cooling(ageing treatment of maraging steel) and direct ageing at 510 ℃, soaking for 4 h followed by air cooling(ageing treatment of 13-8 Mo stainless steel). The joint characterization studies include microstructure examination, microhardness survey across the weldments and transverse weld tensile test.Similar and dissimilar metal weldments responded to both the post weld ageing treatment. After post weld aging, increase in yield strength, UTS and slight reduction in % elongation of similar and dissimilar metal were observed. The observed tensile properties were correlated with microstructure and hardness distribution across the welds.

Influence of Ti(C,N)precipitates on austenite growth of micro-alloyed steel during continuous casting

Austenite grain size is an important influence factor for ductility of steel at high temperatures during continuous casting. Thermodynamic and kinetics calculations were performed to analyze the characteristics of Ti(C,N) precipitates formed during the continuous casting of micro-alloyed steel. Based on Andersen-Grong equation, a coupling model of second phase precipitation and austenite grain growth has been established, and the influence of second precipitates on austenite grain growth under different cooling rates is discussed. Calculations show that the final sizes of austenite grains are 2.155, 1.244, 0.965, 0.847 and 0.686 mm, respectively, under the cooling rate of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ℃·s^(-1), when ignoring the pinning effect of precipitation on austenite growth. Whereas, if taking the pinning effect into consideration, the grain growth remains stable from 1,350 ℃, the calculated final sizes of austenite grains are 1.46, 1.02, 0.80, 0.67 and 0.57 mm, respectively. The sizes of final Ti(C,N) precipitates are 137, 79, 61, 51 and 43 nm, respectively, with the increase of cooling rate from 1 to 10 ℃·s^(-1). Model validation shows that the austenite size under different cooling rates coincided with the calculation results. Finally, the corresponding measures to strengthen cooling intensity at elevated temperature are proposed to improve the ductility and transverse crack of slab.

Process for improving the ladle free- opening rate for high aluminum steel in continuous casting

Steel 20Mn23AlV is a type of high aluminum steel with a very low ladle free-opening rate. The aluminum composition of 20Mn23AlV ranges from 1.6% to 2.45% ,which is significantly higher than other types of steel. According to the real condition of 40 t ladle in steel-making plant of Baosteel Special Steel Company, previous works show that the key factors affecting the ladle free-opening rate of high aluminum steel in continuous casting are：sand material, accessories baking, ladle nozzle cleaning, the process and amount of adding sand, and the rate of argon stirring during refining. Therefore, improving the ladle filler sand quality, baking all of the raw materials, controlling the addition of ladle filler sand, cleaning the ladle nozzle, and optimizing argon stirring during the refining process can resolve the problem of a low ladle free-opening rate of high aluminum steel caused by the long ladle time of liquid steel.

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 18-8 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Studies were made of the symmetric tensile-compressive low cycle fatigue behaviour and the influence of dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel. Within the testing amplitude range of strain.±0.5 % to±1.5 %,the three processes of cyclic hardening,cyclic saturation and cyclic softening were observed.In the same amplitude of strain,the peak stress of the samples pre-treated by DSA is higher than that of solid-solu- tion and cold working pre-treatment,but no remarkable differences of the fatigue lives of them were found.TEM observation shows that the uniform and stable dislocation networks with high density form after DSA pre-treatment,which increases the cyclic peak stress.The cyclic softening results from the low dislocation density and elongated cell structure with low energy.