Effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on tensile and bending properties of high-Al-containing Mg alloys

This study investigates the effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending properties of extruded Mg alloys containing high Al contents.The extruded Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ91)alloy contains lamellar-structured Mg_(17)Al_(12)discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundaries,which are formed via static precipitation during natural air cooling.The extruded Mg–11Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ111)alloy contains spherical Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates at the grain boundaries and inside the grains,which are formed via dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Due to inhomogeneous distribution of precipitates,the AZ111 alloy consists of two different precipitate regions:precipitate-rich region with numerous precipitates and finer grains and precipitate-scarce region with a few precipitates and coarser grains.The AZ111 alloy exhibits a higher tensile strength than the AZ91 alloy because its smaller grain size and more abundant precipitates result in stronger grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects,respectively.However,the tensile elongation of the AZ111 alloy is lower than that of the AZ91 alloy because the weak cohesion between the dynamic precipitates and the matrix facilitates the crack initiation and propagation.During bending,a macrocrack initiates on the outer surface of bending specimen in both alloys.The AZ111 alloy exhibits higher bending yield strength and lower failure bending strain than the AZ91 alloy.The bending specimens of the AZ91 alloy have similar bending formability,whereas those of the AZ111 alloy exhibit considerable differences in bending formability and crack propagation behavior,depending on the distribution and number density of precipitates in the specimen.In bending specimens of the AZ111 alloy,it is found that the failure bending strain(ε_(f,bending))is inversely proportional to the area fraction of precipitates in the outer zone of bending specimen(A_(ppt)),with a relationship ofε_(f,bending)=–0.1A_(ppt)+5.86.

Additively manufactured Ti–Ta–Cu alloys for the next-generation load-bearing implants

Bacterial colonization of orthopedic implants is one of the leading causes of failure and clinical complexities for load-bearing metallic implants. Topical or systemic administration of antibiotics may not offer the most efficient defense against colonization, especially in the case of secondary infection, leading to surgical removal of implants and in some cases even limbs. In this study, laser powder bed fusion was implemented to fabricate Ti3Al2V alloy by a 1:1 weight mixture of CpTi and Ti6Al4V powders. Ti-Tantalum(Ta)–Copper(Cu) alloys were further analyzed by the addition of Ta and Cu into the Ti3Al2V custom alloy. The biological,mechanical, and tribo-biocorrosion properties of Ti3Al2V alloy were evaluated. A 10 wt.% Ta(10Ta) and 3 wt.% Cu(3Cu) were added to the Ti3Al2V alloy to enhance biocompatibility and impart inherent bacterial resistance. Additively manufactured implants were investigated for resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteria for up to 48 h. A 3 wt.% Cu addition to Ti3Al2V displayed improved antibacterial efficacy, i.e.78%–86% with respect to CpTi. Mechanical properties for Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy were evaluated, demonstrating excellent fatigue resistance, exceptional shear strength, and improved tribological and tribo-biocorrosion characteristics when compared to Ti6Al4V. In vivo studies using a rat distal femur model revealed improved early-stage osseointegration for alloys with10 wt.% Ta addition compared to CpTi and Ti6Al4V. The 3 wt.% Cu-added compositions displayed biocompatibility and no adverse infammatory response in vivo. Our results establish the Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy’s synergistic effect on improving both in vivo biocompatibility and microbial resistance for the next generation of load-bearing metallic implants.

Characteristics and distribution of microstructures in high pressure die cast alloys with X-ray microtomography:A review

Al and Mg alloy high pressure die castings(HPDC)are increasingly used in automotive industries.The microstructures in the castings have decisive effect on the casting mechanical properties,in which the microstructure characteristics are fundamental for the investigation of the microstructure-property relation.During the past decade,the microstructure characteristics of HPDC Al and Mg alloys,especially micro-pores andα-Fe,have been investigated from two-dimensional(2D)to threedimensional with X-ray micro-computed tomography(μ-CT).This paper provides an overview of the current understanding regarding the 3D characteristics and formation mechanisms of microstructures in HPDC alloys,their spatial distributions,and the impact on mechanical properties.Additionally,it outlines future research directions for the formation and control of heterogeneous microstructures in HPDC alloys.

Effect of ultrasonic and mechanical vibration treatments on evolution of Mn-rich phases and mechanical properties of Al−12Si−4Cu−1Ni−1Mg−2Mn piston alloys

Effects of ultrasonic vibration(UV)and mechanical vibration(MV)on the Mn-rich phase modification and mechanical properties of Al−12Si−4Cu−1Ni−1Mg−2Mn piston alloys were investigated.The results show that the UV and UV+MV treatments can significantly refine and fragmentize the microstructures.In addition,UV treatment can significantly passivate the primary Mn-rich Al15Mn3Si2 intermetallics.The formation mechanisms of refinement and passivation of the grains and non-dendrite particles were discussed.Compared with the gravity die-cast alloys,the UV and UV+MV treated alloys exhibit improved tensile and creep resistance at room and elevated temperatures.These results can be attributed to the refinement of theα(Al)grains and the secondary intermetallics,the increased proportion of refined heat-resistant precipitates,and the formation of nano-sized Si particles.The ultimate tensile strength of the UV treated alloys at 350℃ exceeds that of commercial piston alloys.This indicates the high application potential of the developed piston alloys in density diesel engines.

Synergistic effect of gradient Zn content and multiscale particles on the mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with coupling distribution of coarse-fine grains

This study investigated the influence of graded Zn content on the evolution of precipitated and iron-rich phases and grain struc-ture of the alloys,designed and developed the Al–8.0Zn–1.5Mg–1.5Cu–0.2Fe(wt%)alloy with high strength and formability.With the increase of Zn content,forming the coupling distribution of multiscale precipitates and iron-rich phases with a reasonable matching ratio and dispersion distribution characteristics is easy.This phenomenon induces the formation of cell-like structures with alternate distribu-tion of coarse and fine grains,and the average plasticity–strain ratio(characterizing the formability)of the pre-aged alloy with a high strength is up to 0.708.Results reveal the evolution and influence mechanisms of multiscale second-phase particles and the corresponding high formability mechanism of the alloys.The developed coupling control process exhibits considerable potential,revealing remarkable improvements in the room temperature formability of high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys.

Corrosion behavior of 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys in different thermomechanical conditions by quasi-in-situ analysis

As a promising material in the aircraft industry,2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy exhibits high corrosion susceptibility that may limit its application.In the present work,to illustrate the influences of precipitate and grain-stored energy on localized corrosion evolution in 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy,cold working and artificial aging were carried out to produce 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys under different thermomechanical conditions.Quasi-in-situ analysis,traditional immersion test and electrochemical measurement were then conducted to examine the corrosion behavior of 2A97 alloys.It is revealed that precipitate significantly affects Cu enrichment at corrosion fronts,which determines corrosion susceptibility of alloys,whereas grain-stored energy distribution is closely associated with localized corrosion propagation.It is also indicated that quasi-in-situ analysis exhibits a consistent corrosion evolution with traditional immersion tests,which is regarded as a proper method to explore localized corrosion mechanisms by providing local microstructural information with enhanced time and spatial resolutions.

Assessing efficacy of standard impregnation techniques on die-cast aluminum alloys using X-ray micro-CT

Utilizing lightweight Al alloys in various industrial applications requires achieving precise pressure tightness and leak requirements.Vacuum pressure impregnation(VPI)with thermosetting polymers is commonly used to address leakage defects in die-cast Al alloys.In this study,the efficacy of the VPI technique in sealing alloy parts was investigated using a combination of nondestructive micro X-ray computed tomography(micro XCT)and a standard leak test.The results demonstrate that the commonly used water leak test is insufficient for determining the sealing performance.Instead,micro XCT shows distinct advantages by enabling more comprehensive analysis.It reveals the presence of a low atomic number impregnates sealant within casting defects,which has low grey contrast and allows for visualizing primary leakage paths in 3D.The effective atomic number of impregnated resin is 6.75 and that of Al alloy is 13.69 by dual-energy X-ray CT.This research findings will contribute to enhancing the standard VPI process parameters and the properties of impregnating sealants to improve quality assurance for impregnation in industrial metals.

Effect of cold rolling deformation on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of spray formed Al−Zn−Mg−Cu−Cr alloys

The impact of cold rolling deformation,which was introduced after solid solution and before aging treatment,on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-extruded spray formed Al−9.8Zn−2.3Mg−1.73Cu−0.13Cr(wt.%)alloy,was investigated.SEM,TEM,and EBSD were used to analyze the microstructures,and tensile tests were conducted to assess mechanical properties.The results indicate that the D1-T6 sample,subjected to 25%cold rolling deformation,exhibits finer grains(3.35μm)compared to the D0-T6 sample(grain size of 4.23μm)without cold rolling.Cold rolling refines the grains that grow in solution treatment.Due to the combined effects of finer and more dispersed precipitates,higher dislocation density and smaller grains,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the D1-T6 sample can reach 663 and 737 MPa,respectively.In comparison to the as-extruded and D0-T6 samples,the yield strength of the D1-T6 sample increases by 415 and 92 MPa,respectively.

粉末套管法Ti/Al/Ti复合板的界面结合性能

采用粉末套管法,通过“热轧+中间退火+进一步冷轧”工艺制备Ti/Al/Ti复合板。利用扫描电镜、电子探针、能谱仪、XRD分析以及万能实验机,研究不同制备参数下Ti/Al/Ti复合带材的界面形貌、元素分布、物相种类和界面结合强度。结果表明,单一脆性金属间化合物TiAl_(3)的产生会阻碍Ti/Al元素的扩散,扩散层厚度发生减薄。500℃退火,扩散层主要是由扩散形成的冶金结合层,局部区域有少量的金属间化合物TiAl_(3)生成,界面结合强度受冶金结合强度与机械结合强度的动态变化影响,随着压下率升高,结合强度先降低后升高再降低;550℃退火,界面反应增强,TiAl_(3)相逐渐增多,扩散层强度增加,冶金结合强度提高,由14.3 N/mm(500℃)增加至35.1 N/mm(550℃),随着压下率的增大,化合物层破碎程度增加,界面结合强度逐渐降低。

重熔对Al-Ti-La中间合金中Ti_(2)Al_(20)La相的影响

通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射和电子探针等分析研究了重熔过程中不同保温时间和温度对Al-Ti-La中间合金中Ti_(2)Al_(20)La相的含量、形态尺寸和稳定性的影响。结果表明:在750℃下,随着保温时间的延长,Ti_(2)Al_(20)La相的溶解度逐渐增大,含量由未处理的20.776%下降至13.72%,形态由块状演变为圆整和细小的片状,长宽比由2.33下降至1.52;在1000℃下,保温15 min后溶解度较大,含量降低至4.5%,形态演变为尖锐的长条状,长宽比上升至2.55;溶解产生的La原子与Al在晶界处形成La-Al金属间化合物(IMC),Ti原子在基体中的分布密度随保温时间的延长和保温温度的升高而增高,以游离态均匀分布在基体中。

Ti含量对分别采用废料和全新料熔铸的Al-6.2Zn-2.1Mg-2.1Cu合金铸锭晶粒细化效果的影响

在用废料重熔和全新料熔炼的Al-6.2Zn-2.1Mg-2.1Cu合金中以AlTi5B1丝状中间合金的方式分别加入质量分数为0.005%、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%的Ti,将铝液浇入铁模,获得小铸锭,研究Ti含量对铸锭晶粒细化效果的影响。结果表明,晶粒细化效果来源于新添加Ti,当添加w(Ti)=0.02%~0.04%时,Al-6.2Zn-2.1Mg-2.1Cu合金铸锭晶粒细化效果最佳。

SLM制备Ti6Al4V合金表层组织的均质化及腐蚀行为研究

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)增材制造工艺制备致密度为97.5%的Ti6Al4V合金,并利用高能喷丸与退火处理复合工艺对垂直建造方向的XOY面及平行建造方向的XOZ面进行均质化处理,然后对原始打印件、喷丸处理以及喷丸+退火处理的3种状态的试样进行电化学性能测试。研究结果表明:经喷丸处理后,原始打印件XOY面和XOZ面的组织趋于均质化,同时组织明显细化;喷丸既不改变衍射峰的位置,也不产生新的衍射峰,但可使衍射峰宽化;对于喷丸后经不同温度退火处理的样品,随退火温度的升高,XOY面和XOZ面的晶粒逐渐长大,在780℃退火后,二者均可获得α+β双相组织。对于原始打印件,XOY面和XOZ面的电化学腐蚀行为存在明显的差异,其中,XOY面的腐蚀倾向更小,耐蚀性能更优。经喷丸+退火处理后,这种差异明显减小,同时耐蚀性能进一步提高,经综合考虑可得喷丸+780℃退火为最佳工艺。

Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb钝化膜的电化学性能及形成机理

探究Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金钝化膜的耐腐蚀性和形成机理对提高电解加工过程中的抗杂散腐蚀具有重要意义。通过极化曲线确定了Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的钝化电位,采用X射线光电子能谱确定了钝化膜的成分与结构,并运用电化学阻抗谱和Mott-Schottky理论分析了钝化膜的电化学性能。结果表明,Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金在NaNO_(3)电解液中钝化电位区间为0.079~1.896V,钝化膜主要成分为Al_(2)O_(3)、TiO_(2)及少量的Nb_(2)O_(5),呈双层多孔结构,具有良好的耐腐蚀性。钝化膜具有n型半导体特性,载流子密度随钝化电位的增加而降低。最后,构建了钝化膜形成示意图,揭示了Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金钝化膜的形成机理与成相膜理论相符,以半球体模型延展并形成独立的相。

超高强Ti-15Mo-2.7Nb-3Al-0.2Si钛合金的强化行为及模型

基于XRD、OM、SEM和TEM分析,研究超高强Ti-15Mo-2.7Nb-3Al-0.2Si钛合金的组织演变及强化行为。结果表明,位错强化和析出强化效应对该合金的屈服强度影响较大。冷轧+再结晶+冷轧+双时效组合工艺可获得1518 MPa的最高屈服强度,这主要归因于显微组织中的高密度残存位错及密集而细小的次生α相。建立复合强化模型,其预测误差在16.6%以内。此外,研究发现次生α相体积分数的增加可以不断强化晶内区域,这使得沿晶断裂开始出现并逐渐占据整个断裂面。

Y/Al-5Ti-1B复合变质对Al-7Si合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

在传统铸造Al-Si合金中存在的粗大树枝晶α-Al相以及针状共晶Si严重割裂基体,显著降低合金的力学性能。为细化Al-Si合金的组织,提升其力学性能,本文使用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及万能材料试验机,研究了不同添加量Y/Al-5Ti-1B变质剂(Al-5Ti-1B均为2%,稀土Y分别为0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%,质量分数)对Al-7Si合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,并探究了其对Al-7Si合金的变质机理。实验结果表明,当Al-5Ti-1B含量为2%、稀土Y含量为0.4%时,变质效果最佳,共晶Si由粗大针状变为细小颗粒状,长和宽分别减小至2.7和0.8μm,相较于未经变质处理的Al-7Si合金,减小了90.6%和4.7%。合金抗拉强度由原来的168.1 MPa提升至209.1 MPa,增加了24.4%。同时伸长率从6.23%提升至9.62%,增长了54.4%。此外,合金的断裂方式也从脆性断裂转变为韧-脆混合断裂。

高纯Al-Ti中间合金的制备工艺研究及应用

Al-Ti中间合金是一种铝加工行业应用广泛的中间合金。本文以海绵钛为原料,采用金属熔配法制备Al-Ti中间合金,借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜等分析手段研究了制备的Al-Ti中间合金中TiAl3相的含量、形貌和显微组织。同时,本文还分析了Al-Ti中间合金的合成机理,结果表明当反应温度为1100~1200℃,以海绵钛为原料可以制备出富含TiAl3相的Al-Ti中间合金,TiAl3相均匀分布,绝大多数以长条状、针状分布于铝基体中。

熔体压力对水平双辊铸轧Ti/Al复合板界面结合强度的影响

除了铸轧速度和熔体浇铸温度外,铸轧区内的熔体压力也是影响水平双辊铸轧Ti/Al复合板工艺稳定性和界面结合强度的重要因素。本工作在铸轧复合过程中通过调节前箱内熔体的液面高度,获得了在不同铸轧区熔体压力下制备的Ti/Al复合板。通过金相、扫描电镜、显微硬度、室温拉伸实验、T型剥离实验等手段对复合板的显微组织和界面结合性能进行表征和测试。结果表明,当熔体压力较高时,可以生产出充盈饱满、板型良好、结合强度高的复合板,但熔体压力过高会影响铸轧复合过程的稳定性。当熔体压力过低时,熔体的横向流动能力减弱,铸轧区内不能完全被熔体填充满,板材出现热带、褶皱等缺陷,同时,在Ti/Al上出现了部分微孔和微裂缝。在较高熔体压力下,固/液接触距离更长,带材表面与熔体的润湿更加充分,熔体分布更加均匀,固/液扩散更加充分。因此,当熔体压力较高时,复合板具有更高的结合强度,界面结合强度达到20.1 N/mm。

激光功率对Ti6Al4V/NiCr-Cr_(3)C_(2)熔覆层宏微观组织及性能的影响

激光功率是影响熔覆层质量的重要因素,为揭示激光功率对Ti6Al4V/NiCr-Cr_(3)C_(2)复合涂层成形质量、微观组织及耐磨性能等多方面的影响规律,采用同轴送粉、多道搭接激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V基材表面熔覆NiCr-Cr_(3)C_(2)粉末制备出碳化钛增强钛基复合涂层。通过渗透探伤、光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及配套能谱仪等测试与表征方法分析熔覆层表面裂纹、截面形貌、孔隙率、稀释率、几何特征以及微观组织等。通过维氏显微硬度计和旋转式摩擦磨损试验机测试熔覆层显微硬度和耐磨性能,最后综合成形、组织与性能等方面的影响对熔覆层质量进行评价。结果表明,激光功率对熔覆层成形质量的影响显著。激光功率为1100 W和1300 W时熔覆层表面存在大量裂纹、气孔等缺陷。随着激光功率提高,熔覆层的熔高、熔宽、熔深及稀释率等均不断提高,裂纹率、孔隙率等持续降低。激光功率对涂层内物相种类的影响较小,主要物相为增强相TiC和基体相CrTi_(4)。激光功率为1500 W和1700 W时熔覆层的硬度相对较高,且磨损率较低。综合考虑激光功率对熔覆层的多方面影响,最后确定最优激光功率为1500 W,在此激光功率下制备出的熔覆层具有相对较好的成形质量和优异的耐磨性能。

激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的微纳压痕尺寸效应

目的研究不同状态激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的纳米压痕尺寸效应。方法对原始态合金分别进行600、700、800、900℃退火处理,利用扫描电子显微镜观察原始态和4种退火态合金的显微组织。基于纳米压痕技术测量原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度和弹性模量。基于比例试样阻力模型、Nix-Gao模型和Meyer定律对纳米硬度进行函数拟合。结果随着退火温度的升高,原始态组织从魏氏体逐渐演变为网篮组织。5种形态的Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度和弹性模量均出现随压入深度的增加而减小的现象,表现出典型的压痕尺寸效应,基于试验测得的原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度分别为3.66、4.36、3.96、3.88、4.77 GPa,弹性模量分别为113.1、125.2、102.1、100.3、108.7 GPa;基于比例试样阻力模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.53、4.34、3.92、3.52、4.04 GPa;基于Nix-Gao模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.68、3.94、4.07、3.85、4.47 GPa;基于Meyer定律拟合出的迈耶指数分别为1.75、1.86、1.82、1.80、1.81,均小于2,均表现为正压痕尺寸效应。结论激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度及弹性模量均有典型的压痕尺寸效应;3种模型均能较好地描述原始态和退火态合金的压痕尺寸效应,Nix-Gao模型直接建立了纳米硬度和压痕深度的关系,其拟合结果更接近于试验结果,计算的硬度值也最为准确。

Ti−6Al−4V合金板材在电脉冲辅助弯曲过程中的显微组织演变及成形性能

在有效电流密度为0~3.2 A/mm^(2)、占空比为10%~70%条件下对Ti−6Al−4V合金板材进行电脉冲辅助弯曲实验。结果表明:当有效电流密度从0增加到2.4 A/mm^(2)时,弯曲成形位移从9.15 mm增加到15.60 mm;同时,裂纹的尺寸和宽度减小。此外,当弯曲位移为8 mm时,回弹角随着有效电流密度的增加而减小。占空比同样影响弯曲角,在30%占空比条件下能获得最小的弯曲角135.0°。板材的热稳定温度随着有效电流密度的增加而增加,但是与占空比呈非线性关系。此外,在电脉冲辅助弯曲过程中出现了晶粒粗化、{0001}织构强度增加和亚晶粒发展。电脉冲使位错密度降低且加速位错的重排,促进α晶粒内亚晶粒的形成,从而改善合金的成形性。电脉冲的非热效应提高了Ti−6Al−4V合金板材的低温成形性,使其与高温下的成形效果类似。