Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

Corrosion and antimicrobial property of TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O and TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)micro-arc oxidation coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloys in natural seawater

Microarc oxidation is an effective surface treatment for improving certain properties of metals and their alloys.In this paper,TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O and TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)coatings were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V by microarc oxidation.Thecoatings exhibited good corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties.X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM),and 3D laser confocal were used to characterize the coatings.The properties of TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O and TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)coatings were analyzed,including microstructure,surface roughness,corrosion resistance,andantimicrobial properties.The electrochemical results showed that the coatings prepared by microarc oxidation hadenhanced corrosion resistance compared to the substrate.The antibacterial properties of TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O and TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)coating against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and plate counting.The antibacterial rate of TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)coating was up to 99.70%.In summary,the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O and TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O@CeO_(2)coatings prepared by microarc oxidation have a potential application background in the field of marine corrosionprotection and biofouling.

Stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by fiber laser

Stitch welding of plate covered skeleton structure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys has a variety of applications in aerospace vehicle manufacture. The laser stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys was carried out by a 4 kW ROFIN fiber laser. Influences of laser welding parameters on the macroscopic geometry, porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the stitch welded seams were investigated by digital microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that the three-pipe nozzle with gas flow rate larger than 5 L/min could avoid oxidization, presenting better shielding effect in comparison with the single-pipe nozzle. Porosity formation could be suppressed with the gap between plate and skeleton less than 0.1 mm, while the existing porosity can be reduced with remelting. The maximum shear strength of stitch welding joint with minimal porosity was obtained by employing laser power of 1700 W, welding speed of 1.5 m/min and defocusing distance of ＋8 ram.

激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的微纳压痕尺寸效应

目的研究不同状态激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的纳米压痕尺寸效应。方法对原始态合金分别进行600、700、800、900℃退火处理,利用扫描电子显微镜观察原始态和4种退火态合金的显微组织。基于纳米压痕技术测量原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度和弹性模量。基于比例试样阻力模型、Nix-Gao模型和Meyer定律对纳米硬度进行函数拟合。结果随着退火温度的升高,原始态组织从魏氏体逐渐演变为网篮组织。5种形态的Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度和弹性模量均出现随压入深度的增加而减小的现象,表现出典型的压痕尺寸效应,基于试验测得的原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度分别为3.66、4.36、3.96、3.88、4.77 GPa,弹性模量分别为113.1、125.2、102.1、100.3、108.7 GPa;基于比例试样阻力模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.53、4.34、3.92、3.52、4.04 GPa;基于Nix-Gao模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.68、3.94、4.07、3.85、4.47 GPa;基于Meyer定律拟合出的迈耶指数分别为1.75、1.86、1.82、1.80、1.81,均小于2,均表现为正压痕尺寸效应。结论激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度及弹性模量均有典型的压痕尺寸效应;3种模型均能较好地描述原始态和退火态合金的压痕尺寸效应,Nix-Gao模型直接建立了纳米硬度和压痕深度的关系,其拟合结果更接近于试验结果,计算的硬度值也最为准确。

Ti-6Al-4V六槽深浅腔动静压轴承刚度数值分析

针对传统材料制造的动静压轴承刚度较差的问题,提出一种基于Ti-6Al-4V材料制造六槽深浅腔交错分布的动静压轴承。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立六槽深浅腔动静压轴承流固耦合模型,研究轴径间隙、转速以及偏心率对QSn4-3轴承和Ti-6Al-4V轴承刚度的影响规律。结果表明:钛合金材料制成的轴承刚度优于传统锡基合金材料制造的轴承,各工况参数中,轴径间隙对轴承刚度的影响最为显著,其次是偏心率。该研究可为钛合金滑动轴承的数值模拟和设计提供参考。

选区激光熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金在模拟乏燃料后处理环境中的腐蚀行为

研究选区激光熔化(SLM)制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金在乏燃料后处理环境中的腐蚀行为。借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射以及电化学测试等手段研究SLMTi-6Al-4V合金的显微组织及耐蚀性。结果表明,相较于铸造合金,SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金在含氧化性离子的6 mol/L热硝酸溶液中的耐腐蚀性更好。进一步分析表明,SLMTi-6Al-4V合金具有α'+β的微观结构,β-Ti相含量较高且分布均匀,同时其晶粒尺寸较小、晶界密度较高,这种微观结构可提高其在含氧化性离子的硝酸中的钝化能力以及耐腐蚀性。SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金有望在乏燃料后处理过程中得到广泛应用。

电子束熔丝增材制造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金研究进展

电子束熔丝增材制造技术因其电子束能量密度高、所处真空环境等优势,逐渐成为金属增材制造领域的研究热点之一。回顾了电子束熔丝增材制造技术的发展历程及现状,介绍了一种新型电子束熔丝增材制造技术——同轴送丝电子束熔丝增材制造。结合作者课题组近几年的研究工作,针对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的成形缺陷、显微组织及力学性能,对传统电子束熔丝增材制造技术和同轴送丝电子束熔丝增材制造技术进行了对比论述,其中同轴送丝电子束熔丝增材制造有望沉积β晶粒更细、更等轴的钛合金构件。最后结合当前研究存在的不足,对电子束熔丝增材制造的发展给出了建议。

基于NaCl溶液的射流电解微铣削加工Ti-6Al-4V试验研究

钛合金在航空航天、生物医疗、精密仪器等领域的微小构件制造中的应用前景广阔。基于电化学阳极溶解原理去除材料的射流电解微铣削加工技术在钛合金微细加工方面具有原理优势。然而,在电化学作用下,钛合金表面极易生成致密的钝化膜,导致材料溶解过程难以持续稳定进行。对此,试验测试了Ti-6Al-4V在不同组分和不同浓度电解液中的极化曲线,发现质量分数10%NaCl溶液对钝化膜的破除能力强,且钝化-溶解过程相对稳定。在此基础上,探究了金属喷嘴内径、加工电压、扫描速度对射流电解微铣削加工微槽深宽比和杂散腐蚀范围的影响规律。最后,采用金属喷嘴内径300μm、加工电压35 V、扫描速度75μm/s的优选工艺参数,在Ti-6Al-4V表面加工出平均槽宽为823.1μm(标准差为10.42μm),平均槽深为157.26μm(标准差为5.89μm),表面粗糙度为2.006μm(标准差为0.088μm)的方形螺旋微结构。

激光选区熔化生物医用Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为

分析了SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为及相应的微观组织和断口形貌,设置与SLM试样化学成分相同的轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金进行对比研究.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、结合电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合金的微观组织进行分析.结果表明,三点弯曲疲劳裂纹起始于准解理断裂表面附近的应力集中,随后向内扩展.SLM成形Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳寿命高于轧制成形Ti-6Al-4V合金,SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金内部孔洞缺陷导致表面附近应力集中,促进疲劳裂纹形核;而SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金中随机取向的α+β晶粒、二次裂纹和孔洞延缓了裂纹扩展,提高了疲劳寿命.对于轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金,由大量近似取向α晶粒组成的宏观区引起应力集中,形成微裂纹,导致疲劳裂纹形核,而且宏观区对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用较小,不利于材料的疲劳寿命.

Development of processing windows for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel with silver as intermediate layer

As titanium alloy is chemically reactive,it is very difficult to join by conventional welding techniques.Titanium alloys can easily pick up nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere.In the fusion welding method,brittle intermetallic compounds are formed when joining titanium alloy and stainless steel,which decrease the mechanical behavior of the couples.Hence,for joining of titanium alloy,diffusion bonding is recommended.This work dealt with the measurement of feasible process parameters for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V and AISI 304 stainless steel with silver as an intermediate layer.The quality of the bonds was confirmed by the lap shear test and microstructural analysis.With the experimental results obtained,diffusion bonding windows were constructed and this will act as reference maps to identify the process parameters for obtaining defect free bond.Bonding was successful in the temperature range of 750-800 °C.Maximum lap shear strength was achieved under a bonding pressure of 5 MPa and holding time of 90 min.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Effect of electropulsing on deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during cold drawing

Electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to investigate effect of electropulsing on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti-6Al-4V during cold drawing. Research results demonstrate that the electropulsing treatment （EPT） can enhance the deformability of the grains with unfavorable orientations, which makes the compatibility of deformation among grains much better. A comparison in texture evolution between conventional cold drawing and EPT cold drawing indicates that the EPT promotes prismatic 〈a〉 slip moving, restricts pyramidal 〈c＋a〉 slip occurring and accommodates the deformation with c-component by grain boundary sliding. The fraction decrease of low-angle grain boundaries for samples deformed with EPT reveals that the application of electropulsing restricts the formation of the incidental dislocation boundaries and the geometrically necessary boundaries.

Mechanical properties of strengthened surface layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy induced by wet peening treatment

A modified surface layer was formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by wet peening treatment. The variations of the residual stress,nano-hardness and microstructure of the modified layer with depth from surface were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,nano-indentation analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show thatboth the compressive residual stress and hardness decrease with increasing depth, and the termination depths are 160 and 80 μm,respectively. The microstructure observation indicates that within 80 μm, the compressive residual stress and the hardness areenhanced by the co-action of the grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Within 80–160 μm, the compressiveresidual stress mainly derives from the dislocation strengthening. The strengthened layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after wet peeningtreatment was quantitatively analyzed by a revised equation with respect to a relation between hardness and yield strength.

Adiabatic shear fracture in Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Separated specimens of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were dynamically loaded at a strain rate of 3 900 s-1 using a split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus.The fracture features of the separated specimens were investigated by a scanning electron microscope.The results show that adiabatic shear failure occurs in the tested specimens,and two typical areas（dimple and smooth areas） with different features are alternatively distributed on the whole fracture surface.The dimple areas originate from voids generation and coalescence,exhibiting ductile fracture characteristics.Simultaneously,ultrafine grains（UFGs） and microcracks among grains are observed on the smooth areas,indicating that the emergence of UFG areas is caused by the propagation of microcracks along grain boundaries and exhibits brittle fracture characteristics.Fracture occurring in adiabatic shear bands is not uniform and ultimate rupture is resulted from ductile and brittle fracture modes.

激光增材制备Ti-6Al-4V/TiC金属陶瓷熔覆层组织与性能强化

Ti-6Al-4V合金因具有良好的强度、塑性、韧性、耐蚀性以及可焊性,在航空航天以及化工装备制造领域具有广泛应用,但其硬度以及耐磨性不高等性能短板,一定程度上限制了其摩擦磨损工况下的服役寿命。本研究基于激光熔覆优化工艺方法,增材制备具有TiC添加相的Ti-6Al-4V合金同质金属陶瓷熔覆层,表征并验证TiC增强相对熔覆层组织以及基本力学性能的强化作用。结果表明:熔覆层主要物相包括α-Ti,β-Ti以及TiC,其中TiC在熔覆层内过饱和析出,且受熔覆层不同位置过冷度差异影响,析出的TiC在熔覆层顶部以细小的颗粒状为主,而在熔覆层中部则主要呈树枝及花瓣状析出,熔覆层底部新增了麦穗状的析出形状,而稀释区则未见明显TiC析出。熔覆层平均显微硬度为530HV0.5,较基体提升了61%;在35 N载荷下,熔覆层平均摩擦因数为0.3583,较基体降低了11%,体积磨损率约为基材的87%,磨损形式为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损。

Process parameters optimization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet during hot stretch-creep forming

Hot stretch-creep forming （SCF） is a novel technique to produce hard-to-form thin-walled metal components. Comprehensively considering the analysis results of the springback angle, yield strength and microstructure, four hot SCF process parameters including temperature, stretch velocity, post stretch percentage and dwelling time of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet were optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The results reveal that temperature is the most important factor on springback angle. The yield strength of the deformed material in 0° direction increases, while those in directions of 45° and 90° fluctuate around the original value. After hot SCF, the shape of some a phases changes from short thin grains to long slender ones, and the microhardness changes very little. The optimized parameters with temperature of 700 ℃, stretch velocity of 5 mm/min, post stretch percentage of 2% and dwelling time of 8 min are achieved finally.

Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel were investigated using a ring-on-block test rig in both artificial seawater and distilled water. It is found that friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear losses of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys are larger in seawater compared with distilled water. The mechanical action can destroy the passive film and increase the corrosion rate. The synergism effect between corrosion and wear occurs. The synergism action between corrosion and wear is related to the corrosion rate and with the increase of corrosion rate, the synergism becomes more important. 316 stainless steel suffers severe wear sliding against Monel K500 alloy compared with sliding against Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both distilled water and seawater.

Influence of hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate

Electromagnetic forming tests were done at room temperature to reveal the influence of hydrogen content on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Microstructure was observed to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen-enhanced compressive properties. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen has favorable effects on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy first increases up to a maximum and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen content at the same discharge energy under EMF tests. The compression increases by 47.0% when 0.2% (mass fraction) hydrogen is introduced into Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimal hydrogen content for cold formation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under EMF was determined. The reasons for the hydrogen-induced compressive properties were discussed.

微量Ti-6Al-4V掺杂对SLM打印纯钛机械性能与显微结构的影响

目的:探究选区激光熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)打印制造的添加微量Ti-6Al-4V粉末的纯钛材料,在两种不同热处理温度(650℃,2 h和700℃,2 h)及不同扫描速度(1000 mm/s和500 mm/s)下的机械性能。方法:制备SLM打印的试样,测试材料的机械性能,观察拉伸试样的断口形貌及显微结构。结果:SLM打印的纯钛试样的极限拉伸强度在1000 mm/s扫描速度时高于500 mm/s扫描速度时的25%;在650℃及700℃不同热处理条件下,650℃,2 h在两种扫描速度下都表现出更加优异的机械性能,但延伸率在700℃,2 h在低扫描速度组更高。结论:添加微量Ti-6Al-4V粉末后打印的纯钛材料相较于Ti-6Al-4V合金更能满足口腔修复体的要求。

选区激光熔化成形Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的研究进展

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金具备良好的生物相容性、较小的密度以及较高的比强度而常用于航空领域和生物医学领域。选区激光熔化技术作为一种增材制造技术能够制备复杂的零件而被大量用于成形钛合金。选区激光熔化成形的钛合金相比于传统工艺有着更加优异的强度,但是塑性较差。如何制备出成型质量好、力学性能优异的钛合金依然是选区激光熔化技术面临的挑战。基于此,本文结合国内外研究现状,综述了选区激光熔化成形钛合金的进展,包括工艺参数和能量密度以及制备过程中所产生的缺陷对合金性能的影响,探讨了缺陷产生的原因;并总结了后处理对成形试样的拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响;最后对增材制造钛合金的进一步研究方向进行了展望。