Bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy

The bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy at different bonding time were investigated. The results show that the average size of voids decreases while the amount of voids decreases after increasing to the maximum value with the increasing bonding time. The irregular void with a scraggly edge tends to an ellipse void with smooth surface and then changes to a tiny void with round shape. The grains across bonding interface occur at bonding time of 60 min. The shear strength of bond increases with increasing bonding time, and the highest shear strength of bond is 887.4 MPa at 60 min. The contribution of plastic deformation on the void closure and the increase of shear strength is significant even though the action time of plastic deformation is short.

Hot compressive behavior of Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B titanium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B (TACFB) titanium alloy was investigated using a Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator in the temperature range of 800-950 °C, at constant strain rate from 0.01 s-1 to 10 s-1 and with height reduction of 70%. Flow stress and microstructure evolution during hot compression of TACFB alloy were investigated. The processing map of TACFB alloy was obtained. The results indicate that the hot deformation behavior of TACFB alloy is sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rate. The peak flow stress decreases with increasing the test temperature and decreasing the strain rate. The constitutive relationship of TACFB alloy was obtained on the base of Arrhenius equations. When the strain rates are higher than 1.0 s-1, the dynamic recrystallization occurs, and the higher the strain rates are, the more the recrystallization is.

Stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by fiber laser

Stitch welding of plate covered skeleton structure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys has a variety of applications in aerospace vehicle manufacture. The laser stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys was carried out by a 4 kW ROFIN fiber laser. Influences of laser welding parameters on the macroscopic geometry, porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the stitch welded seams were investigated by digital microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that the three-pipe nozzle with gas flow rate larger than 5 L/min could avoid oxidization, presenting better shielding effect in comparison with the single-pipe nozzle. Porosity formation could be suppressed with the gap between plate and skeleton less than 0.1 mm, while the existing porosity can be reduced with remelting. The maximum shear strength of stitch welding joint with minimal porosity was obtained by employing laser power of 1700 W, welding speed of 1.5 m/min and defocusing distance of ＋8 ram.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.

Structure and properties of micro-arc calcium phosphate coatings on pure titanium and Ti-40Nb alloy

The microstructure, physical and mechanical, and chemical properties of micro-arc calcium phosphate （CAP） coatings deposited under different process voltages in the range of 150-400 V on the commercially pure titanium （Ti） and Ti-40%Nb （Ti-40Nb） （mass fraction） alloy were investigated by the SEM, TEM, XRD and EDX methods. The coating thickness, roughness, and sizes of structural elements were measured and showed similar linear character depending on the process voltage for the coatings on both substrates. SEM results showed the porous morphology with spherical shape structural elements and rough surface relief of the coatings. XRD and TEM studies exhibited the amorphous structure of the CaP coating. With increasing the process voltage to 300-400 V, the crystalline phases, such as CaHPO4 and β-Ca2P207, were formed onto the coatings. The annealing leads to the formation of complex poly-phase structure with crystalline phases： CaTi4（PO4）6, β-Ca2P2O7, TiP2O7, TiNb（PO4）3, TiO2, NbO2, and Nb2O5. The applied voltage and process duration in the ranges of 200-250 V and 5-10 min, respectively, revealed the coating formed on Ti and Ti-40Nb with optimal properties： thickness of 40-70μm, porosity of 20%-25%, roughness （Ra） of 2.5-5.0 μm, adhesion strength of 15-30 MPa, and Ca/P mole ratio of 0.5-0.7.

Precipitation location of secondary phase and microstructural evolution during static recrystallization of as-cast Ti-25V-15Cr-0.3Si titanium alloy

The microstructural evolution and precipitation location of the secondary phase of an as-cast Ti-25 V-15 Cr-0.3 Si titanium alloy were investigated via isothermal compression experiments and heat treatment. The average aspect（length-to-width） ratio, average area and size of the grains at different heat treatment temperatures and holding time were analyzed and the effects of deformation and annealing time on the grain area and size were considered. It was found that the grain size was strongly influenced by the height reduction and holding time. Grain growth was significant when annealing time increased from 10 min to 2 h at 950 °C and height reduction of 30%; however, grain growth was minimal at annealing time between 2 and 4 h. Many dispersion particles were observed to form in continuous chains; the precipitation location was confirmed to be along initial grain boundaries, and the dispersion particles were identified to be Ti5 Si3 phase by TEM.

Evaluation of Oxidation of Ti-Al and Ti-Al-Cr Coatings Arc-ion Plated on Ti-60 High-temperature Titanium Alloy

High-temperature titanium alloy for aeroengine compressor applications suffers from high-temperature oxidation and environmental corrosion, which prohibits long-term service of this kind alloy at temperatures above 600℃. In an attempt to tackle this problem, Ti-48Al （at. pct） and Ti-48Al-12Cr （at. pct） protective coatings were plated on the substrate of alloy Ti-60 by arc ion plating （ALP） method. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were performed in static air at elevated temperatures. Phase composition, morphology of the coatings and distribution of elements were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. The results showed that the Ti-48Al coating exhibited good isothermal oxidation resistance during exposure at 800℃, but poorer resistance against oxidation at 900℃. By contrast Ti-48Al-12Cr coating demonstrated excellent isothermal oxidation resistance at both temperatures. Cyclic oxidation tests performed at 800℃ indicated that resistance and no spallation of coatings was observed. But both coatings demonstrated good cyclic oxidation at 900℃ only Ti-48Al-12Cr coating demonstrated excellent cyclic oxidation resistance.

ON THE BURN RESISTANCE OF Ti-35V-15Cr-0.05C TITANIUM ALLOY

The Ti-35V-15Cr-0.05C (wt% is a new nonburning titanium alloy. The test for alloy combustibility was carried out by using CO2 laser. A 430 watt and 6mm diameter laser spot impinges directly on the sample within normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. The results show that the ignition time of the nonburning titanium alloy is the longest in the eight examined titanium alloys, and is 3.5 times that of TC4 alloy. The ignition tempeerature of the nonburning alloy is 2991° C, and is higher than that of TC4 alloy by 1976°C. On the condition of high tempeerature and rich oxygen,the surface of alloy forms a melting layer which plays roles of oxygen insulation, heat insulation and burning products insulation. This is the mechanism of combustion resistance.

HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION MECHANISM AND CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION OF Ti-40 BUREN RESISTANT TITANIUM ALLOY

Ti - 40 alloy is a single β phase burn resistant titanium alloy.Its high temperature deformation mech- anism is studied and its stress - strain curves are examined he use of Gleeble - 1500 thermal -simulator. The results reveal that there are abrupt flow stress drops followed b steady state.The magnitude of the flow stress drop increases with strain rote and decreases with temperature.Deformation activation energy, Q, is 247. 5 KJ/mol. The deformation mechanism of Ti - 40 alloy is controlled by the lattice diffusion Its constitutive equation is set up, i. e.

Preparation and osteoinduction of active micro-arc oxidation films on Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy

A layer of porous film containing Ca and P was prepared by the micro-arc oxidation method on the surface of a novel near β biomedical Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy, and then NH2- active group was introduced to the films by activation treatment. The phase composition, surface micro-topography and elemental characteristics of the micro-arc oxidation films were investigated with XRD, SEM, EDS and XPS, and the osteoinduction of the micro-arc oxidation films was tested using the simulated body fluid immersion, the in-vitro osteoblast cultivation test and animal experiment. The results show that the oxide layer is a kind of porous ceramic intermixture and contains Ca and P. The films in the simulated body fluid can induce apatite formation, resulting in excellent bioactivity. The cell test discovers that osteoblasts can grow well on the surface of micro-arc oxidation films. And the Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy coated with active porous calcium-phosphate films shows better osteoinduction in vivo.

变形量和热处理工艺对Ti-26合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Ti-26合金经不同变形量变形后,在β相区和α+β相区分别固溶、时效的力学性能和显微组织的变化。研究发现,Ti-26合金经80%变形后,经730℃×30min+500℃×10h固溶时效的综合力学性能最好;变形量为50%￣80%时,随变形量的增加,强度变化不大,塑性得到明显提高;固溶时效后的组织为β基体和基体上弥散分布的短棒状α相。

Ti-26高强钛合金在大变形条件下的组织与性能研究

采用β锻造工艺制取Ti-26合金饼材,利用光学金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪研究了Ti-26合金在不同变形量下的微观组织,及经过稍高于相变点热处理后的组织及相组成。利用万能试验机测其力学性能。结果表明:Ti-26合金变形前后的组织都是由β相和弥散分布的α相组成,所不同的是变形后α相含量增加,且由短棒状变成片状;在稍高于相变点温度固溶,再时效处理后,随着变形量的增加,强度先降低再升高,当变形量达到80%时,可以使合金得到较好的强度、塑性配合。

Ti-26高强钛合金斜轧穿孔工艺研究

研究了Ti-26高强钛合金斜轧穿孔制备管坯工艺。测试了穿制的Ti-26合金管坯的力学性能,用金相显微镜观察了管坯的显微组织,用扫描电镜分析了拉伸断口的形貌。结果表明,采用斜轧穿孔方式完全可以制备Ti-26高强钛合金管坯;在1050℃下,选择合适的轧辊转速和前进角可顺利穿制Ti-26高强钛合金管坯,其管坯的强度为815MPa,延伸率达到13%,断面收缩率达到45%,晶粒度按ASTME标准为6级,比穿孔前细化,断口呈明显的塑性断口,加工管材无需热处理可以直接进行轧制,道次加工率可达45.8%。

时效析出对高强钛合金Ti-26拉伸性能的影响

研究了Ti-26合金固溶处理后,在不同时效温度条件下次生α相的析出特征以及室温拉伸性能。结果表明,在450～650℃范围内时效处理时,随着时效温度的升高,α相析出的体积分数先增多而后减少,Ti-26合金的抗拉强度与α相的体积分数也同样有着先升高而后减少的变化趋势。由于不同体积分数的α相对应着不同的抗拉强度与伸长率,所以,通过时效温度的调整可以使Ti-26合金得到不同抗拉强度与伸长率的配合,以适合不同的使用要求。

Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯热处理工艺研究

为选择一种Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯成品退火工艺,采用感应加热处理,氩气保护热处理和真空热处理3种退火工艺进行实验。对经3种热处理后的试样用金相显微镜观察微观组织,用X射线衍射和透射电镜进行物相分析。对3种试样进行了力学性能测试。用扫描电镜对拉伸断口的形貌进行观察分析。对比3种退火工艺试样的力学性能和显微组织得出,感应退火试样的组织均匀,晶粒细小,拉伸断口布满韧窝,显示延性断裂。XRD和TEM分析表明,合金为bcc结构的β单相组织。相应试样的抗拉强度达802.5 MPa,延伸率为15.25%,断面收缩率为41%,综合力学性能比其它2种工艺试样优越。因此,确定790℃,3min AC感应退火为Ti-26钛合金斜轧穿孔管坯成品退火工艺。

基于BP神经网络的Ti-26钛合金本构模型

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机，进行了Ti-26合金等温恒应变速率压缩试验，获得了不同温度（700～940oC）、应变速率（0．01～10s^-1）、真应变下的流变应力数据。基于实验数据，根据BP人工神经网络原理算法，建立了Ti-26钛合金高温塑性变形时流变应力的预测模型，训练结束后的神经网络即成为Ti-26钛合金的一个知识基的本构关系模型。预测结果表明，该神经网络本构关系模型具有很高的精度，可用于指导Ti-26钛合金热加工工艺的制定及热成形过程的有限元模拟。

Ti-26合金反挤压的热力耦合模拟

近β钛合金Ti-26在固溶状态下具有很好的塑性,时效后可以达到很高的强度,具有广泛的应用价值。利用刚粘塑性有限元法,结合物理模拟,建立3层BP人工神经网络模型,开发一个相应的有限元数值模拟系统,对Ti-26合金杯形件的反挤压成形过程进行数值模拟分析,获得高强钛合金反挤压成形时应力、应变的分布信息以及载荷与行程的关系。所得结果对零件的成形工艺参数的优化和模具设计都具有指导意义。

Hot deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy during isothermal compression

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-6 Al-4 V-0.1 Ru titanium alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator over deformation temperature range of 1023-1423 K and strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1.Arrhenius-type constitutive models were developed for temperature ranges of bothα+βdual phase andβsingle phase at strain of 0.1.Afterwards,a series of material constants(including activation energy Q,material constants n,αand ln A)as polynomial functions of strain were introduced into Arrhenius-type models.Finally,the improved Arrhenius-type models in temperature field ofα+βandβphase were constructed.The results show that the improved Arrhenius-type models contribute to the calculation of Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter,and the microstructural evolution mechanism is uncovered by combining microstructure observations with Z-parameter.Furthermore,the improved Arrhenius-type models are also helpful to improve the accuracy of finite element method(FEM)simulation in the deformation process of Ti-6 Al-4 V-0.1 Ru titanium alloy.

Hot deformation behavior of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy with acicular microstructure

The characteristics of hot deformation of an α＋β titanium alloy Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si with acicular microstructure were studied using isothermal hot compressive tests in a strain rate range of 0.01-10 s^-1 at 860-1 100 ℃. The true stress-tree strain curves of alloy hot-compressed in the α＋β region exhibit a peak stress followed by continuous flow softening; whereas in the β region, the flow stress attains a steady-state regime. At a strain rate of 10 s^-1 and in a wide temperature range, the alloy exhibits plastic flow instability. According to the kinetic rate equation, the apparent activation energies are estimated to be about 633 kJ/mol in the α＋β region and 281 kJ/mol in the β region, respectively. The processing maps show a domain of the globularization process of a colony structure and α dynamic recrystallization in the temperature range of 860-960 ℃ with a peak efficiency of about 60%, and a domain of β dynamic recrystallization in the β region with a peak efficiency of 80%.

Thermomechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Ti-6AI-4V, among the Ti alloys, is the most widely used. In the present work, the behavior of Ti-6AI-4V alloy has been investigated by the uniaxial hot isothermal compression tests and a series of dilatometric experiments were also carried out to determine the transformation temperatures at different cooling rates. Specimens for hot compression tests were homogenized at 1050℃ for 10 min and then quickly cooled to different straining temperatures from 1050 to 850℃. Cooling rates were chosen fast enough to prevent high temperature transformation during cooling. Compression tests were conducted at temperatures from 1050 to 850℃ in steps of 50℃ at constant true strain rates of 10-3 or 10-2 s-1. The apparent activation energy for compression in two-phase region was calculated 420 kJ·mol-1. Partial globularization of a phase was observed in the specimen deformed at low strain rates and at temperatures near the transformation zone and annealed after deformation.