Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION MECHANISM AND CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION OF Ti-40 BUREN RESISTANT TITANIUM ALLOY

Ti - 40 alloy is a single β phase burn resistant titanium alloy.Its high temperature deformation mech- anism is studied and its stress - strain curves are examined he use of Gleeble - 1500 thermal -simulator. The results reveal that there are abrupt flow stress drops followed b steady state.The magnitude of the flow stress drop increases with strain rote and decreases with temperature.Deformation activation energy, Q, is 247. 5 KJ/mol. The deformation mechanism of Ti - 40 alloy is controlled by the lattice diffusion Its constitutive equation is set up, i. e.

Investigation of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si Alloy

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)is an advanced manufacturing technology;however,inappropriate LPBF process parameters may cause printing defects in materials.In the present work,the LPBF process of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy was investigated by a two-step optimization approach.Subsequently,heat transfer and liquid flow behaviors during LPBF were simulated by a well-tested phenomenological model,and the defect formation mechanisms in the as-fabricated alloy were discussed.The optimized process parameters for LPBF were detected as laser power changed from 195 W to 210 W,with scanning speed of 1250 mm/s.The LPBF process was divided into a laser irradiation stage,a spreading flow stage,and a solidification stage.The morphologies and defects of deposited tracks were affected by liquid flow behavior caused by rapid cooling rates.The findings of this research can provide valuable support for printing defect-free metal components.

Structure and properties of micro-arc calcium phosphate coatings on pure titanium and Ti-40Nb alloy

The microstructure, physical and mechanical, and chemical properties of micro-arc calcium phosphate （CAP） coatings deposited under different process voltages in the range of 150-400 V on the commercially pure titanium （Ti） and Ti-40%Nb （Ti-40Nb） （mass fraction） alloy were investigated by the SEM, TEM, XRD and EDX methods. The coating thickness, roughness, and sizes of structural elements were measured and showed similar linear character depending on the process voltage for the coatings on both substrates. SEM results showed the porous morphology with spherical shape structural elements and rough surface relief of the coatings. XRD and TEM studies exhibited the amorphous structure of the CaP coating. With increasing the process voltage to 300-400 V, the crystalline phases, such as CaHPO4 and β-Ca2P207, were formed onto the coatings. The annealing leads to the formation of complex poly-phase structure with crystalline phases： CaTi4（PO4）6, β-Ca2P2O7, TiP2O7, TiNb（PO4）3, TiO2, NbO2, and Nb2O5. The applied voltage and process duration in the ranges of 200-250 V and 5-10 min, respectively, revealed the coating formed on Ti and Ti-40Nb with optimal properties： thickness of 40-70μm, porosity of 20%-25%, roughness （Ra） of 2.5-5.0 μm, adhesion strength of 15-30 MPa, and Ca/P mole ratio of 0.5-0.7.

High Tem perature Defor mation Mechanism of Ti-40 Burn Resistant Titaniu m Alloy As-annealing

Ti 40 alloy is a single β phase burn resistant titanium alloy. Its high temperature deformation mechanism and stress strain ( σ ε ) curves were studied by Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator. The results suggest that there are a bit abrupt flow stress drops followed by steady state in Ti 40 alloy as annealing. The magnitude of the flow stress drop increases with strain rate and decreases with temperature. Its deformation activation energies are 174 kJ/mol for 650～850℃ and 276.7 kJ/mol for 950～1000℃, which are close to or bigger than the values for self and solute lattice diffusion in pure β titanium, thereby, the deformation mechanism at temperature range is controlled by lattice diffusion for 650～850℃, or mainly controlled by dynamic recrystallization for 950～1000℃.

低成本Fe_(60)(CoCrNiMn)_(40)富铁中熵合金的显微组织与性能

通过增加CoCrFeMnNi合金中的铁含量,制备了低成本富铁中熵合金Fe_(60)(CoCrNiMn)_(40)(原子分数/%),对其进行了1200℃×3 h均匀化处理、轧制和900℃×1 h退火处理,研究了该合金的显微组织、拉伸性能及耐腐蚀性能等。结果表明:试验合金由面心立方结构的单一奥氏体相组成,再结晶晶粒大小均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为17.8μm,再结晶晶粒内出现退火孪晶;试验合金在室温下表现出优异的拉伸性能和应变硬化能力以及在NaCl溶液中显著的自钝化行为和优异的耐腐蚀性能,其抗拉强度为603 MPa,屈服强度为226 MPa,断后伸长率为81.6%,在NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位为-0.4616 V,自腐蚀电流密度为2.74×10^(-6) A·cm^(-2),电荷转移电阻为2.94×10^(5)Ω·cm^(2);与其他富铁多组分合金相比,试验合金的抗拉强度和断后伸长率更大,塑性应变高出10%以上,自腐蚀电流密度更低。试验合金的拉伸断口由均匀分布的韧窝组成,拉伸断裂方式为韧性断裂;在NaCl溶液中电化学腐蚀后,试验合金表面出现明显腐蚀坑,电化学腐蚀方式主要为点蚀。

Zr_(60)Ti_(40)合金铸造成形数值模拟及验证

以名义成分为Zr_(60)Ti_(40)的钛锆合金为研究对象,以简单圆筒结构铸件为载体,对不同铸造工艺及不同铸型材料的方案进行了数值模拟及试验验证工作。数值模拟结果表明,陶瓷型壳离心浇注及单浇口陶瓷型壳重力顶注方案金属液充型平稳顺畅,无溅射及汇流现象发生;金属液补缩效果良好,铸件内部无大尺度缩孔生成。试验验证显示,两种方案浇注出的铸件外观无冷隔等表面缺陷,内部未发现明显的大尺度缩孔、气孔、夹杂等缺陷,与数值模拟一致性较好。

无造孔剂模压烧结制备多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金的工艺及组织调控

金属多孔材料在制备过程中通常需要掺杂造孔剂以调控孔隙结构,但去除造孔剂需要较长时间,且残留造孔剂会对母材造成污染或腐蚀。以水雾化Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金粉末为原材料,在未掺杂造孔剂条件下,采用单轴限位模压和烧结工艺制备了多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金,深入研究了高度压缩比和烧结时间对其孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明,在未掺杂造孔剂的情况下,粉末冶金制备的多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金的孔隙结构主要受压制条件和烧结工艺控制。随着压坯高度压缩比从1.6增加至2.0,多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金的孔隙率降低了48.15%,同时最大孔径、平均孔径和最小孔径分别减小了45.51%、46.72%和66.43%。尽管孔隙形貌未发生明显变化,但该调控方式有效改变了合金的孔隙尺寸。随着烧结时间延长,多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金的孔隙形状明显趋于球形化,而孔隙率和孔隙尺寸变化幅度较小。因此,采用模压烧结法制备的多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金,可通过调整高度压缩比灵活调控开孔隙率和孔隙尺寸,可通过调控烧结时间优化孔隙形貌。此外,在多孔Cu_(60)Zn_(40)合金的烧结过程中,锌的挥发量与高度压缩比成反比,与烧结时间成正比。本研究为无掺杂造孔剂调控金属多孔材料孔隙结构提供了可靠的理论和技术支持,对粉末冶金制备金属多孔材料具有重要理论和实际意义。

基于加工图的Ti-40阻燃钛合金热变形机理研究

采用热模拟压缩试验研究了Ti-40阻燃钛合金在温度900℃～1100℃、应变速率0.01s-1～10s-1范围内的高温变形特性,发现合金的流动应力-应变曲线具有应力峰和流变软化特征,在高温、高应变速率下,出现不连续屈服现象。根据动态材料模型(DMM)建立的Ti-40合金加工图大致可以分为5个区域:(1)在温度900℃～950℃,应变速率大于1s-1时,易发生45o角剪切开裂,出现明显的剪切变形带,功率耗散率达最小值。(2)在温度1000℃～1100℃、应变速率大于1s-1时,易出现“豆腐渣”式和纵向开裂,大变形时出现局部塑性流动。这2个区域为流动失稳区,在制定热加工工艺时应尽量避免。(3)在高温(≥1050℃)、低应变速率区(≤0.1s-1),功率耗散率为46%～76%,达到最大值,呈现连续再结晶的特征。(4)在900℃～950℃、应变速率0.01s-1～0.1s-1区域内主要发生动态回复,功率耗散率为22%～32%。(5)在温度950℃～1050℃、应变速率0.1s-1～1s-1范围为再结晶区域,功率耗散率为36%～50%。结果表明,加工图是控制材料组织演变和优化工艺的一种有效手段。

Bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy

The bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy at different bonding time were investigated. The results show that the average size of voids decreases while the amount of voids decreases after increasing to the maximum value with the increasing bonding time. The irregular void with a scraggly edge tends to an ellipse void with smooth surface and then changes to a tiny void with round shape. The grains across bonding interface occur at bonding time of 60 min. The shear strength of bond increases with increasing bonding time, and the highest shear strength of bond is 887.4 MPa at 60 min. The contribution of plastic deformation on the void closure and the increase of shear strength is significant even though the action time of plastic deformation is short.

Ti-40阻燃钛合金中的第二相

研究了 Ti- 40 (Ti- 2 5 V- 15 Cr- 0 .2 Si)阻燃钛合金中的第二相及其对合金性能的影响。研究结果表明 :固溶温度升高 ,Ti40合金中析出第二相的趋势增大 ;低于 85 0℃固溶 ,合金中没有第二相析出 ,高于 85 0℃固溶 ,合金中析出棒状α相和少量 Ti5Si3相 ;910℃固溶 +6 0 0℃时效 ,合金存在的第二相有α和 Ti5Si3相 ;86 0℃固溶 +6 0 0℃时效 ,合金仅存在 Ti5Si3相 ,固溶时效态存在的第二相对合金的性能没有明显影响 ;5 40℃ ,10 0 h热暴露 ,合金中存在粗大的各种形态的α相和 Ti5Si3析出物 。

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Effect of electropulsing on deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during cold drawing

Electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to investigate effect of electropulsing on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti-6Al-4V during cold drawing. Research results demonstrate that the electropulsing treatment （EPT） can enhance the deformability of the grains with unfavorable orientations, which makes the compatibility of deformation among grains much better. A comparison in texture evolution between conventional cold drawing and EPT cold drawing indicates that the EPT promotes prismatic 〈a〉 slip moving, restricts pyramidal 〈c＋a〉 slip occurring and accommodates the deformation with c-component by grain boundary sliding. The fraction decrease of low-angle grain boundaries for samples deformed with EPT reveals that the application of electropulsing restricts the formation of the incidental dislocation boundaries and the geometrically necessary boundaries.

Temperature and stress fields in electron beam welded Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel joint with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel （STS） using a copper filler metal was carried out. The temperature fields and stress distributions in the Ti/Fe and Ti/Cu/Fe joint during the welding process were numerically simulated and experimentally measured. The results show that the rotated parabola body heat source is fit for the simulation of the electron beam welding. The temperature distribution is asymmetric along the weld center and the temperature in the titanium alloy plate is higher than that in the 304 STS plate. The thermal stress also appears to be in asymmetric distribution. The residual tensile stress mainly exists in the weld at the 304 STS side. The copper filler metal decreases the peak temperature and temperature grade in the joint as well as the residual stress. The longitudinal and lateral residual tensile strengths reduce by 66 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. From the temperature and residual stress, it is concluded that copper is a good filler metal candidate for the electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel.

Preparation and osteoinduction of active micro-arc oxidation films on Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy

A layer of porous film containing Ca and P was prepared by the micro-arc oxidation method on the surface of a novel near β biomedical Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy, and then NH2- active group was introduced to the films by activation treatment. The phase composition, surface micro-topography and elemental characteristics of the micro-arc oxidation films were investigated with XRD, SEM, EDS and XPS, and the osteoinduction of the micro-arc oxidation films was tested using the simulated body fluid immersion, the in-vitro osteoblast cultivation test and animal experiment. The results show that the oxide layer is a kind of porous ceramic intermixture and contains Ca and P. The films in the simulated body fluid can induce apatite formation, resulting in excellent bioactivity. The cell test discovers that osteoblasts can grow well on the surface of micro-arc oxidation films. And the Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy coated with active porous calcium-phosphate films shows better osteoinduction in vivo.

Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel were investigated using a ring-on-block test rig in both artificial seawater and distilled water. It is found that friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear losses of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys are larger in seawater compared with distilled water. The mechanical action can destroy the passive film and increase the corrosion rate. The synergism effect between corrosion and wear occurs. The synergism action between corrosion and wear is related to the corrosion rate and with the increase of corrosion rate, the synergism becomes more important. 316 stainless steel suffers severe wear sliding against Monel K500 alloy compared with sliding against Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both distilled water and seawater.

Haemocompatibility of Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy with surface heparinization using electrostatic self assembly technology

The haemocompatibility of Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy was studied after surface heparinization. A layer of sol-gel TiO2 films was applied on the alloy samples followed by active treatment in the bio-functionalized solution for introducing the OH- and groups, and then the heparin was immobilized on the active TiO2 films through the electrostatic self assembly technology. It is shown that the heparinized films are mainly composed of anatase and rutile with smooth and dense surface. In vitro blood compatibility was evaluated by haemolysis test, clotting time and platelet adhesion behavior tests. The results show that the haemocompatibility of the alloy could be significantly improved by surface heparinization.

Mechanical properties of strengthened surface layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy induced by wet peening treatment

A modified surface layer was formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by wet peening treatment. The variations of the residual stress,nano-hardness and microstructure of the modified layer with depth from surface were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,nano-indentation analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show thatboth the compressive residual stress and hardness decrease with increasing depth, and the termination depths are 160 and 80 μm,respectively. The microstructure observation indicates that within 80 μm, the compressive residual stress and the hardness areenhanced by the co-action of the grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Within 80–160 μm, the compressiveresidual stress mainly derives from the dislocation strengthening. The strengthened layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after wet peeningtreatment was quantitatively analyzed by a revised equation with respect to a relation between hardness and yield strength.

Constructing processing map of Ti40 alloy using artificial neural network

Based on the experimental data of Ti40 alloy obtained from Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator,an artificial neural network model of high temperature flow stress as a function of strain,strain rate and temperature was established.In the network model,the input parameters of the model are strain,logarithm strain rate and temperature while flow stress is the output parameter.Multilayer perceptron（MLP） architecture with back-propagation algorithm is utilized.The present study achieves a good performance of the artificial neural network（ANN） model,and the predicted results are in agreement with experimental values.A processing map of Ti40 alloy is obtained with the flow stress predicted by the trained neural network model.The processing map developed by ANN model can efficiently track dynamic recrystallization and flow localization regions of Ti40 alloy during deforming.Subsequently,the safe and instable domains of hot working of Ti40 alloy are identified and validated through microstructural investigations.

Effects of Al-Ti-B-RE grain refiner on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7.0Si-0.55Mg alloy

To investigate the effects of Al-Ti-B-RE grain refiner on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7.0Si-0.55Mg （A357） alloy, some novel Al-7.0Si-0.55Mg alloys added with different amount of Al-STi-1B-RE grain refiner with different RE composition were prepared by vacuum-melting. The microstructure and fracture behavior of the AI-7.0Si-0.55Mg alloys with the grain refiners were observed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the mechanical properties of the alloys were tested in mechanical testing machine at room temperature. The observation of AI-Ti-B-RE morphology and internal structure of the particles reveals that it exhibits a TiAl3/Ti2Al20RE core-shell structure via heterogeneous TiB2 nuclei. The tensile strength of Al-7.0Si-0.55Mg alloys with Al-5Ti-1B-3.0RE grain refiner reaches the peak value at the same addition （0.2%） of grain refiner.