Tensile and creep properties of Ti-600 alloy

Ti-600 is one of the high performance titanium alloys used at 600 ℃,which was developed in Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research(NIN) in China. The tensile and creep properties of Ti-600 alloy with different thermal treatment conditions were investigated. The results indicate that Ti-600 alloy possesses favorite comprehensive properties solution-treated at 1 020 ℃ for 1 h,then air-cool,and aged at 650 ℃ for 8 h,finally air-cooling,especially possesses quite good creep resistance. The residual deformation is less than 0.1% for the alloy exposed at 600 ℃ for 100 h with the stress of 150 MPa,and the bimodal microstructures of the alloy are almost the same as that of the alloy treated by duplex thermal treatment,only needle primary α phases became relatively thicker and coarsened. The ultimate strength and the elongation of the alloy tested at ambient temperature are 1 080 MPa and 12%,respectively;while at 600 ℃,they are 690 MPa and 16%,respectively. The ductility of the alloy tested at room temperature is no less than 5% after thermal exposing at 600 ℃ for 100 h.

Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

增材制造600℃高温钛合金研究进展

先进航空发动机高压压气机550~600℃环境使用的关键/重要件对600℃高温钛合金提出迫切需求。但是,难成形的复杂构件以及梯度/复合结构与功能一体化构件等的制造,采用传统铸造、锻造等工艺技术难以满足需求和研发要求。增材制造是先进制造技术的典型代表,拥有材料设计-制造一体化、复杂设计-定制一体化等独特优势,为600℃高温钛合金新材料/新技术研发提供了新的途径。目前国内外已开始关注通过增材制造的方式制备600℃高温钛合金,重点研究材料-工艺-组织-性能的关系。本文首先简要回顾600℃高温钛合金研究,其次重点介绍不同增材制造工艺下600℃高温钛合金沉积态和后处理态的微观组织特点;在综合性能研究方面,列举并分析拉伸性能、蠕变性能、热疲劳性能和抗氧化性能等关键性能;在复杂设计/复合结构章节,论述以600℃高温钛合金为基体的复合材料和梯度结构增材制造的研究进展。最后,对增材制造600℃高温钛合金材料开发、复合工艺探索、缺陷控制和性能评价标准建立等研究方向进行展望。

Investigation of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si Alloy

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)is an advanced manufacturing technology;however,inappropriate LPBF process parameters may cause printing defects in materials.In the present work,the LPBF process of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy was investigated by a two-step optimization approach.Subsequently,heat transfer and liquid flow behaviors during LPBF were simulated by a well-tested phenomenological model,and the defect formation mechanisms in the as-fabricated alloy were discussed.The optimized process parameters for LPBF were detected as laser power changed from 195 W to 210 W,with scanning speed of 1250 mm/s.The LPBF process was divided into a laser irradiation stage,a spreading flow stage,and a solidification stage.The morphologies and defects of deposited tracks were affected by liquid flow behavior caused by rapid cooling rates.The findings of this research can provide valuable support for printing defect-free metal components.

氢对600合金在高温高压水中电化学行为的影响

通过动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱和计时电流图,研究了电化学充氢对两种热处理态的600合金暴露在高温高压水中电化学行为的影响。结果表明:电化学充氢会增大合金阳极氧化电流密度,并且在70℃NaCl溶液、300℃高温脱氧纯水和高温脱氧模拟一回路冷却水中,充氢会使合金腐蚀电位负向移动,降低耐蚀性能。此外,轧制退火试样表面氢还原反应速率更快,而固溶退火试样在70℃NaCl溶液、300℃高温脱氧纯水和氢化脱氧模拟一回路冷却水中表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能。

固溶处理对Ti-600高温钛合金蠕变性能的影响

研究了固溶处理温度和随后的冷却方式对Ti-600高温合金蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,为了获得最佳的抗蠕变性能,宜采用相变点以上的温度进行固溶及随后空冷的处理制度,合金在600℃、150MPa条件下进行蠕变变形,主要受晶界滑动和晶内位错的滑移和攀移所控制。

Bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy

The bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy at different bonding time were investigated. The results show that the average size of voids decreases while the amount of voids decreases after increasing to the maximum value with the increasing bonding time. The irregular void with a scraggly edge tends to an ellipse void with smooth surface and then changes to a tiny void with round shape. The grains across bonding interface occur at bonding time of 60 min. The shear strength of bond increases with increasing bonding time, and the highest shear strength of bond is 887.4 MPa at 60 min. The contribution of plastic deformation on the void closure and the increase of shear strength is significant even though the action time of plastic deformation is short.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Temperature and stress fields in electron beam welded Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel joint with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel （STS） using a copper filler metal was carried out. The temperature fields and stress distributions in the Ti/Fe and Ti/Cu/Fe joint during the welding process were numerically simulated and experimentally measured. The results show that the rotated parabola body heat source is fit for the simulation of the electron beam welding. The temperature distribution is asymmetric along the weld center and the temperature in the titanium alloy plate is higher than that in the 304 STS plate. The thermal stress also appears to be in asymmetric distribution. The residual tensile stress mainly exists in the weld at the 304 STS side. The copper filler metal decreases the peak temperature and temperature grade in the joint as well as the residual stress. The longitudinal and lateral residual tensile strengths reduce by 66 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. From the temperature and residual stress, it is concluded that copper is a good filler metal candidate for the electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel.

Ti-600合金的高温蠕变行为

研究了Ti-600合金在550～650℃下的高温蠕变行为,实验应力为150～300 MPa。计算了合金在不同应力、不同温度下的稳态蠕变速率、应力指数及蠕变激活能,并在此基础上研究了其蠕变强化机制。蠕变应力为300 MPa时,Ti-600合金的蠕变激活能Q=490.1 kJ/mol;650℃,合金的蠕变应力指数n值在6.5～8.5之间变化,表明在实验温度范围内合金的蠕变变形以位错攀移为主,以位错的滑移为辅。

Preparation and osteoinduction of active micro-arc oxidation films on Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy

A layer of porous film containing Ca and P was prepared by the micro-arc oxidation method on the surface of a novel near β biomedical Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb alloy, and then NH2- active group was introduced to the films by activation treatment. The phase composition, surface micro-topography and elemental characteristics of the micro-arc oxidation films were investigated with XRD, SEM, EDS and XPS, and the osteoinduction of the micro-arc oxidation films was tested using the simulated body fluid immersion, the in-vitro osteoblast cultivation test and animal experiment. The results show that the oxide layer is a kind of porous ceramic intermixture and contains Ca and P. The films in the simulated body fluid can induce apatite formation, resulting in excellent bioactivity. The cell test discovers that osteoblasts can grow well on the surface of micro-arc oxidation films. And the Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy coated with active porous calcium-phosphate films shows better osteoinduction in vivo.

Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel were investigated using a ring-on-block test rig in both artificial seawater and distilled water. It is found that friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear losses of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys are larger in seawater compared with distilled water. The mechanical action can destroy the passive film and increase the corrosion rate. The synergism effect between corrosion and wear occurs. The synergism action between corrosion and wear is related to the corrosion rate and with the increase of corrosion rate, the synergism becomes more important. 316 stainless steel suffers severe wear sliding against Monel K500 alloy compared with sliding against Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both distilled water and seawater.

Haemocompatibility of Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy with surface heparinization using electrostatic self assembly technology

The haemocompatibility of Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb biomedical alloy was studied after surface heparinization. A layer of sol-gel TiO2 films was applied on the alloy samples followed by active treatment in the bio-functionalized solution for introducing the OH- and groups, and then the heparin was immobilized on the active TiO2 films through the electrostatic self assembly technology. It is shown that the heparinized films are mainly composed of anatase and rutile with smooth and dense surface. In vitro blood compatibility was evaluated by haemolysis test, clotting time and platelet adhesion behavior tests. The results show that the haemocompatibility of the alloy could be significantly improved by surface heparinization.

Mechanical properties of strengthened surface layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy induced by wet peening treatment

A modified surface layer was formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by wet peening treatment. The variations of the residual stress,nano-hardness and microstructure of the modified layer with depth from surface were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,nano-indentation analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show thatboth the compressive residual stress and hardness decrease with increasing depth, and the termination depths are 160 and 80 μm,respectively. The microstructure observation indicates that within 80 μm, the compressive residual stress and the hardness areenhanced by the co-action of the grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Within 80–160 μm, the compressiveresidual stress mainly derives from the dislocation strengthening. The strengthened layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after wet peeningtreatment was quantitatively analyzed by a revised equation with respect to a relation between hardness and yield strength.

Process parameters optimization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet during hot stretch-creep forming

Hot stretch-creep forming （SCF） is a novel technique to produce hard-to-form thin-walled metal components. Comprehensively considering the analysis results of the springback angle, yield strength and microstructure, four hot SCF process parameters including temperature, stretch velocity, post stretch percentage and dwelling time of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet were optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The results reveal that temperature is the most important factor on springback angle. The yield strength of the deformed material in 0° direction increases, while those in directions of 45° and 90° fluctuate around the original value. After hot SCF, the shape of some a phases changes from short thin grains to long slender ones, and the microhardness changes very little. The optimized parameters with temperature of 700 ℃, stretch velocity of 5 mm/min, post stretch percentage of 2% and dwelling time of 8 min are achieved finally.

Influence of hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate

Electromagnetic forming tests were done at room temperature to reveal the influence of hydrogen content on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Microstructure was observed to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen-enhanced compressive properties. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen has favorable effects on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy first increases up to a maximum and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen content at the same discharge energy under EMF tests. The compression increases by 47.0% when 0.2% (mass fraction) hydrogen is introduced into Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimal hydrogen content for cold formation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under EMF was determined. The reasons for the hydrogen-induced compressive properties were discussed.

Dynamic fracture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Taylor impact test

The dynamic fracture behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate loading were investigated systemically through Taylor impact test, over the range of impact velocities from 145 m/s to 306 m/s. The critical impact velocity of fracture ranges from 217 m/s to 236 m/s. Smooth surfaces and ductile dimple areas were observed on the fracture surfaces. As the impact velocity reached 260 m/s, the serious melting regions were also observed on the fracture surfaces. Self-organization of cracks emerges when the impact velocity reaches 260 m/s, while some special cracks whose ＂tips＂ are not sharp but arc and smooth, and without any evidence of deformation or adiabatic shear band were also observed on the impact end surfaces. Examination of the sections of these special cracks reveals that the cracks expand along the two maximum shear stress directions respectively, and finally intersect as a tridimensional ＂stagger ridge＂ structure.

Effect of grain size of primary α phase on bonding interface characteristic and mechanical property of press bonded Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of grain size of primary α phase on the bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of bond was investigated in the press bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The quantitative results show that the average size of voids increases from 0.8 to 2.6 μm and the bonding ratio decreases from 90.9% to 77.8% with an increase in grain size of primary α phase from 8.2 to 16.4 μm. The shape of voids changes from the tiny round to the irregular strip. The highest shear strength of bond can be obtained in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a grain size of 8.2 μm. This is contributed to the higher ability of plastic flow and more short-paths for diffusion in the alloy with smaller grain size of primary α phase, which promote the void closure process and the formation of α/β grains across bonding interface.

不同稀土含量Ti-600合金的高周疲劳性能

研究了不同稀土含量的Ti-600合金光滑试样在应力比R为0．1，加载频率为100Hz左右时的室温高周轴向应力疲劳性能，并分析了稀土元素对该合金疲劳断裂行为的影响。研究结果表明：107周次疲劳后，含0．1％（质量分数）Y和含0．2％（质量分数）Y的Ti-600合金以及Ti-1100基体合金的条件疲劳强度极限分别为537、500、605MPa。这表明添加稀土元素Y后，合金的疲劳极限降低，且其疲劳极限随稀土元素含量的增多而减小。所形成的稀土氧化物Y2O3粒子尺寸差别较大，其椭球长轴尺寸为几百个纳米甚至几个微米，并且Ti-600合金的裂纹萌生与稀土相颗粒的断裂有关。

Ti-600合金热暴露前后室温拉伸性能及变形机制研究

研究了Ti-600合金镦制饼材600℃热暴露前后室温拉伸性能与组织的变化,并分析了其室温拉伸变形机制。研究结果表明,600℃热暴露100 h后,毛坯热暴露试样的强度较热暴露前的固溶时效试样(STA)提高了3%左右,延伸率的保持率为81.1%;试样热暴露试样的强度稍有降低,延伸率的保持率仅为55.6%。600℃热暴露100 h前后,Ti-600合金镦制饼材的组织变化不明显,热暴露后其原始β晶粒尺寸较之前的稍有长大。STA状态下晶界与板条较平直,热暴露后少数板条弯曲,并且板条较短较细小。试样热暴露试样组织内的α相与β板条比毛坯热暴露试样的粗大。经分析,Ti-600合金热暴露前后室温拉伸变形时主要的变形机制是位错穿越α束滑移以及位错柱面滑移。