Protective Effect of the Sputtered TiAlCrAg Coating on the High-Temperature Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Resistance of Ti-Al-Nb Alloy

The effect of a sputtered Ti-48AI-8Cr-2Ag (at. pct) coating on the oxidation resistance of the cast Ti-46.5AI-5Nb (at. pct) alloy was investigated in air at 1000-1100℃. Hot corrosion in molten 75 wt pct Na2SO4+25 wt pct K2SO4 was investigated at 900℃. The scale on the cast TiAINb tends to spall in air, while the scale on coating is very adherent. The sputtered Ti-48AI-8Cr-2Ag coating remarkably improved high temperature oxidation resistance of the cast Ti-46.5AI-5Nb alloy because of the formation of an adherent Al2O3 scale. Due to the inward diffusion of Cr, Kirkendall voids were found at the coating/substrate interface. TiAICrAg coating provided excellent hot corrosion resistance for TiAINb alloy in molten 75 wt pct Na2SO4+25 wt pct K2S04 at 900℃ due to the formation of a continuous Al_2O_3 scale.

Microstructural analysis and hot corrosion behavior of HVOF-sprayed Ni–22Cr–10Al–1Y and Ni–22Cr–10Al–1Y–SiC(N) coatings on ASTM-SA213-T22 steel

The present paper deals with the investigation of microstructure and high-temperature hot corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxy fuel(HVOF)-produced coatings. Two powder coating compositions, namely, Ni22Cr10Al1Y alloy powder and Ni22Cr10Al1Y(80 wt%;microsized)–silicon carbide(SiC)(20 wt%;nano(N)) powder, were deposited on a T-22 boiler tube steel. The hot corrosion behavior of bare and coated steels was tested at 900°C for 50 cycles in Na2SO4–60 wt%V2O5 molten-salt environment. The kinetics of corrosion was established with weight change measurements after each cycle. The microporosity and microhardness of the as-coated samples have been reported. The X-ray diffraction,field emission-scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray mapping characterization techniques have been utilized for structural analysis of the as-coated and hot-corroded samples. The results showed that both coatings were deposited with a porosity less than2%. Both coated samples revealed the development of harder surfaces than the substrate. During hot corrosion testing, the bare T22 steel showed an accelerated corrosion in comparison with its coated counterparts. The HVOF-sprayed coatings were befitted effectively by maintaining their adherence during testing. The Ni22Cr10Al1Y–20 wt%SiC(N) composite coating was more effective than the Ni–22Cr–10Al–1Y coating against corrosion in the high-temperature fluxing process.

Improving corrosion resistance of additively manufactured WE43 magnesium alloy by high temperature oxidation for biodegradable applications

Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)has been employed to additively manufacture WE43 magnesium(Mg)alloy biodegradable implants,but WE43 L-PBF samples exhibit excessively rapid corrosion.In this work,dense WE43 L-PBF samples were built with the relativity density reaching 99.9%.High temperature oxidation was performed on the L-PBF samples in circulating air via various heating temperatures and holding durations.The oxidation and diffusion at the elevated temperature generated a gradient structure composed of an oxide layer at the surface,a transition layer in the middle and the matrix.The oxide layer consisted of rare earth(RE)oxides,and became dense and thick with increasing the holding duration.The matrix was composed ofα-Mg,RE oxides and Mg_(24)RE_(5) precipitates.The precipitates almost disappeared in the transition layer.Enhanced passivation effect was observed in the samples treated by a suitable high temperature oxidation.The original L-PBF samples lost 40%weight after 3-day immersion in Hank’s solution,and broke into fragments after 7-day immersion.The casted and solution treated samples lost roughly half of the weight after 28-day immersion.The high temperature oxidation samples,which were heated at 525℃ for 8 h,kept the structural integrity,and lost only 6.88%weight after 28-day immersion.The substantially improved corrosion resistance was contributed to the gradient structure at the surface.On one hand,the outmost dense layer of RE oxides isolated the corrosive medium;on the other hand,the transition layer considerably inhibited the corrosion owing to the lack of precipitates.Overall,high temperature oxidation provides an efficient,economic and safe approach to inhibit the corrosion of WE43 L-PBF samples,and has promising prospects for future clinical applications.

Microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of Si-Y co-deposition coatings prepared on TiAl alloy by pack cementation process

In order to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl alloy, Y modified silicide coatings were prepared by pack cementation process at 1030, 1080 and 1130 °C, respectively, for 5 h. The microstructures, phase constitutions and oxidation behavior of these coatings were studied. The results show that the coating prepared by co-depositing Si?Y at 1080 °C for 5 h has a multiple layer structure: a superficial zone consisting of Al-rich (Ti,Nb)5Si4 and (Ti,Nb)5Si3, an out layer consisting of (Ti,Nb)Si2, a middle layer consisting of (Ti,Nb)5Si4 and (Ti,Nb)5Si3, and aγ-TiAl inner layer. Co-deposition temperature imposes strong influences on the coating structure. The coating prepared by Si?Y co-depositing at 1080 °C for 5 h shows relatively good oxidation resistance at 1000 °C in air, and the oxidation rate constant of the coating is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the bare TiAl alloy.

Oxidation behaviors of wrought nickel-based superalloys in various high temperature environments

Oxidation characteristics of Alloy 617 and Haynes 230 at 900 oC in simulated helium environment,hot steam environment containing H2 as well as in air and pure helium conditions were investigated.Compared to air condition,the oxidation rate of Alloy 617 was not significantly affected in helium and hot steam environments,while Haynes 230 showed lower oxidation rate in helium environment.On the other hand,the oxide morphology and structure of Alloy 617 were strongly affected by the environments,but those of Haynes 230 were less dependent on the environments.For Haynes 230,a Cr2O3 inner layer and a protective MnCr2O4 outer layer were formed in all environments,which contributed to the better oxidation resistance.As the mechanical properties,such as creep and tensile properties,were significantly affected by the oxidation behaviors,surface treatment methods to enhance oxidation resistance of these alloys should be developed.

Corrosion behavior of NiCr alloys in HCl-containing oxidation atmosphere at 700800 ℃

Corrosion behaviors of pure Ni and three NiCr alloys were investigated in an HCl-containing oxidizing atmosphere at 700 ℃ and 800 ℃. All materials suffer from accelerated corrosion at both temperatures. NiCr alloys show an initial mass loss due to the formation of volatile CrCl3 and CrO2Cl2. Some chlorides are detected at the scale/substrate interface and many voids are also found there. NiCr alloys with higher chromium content have better corrosion resistance. However, Ni50Cr is inferior to Ni25Cr due to its two-phase structure, which makes it easy for chlorine to diffuse along grain boundary and to occur inner oxidation. The relevant corrosion mechanism was also discussed.

Effect of La_2O_3 on microstructure and high-temperature wear property of hot-press sintering FeAl intermetallic compound

FeAl intermetallic compound with different contents of rare earth oxide La2O3 addition was prepared by hot pressing the mechanically alloyed powders.Effect of La2O3 on microstructure and high-temperature wear property of the sintered FeAl samples was investigated in this paper.The results showed that 1 wt.% La2O3 addition could refine the microstructure and increase the density of the FeAl intermetallic compound,and correspondingly improved the high-temperature wear resistance.SEM and EDS analyses of the wo...

High-temperature oxidation behavior of a cast Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.2Zr alloy

The oxidation behavior of the Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.2Zr alloy at 900℃ was investigated at different oxidation times(5,20,60 and 100 h).The results show that the total weight gain of the alloy after 100 h at 900℃ oxidation is 9.1 g·m^(-2),and the oxidation rate decreases with oxidation time.The oxides on the alloy surface are mainly TiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3).At the beginning of oxidation(5 h),the oxide film is relatively complete,thin,and the interface between the oxide layer and the matrix is virtually flat.At the end of oxidation(100 h),the thickness of the oxide film is expanded,cracking and spalling occur,and the spalling form is intra-film spalling.At the same time,oxygen is mainly distributed in the oxide film and the oxygen content in the alloy substrate is reduced,confirming that the TiAl alloy has a certain oxidation stability at 900℃.From the outer surface of the oxide layer to the matrix,the TiO_(2) content increases and the Al_(2)O_(3) content decreases.Oxidation proceeds to completion in this system via the dissolution and diffusion of O atom.

High temperature corrosion behavior of arc-sprayed aluminum coatings on steel

Aluminum coatings were sprayed on the substrate of steel Q235 by arc spraying. The test samples of Q235, Al coatings and Al coatings with seal coat were placed in box type electric resistance furnace at 400, 500,600, 650 ℃ when their oxidation behaviors were studied. And their oxidation kinetics curves were protracted. Microstructure, microhardness, bond strength and distribution of section elements were investigated by optical microscope(OM), Vickers microhardness instrument, electric tensile test machine and EPMA. Al coatings and Al coatings with seal coat can enhance the oxidation-resistance of substrate under 500 ℃. The latter has the best corrosion resistance. The coatings can't protect the substrate against oxidation above 600 ℃. After a long time corrosion there is enriched oxygen element at interface.

Synergic Effect of Shot Blasting and Deposit RE on Corrosion Behavior of TP304H steel in SO_2-O_2 at 923K

The corrosion behavior of TP304H steel with combined treatment of shot blasting and electrophoresis deposited RE coating in l%SO2+14%O2+85%Ar mixture gaseous has been studied at 923K for 150 hours. The results show that both RE coating and shot blasting can improve the corrosion resistance of TP304H steel, and combined treatment has the best effect. Combined treatment reduces 50% mass gain, enhances the continuous and compactness of scale and changes the scale phase forms from FeaOs/Fe^S/Ni^/S to Cr2O3/FeCr2S4/Ni3_xS2. The synergistic effects of combined treatment on corrosion resistance and the effect of shot blasting on corrosion kinetics are discussed. Shot blasting increases the outward diffusion and surface concentration of Cr, Ce coating promotes the selective oxidation of Cr.

Accelerated Corrosion of Pure Fe Induced by Gaseous ZnCl_2 at High Tempreratures

ZnCl2 is one of the dominant aggressive species in waste incinerators or other advanced combustion power generation systems. In this study, the influence of minor amount of gaseous ZnCl2 on the corrosion behavior of pure iron was examined at 600-800℃ in a pure oxygen environment. The corrosion rate usually increased markedly with increasing temperatures at a fixed ZnCl2 content or with increased ZnCl2 contents at a constant temperature. The corrosion products were composed of a thin outer layer of ZnFe2O4 spinel and an inner zone with a much thicker layer of Fe2O3, which exhibited a serious separation from the matrix. Moreover, a molten FeCl2 layer was observed at the scale substrate interface. The accelerated corrosion of pure iron was attributed to the existence of FeCl2 with low melting point on the metal surface, which destroyed the cohesion and adhesion of the oxide scale. The results are discussed in relation to the thermodynamic factors and the presence of volatile compounds in the reaction system.

Environmental corrosion resistance of porous TiAl intermetallic compounds

Porous TiAl intermetallic compound, as a novel substitute for current inorganic porous material, offsets the shortages of both ceramics and metals. The environmental corrosion resistance of porous TiAl intermetallic compound was investigated. The kinetic equation for the cyclic oxidation of porous TiAl alloy at 600 ℃ is determined to be △m2=1.08×10-5t. After total oxidation of 140 h, porous TiAl intermetallic compound shows more stability of pore structure and the mass gain of TiAl alloy is 0.042 g/m2, which is only 10.6% that of porous 316L stainless steel. The kinetic equation for the cyclic corrosion behavior of porous TiAl alloy in hydrochloric acid with pH=2 at 90 ℃ is determined to be △m2=5.41×10-5t-2.08×10-4. After 50 h exposure, the mass loss of TiAl alloy is 0.049 g/m2, which is only 14.8% and 5.57% that of porous Ti and stainless steel, respectively. The kinetic equation in hydrochloric acid with pH=3 is determined to be △m2=2.63×10-6t-3.72×10-6.

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of sputtered TiN coatings on surface of Zr-4 alloy

To improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of Zr-4 alloy, titanium nitride （TIN） coatings were prepared on the Zr-4 alloy with a TiN ceramic target with different ratios of N2. Microstructure and high-temperature properties of the TiN coated samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS）, X-ray diffraction meter （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, heat treatment furnace and autoclaves, respectively. The x value of the TiN coatings （TiN） ranges from 0.96 to 1.33. After the introduction of N2, TiN coating exhibits a weak （200） plane and a preferred （111） orientation. The coating prepared with an N2 flow ratio of 15% shows an optimal oxidation resistance in the atmospheric environment at 800 ℃. In either 1 200 ℃ steam environment for one hour, or deionized water at 360 ℃ and a pressure of 18.6 Mpa for 16 d, the opitimized TiN coated samples have no delamination or spallation; and the gains in the masses of samples are much smaller than Zr-4 alloy. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized TiN coating as the protective coating on the Zr-4 alloy under extreme conditons.

Oxidation protection of NiCoCrAlY coatings on γ-TiAl

The effect of NiCoCrAlY overlay coatings on the oxidation resistance of γ-TiAl was studied at 900 ℃ in static air. To hinder the interdiffusion of the elements, the Al/Al2O3 layer was added between the coating and the alloy. The results show that the TiAl alloy exhibits poor oxidation resistance. NiCoCrAlY coating can not effectively protect the γ-TiAl substrate from high temperature oxidation because of the serious interdiffusion between the coating and the substrates. With Al/Al2O3 diffusion barrier, the NiCoCrAlY coating exhibits excellent oxidation protection on γ-TiAl alloy.

气体氮化γ-TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能研究

γ-TiAl基合金抗高温氧化性较差限制了其在高温场景下的应用,提高其抗高温氧化性能对高温合金的研究与应用具有重要意义。以Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金为研究对象,将其置于管式炉中分别在800、900、1000℃下进行气体氮化2 h。采用光学显微镜观察显微组织,采用X射线衍射仪分析物相组成,测试维氏硬度,分析900℃下的高温氧化行为。结果表明,随着氮化温度的升高,合金基体片层组织逐渐粗化,表面膜层增厚,维氏硬度升高。在空气中高温氧化128 h后,800℃和900℃氮化后样品的质量增加仅为未氮化样品的25.3%和28.9%,表明800℃和900℃氮化后的样品具有良好的抗氧化能力。由于1000℃氮化样品因膜层存在裂纹,高温氧化时膜层和基体会与氧发生反应生成氧化物,导致质量增加显著。900℃下氮化处理能够显著提高Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的表面维氏硬度,增强合金的抗氧化能力。

微观组织结构对TiAl合金高温氧化行为的影响

通过分析不同微观组织TiAl合金在850℃下的恒温氧化行为,揭示了不同微观组织TiAl合金的高温氧化机制。研究表明,近γ组织和双态组织TiAl合金表现出优异的高温抗氧化性,850℃恒温氧化100h后,样品表面氧化膜厚度分别为13.78、12.81μm,而全片层组织TiAl合金在同等条件下的氧化膜厚度为19.06μm。经850℃氧化100 h后,不同微观组织TiAl合金表面均形成了不具有保护作用的TiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)混合氧化层。全片层组织TiAl合金高温抗氧化性不足的主要原因是基体中存在过多的原子扩散通道(片层晶界和板条相界),导致大量的氧进入基体发生氧化反应,而近γ组织和双态组织中原子扩散通道明显减少,且存在大量抗氧化性能优异的γ晶粒,显著降低了氧扩散与氧化速率,从而提高了TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能。

元素改性铝化物涂层研究进展

铝化物涂层在高温环境中服役时形成Al_(2)O_(3)膜,从而有效地提高了部件的抗高温氧化和耐热腐蚀性能,延长了部件服役寿命,因此其成为燃气轮机热端部件的重要热防护涂层。然而,单一铝化物涂层在服役时易出现富铝态的β-NiAl相向贫铝态的γ-Ni_(3)Al相的相变,使涂层中的Al含量降低,导致涂层难以持续形成致密Al_(2)O_(3)膜。对利用元素改性(如Si、Cr、Co、Pt、Pd和稀土)提高铝化物涂层的抗高温氧化和耐热腐蚀性能进行了概述,指出Pt元素能同时促进Al元素氧化成致密的Al_(2)O_(3)膜和提高氧化膜的抗剥落能力,对铝化物涂层的高温性能改性效果最好;基于单元素改性效果,发展了多种元素(二元和三元)共改性铝化物涂层,以Pt与阻碍涂层与基体间元素扩散的元素或抑制相变元素的共同改性能更有效提高铝化物涂层的性能;最后,未来改性铝化物涂层的发展趋势可能是Pt与稀土或其他元素更高元共改性(四元或五元)。

模拟海洋环境Ti_(2)AlNb合金高温腐蚀行为研究

通过设计高温氧化试验、高温热盐腐蚀试验、高温热盐-水汽协同腐蚀试验,系统开展模拟海洋环境Ti_(2)AlNb合金的高温腐蚀行为与机理研究。利用XRD、SEM和EDS等微尺度分析表征方法,全面解析Ti_(2)AlNb合金物相结构特征、微观腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物成分。研究结果表明,经650℃氧化400 h后,Ti_(2)AlNb合金的氧化增重仅为0.507 mg/cm^(2),表面原位生成均匀致密的氧化层,其厚度约3μm。经650℃热盐腐蚀400 h后,Ti_(2)AlNb合金增重高达4.049 mg/cm^(2),表面氧化层呈棕黄色且厚度高达150μm。热盐试验过程中混合盐共晶反应产生的Cl_(2)作为催化载体加速合金腐蚀降解,其诱导形成的气态氯化物及腐蚀产物(如NaNbO_(3)和Na_(2)TiO_(3))最终导致氧化层的严重开裂和剥落,使合金整体严重失效退化。经650℃热盐-水汽协同腐蚀400 h后,Ti_(2)AlNb合金的腐蚀损伤进一步加剧,水汽环境导致其表面氧化层腐蚀降解及HCl形成,而HCl内渗进一步加速了基体合金降解。此外,混合盐的内扩散及其共晶反应所产生的Cl_(2)会与水反应再次形成HCl,而HCl进一步加速Ti_(2)AlNb腐蚀降解进程,并导致大量疏松腐蚀产物堆积和脱落,即高温热盐-水汽强耦合效应严重威胁Ti_(2)AlNb合金的服役寿命。

镁合金表面高温氧化膜CO_(2)矿化处理研究

为改善镁合表面高温氧化膜性能,采用CO_(2)矿化技术对AZ80-0.38Nd(质量分数/%,下同)合金表面高温氧化膜进行了处理。对比考察了合金氧化膜CO_(2)矿化处理前后的微观形貌、结构及物相,并采用浸泡和电化学测试技术研究了膜层的腐蚀防护性能。结果表明,AZ80-0.38Nd合金表面高温氧化膜具有典型的裂纹与孔洞缺陷,CO_(2)矿化处理很好地修复了合金表面高温氧化膜缺陷,提高了氧化膜层的致密度,并在合金表面构筑由棒状MgCO_(3)·3H_(2)O和层片状4MgCO_(3)·Mg(OH)2·4H 2O组成的矿化膜。相比于氧化膜,矿化膜可将合金自腐蚀电位(E corr)由-1.41 V SCE提高至-1.33 V SCE,将合金自腐蚀电流密度(i corr)由1.62×10^(-4)A/cm^(2)减小至2.47×10^(-5)A/cm^(2)。此外,矿化膜还能将合金局部腐蚀转变为均匀腐蚀,呈现优异的腐蚀防护性能。