Microstructural characterization,tribological and corrosion behavior of AA7075-TiC composites

Aluminum alloys are the potential materials in the automobile and aerospace sectors due to their lower density,easy forming and excellent corrosion resistance.The demand of high strength-to-weight ratio materials in structural applications needs the engineering industries to seek aluminum alloy with new versions of hard and brittle ceramic particles.The microstructure,hardness,wear and corrosion behaviors of AA7075 composites with 2.5wt.%and 5wt.%TiC particles were studied.Microscopic analysis is evident that the transformation of the strong dendritic morphology to non-dendritic morphology on the incorporation of TiC into AA7075.Furthermore,the precipitation of the second-phase compounds such as Al_(2)CuMg,Al_(2)Cu andFe-rich Al_6(Cu,Fe)/Al_(7)Cu_(2)Fe)is promoted by TiC particles at inter-and intra-dendritic regions.Accordingly,the hardness of composites is improved by grain boundary strengthening and particulate strengthening mechanisms.Both coefficient of friction and wear rate have an inverse relation with TiC concentration.The base alloy without TiC shows adhesive-type wear-induced deformation due to the formation of an oxide film,while composite samples exhibit a mechanically mixed layer and abrasive-type wear behavior.Composite samples shows a higher corrosion rate due to the presence of numerous precipitates which promote pitting corrosion.

Recent Advances in Interface Modification of Cu/graphite Composites and Layered Ternary Carbides of Modified Layer Candidate

We review the fundamental properties and significant issues related to Cu/graphite composites.In particular,recent research on the interfacial modification of Cu/graphite composites is addressed,including the metal-modified layer,carbide-modified layer,and combined modified layer.Additionally,we propose the use of ternary layered carbide as an interface modification layer for Cu/graphite composites.

Morphology and Frictional Characteristics Under Electrical Currents of Al_2O_3/Cu Composites Prepared by Internal Oxidation

Two Al2O3/Cu composites containing 0.24 wt.% Al2O3 and 0.60 wt.% Al2O3 separately are prepared by internal oxidation. Effects of sliding speed and pressure on the frictional characteristics of the composites and copper against brass are investigated and compared. The changes in morphology of the sliding surface and subsurface are examined with scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the wear resistance of the Al2O3/Cu composites is superior to that of copper under the same conditions, Under a given electrical current, the wear rate of Al2O3/Cu composites decreases as the Al2O3-content increases, However, the wear rates of the Al2O3/Cu composites and copper increase as the sliding speed and pressure increase under dry sliding condition. The main wear mechanisms for Al2O3/Cu composites are of abrasion and adhesion; for copper, it is adhesion, although wear by oxidation and electrical erosion can also be observed as the speed and pressure rise.

Hydrogen production performance of the non⁃platinum⁃based MoS_(2)/CuS cathode in microbial electrolytic cells

MoS_(2)/CuS composite catalysts were successfully synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method with sodium molybdate dihydrate,thiourea,oxalic acid,and copper nitrate trihydrate as raw materials.The hydrogen pro-duction performance of MoS_(2)/CuS prepared with different molar ratios of Mo to Cu precursors(n_(Mo)∶n_(Cu))as cathodic catalysts was investigated in the two-chamber microbial electrolytic cell(MEC).X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray pho-toelectron spectroscopy(XPS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),linear scanning voltammetry(LSV),electrochemical impedance analysis(EIS),and cyclic voltammetry(CV)were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts for testing and analyzing the hydrogen-producing performance.The results showed that the hydrogen evolution performance of MoS_(2)/CuS-20%(nMo∶nCu=5∶1)was better than that of platinum(Pt)mesh,and the hydrogen production rate of MoS_(2)/CuS-20%as a cathode in MEC was(0.2031±0.0237)m^(3)_(H_(2))·m^(-3)·d^(-1) for 72 h at an applied voltage of 0.8 V,which was slightly higher than that of Pt mesh of(0.1886±0.0134)m^(3)_(H_(2))·m^(-3)·d^(-1).The addition of a certain amount of CuS not only regulates the electron transfer ability of MoS_(2) but also increases the density of active sites.

Comparative Assessment on Microstructure and Properties of in-situ TiC+Ti_(5)Si_(3)Reinforced TiAl-Sn-Zr Matrix Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering and Argon Protected Sintering

The effects of SiC particles(SiCp)on high temperature oxidation behavior of titanium matrix composites(TMCs)under different powder metallurgy processes were investigated.In situ Ti C+Ti_(5)Si_(3)reinforced titanium matrix composites were prepared by discharge plasma sintering(SPS)and argon protective sintering(APS).The results show that the two processes have a negligible effect on the composition and hardness of the samples,but the hardness of the two samples is significantly improved by adding SiCp.The apparent porosity of SPS process is obviously smaller than that of APS process,whereas,the apparent porosity increases slightly with the addition of SiCp.The oxide layer thickness and mass gain of the samples obtained by SPS process are smaller than those obtained by APS process.The oxide thickness and mass gain of both processes are further reduced by adding SiCp.The SPS composites showed the best high temperature oxidation resistance.Therefore,TMCs with Si Cp by SPS can effectively improve the high-temperature oxidation behavior of the materials.

Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC-TiB_2-Cu Composites

TiC-TiB2-Cu composites were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis combined with pseudo hot isostatic pressing using Ti, B4C and Cu powders. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） results showed that the final products were only TiC, TiB2 and Cu phases. The clubbed TiB2 grains and spheroidal or irregular TiC grains were found in the microstructure of synthesized products. The reaction temperature and grain size of TiB2 and TiC particles decreased with increasing Cu content. The introduction of Cu into the composites resulted in a drastic increase in the relative density and flexual strength, and the maximum values were obtained with the addition of 20 wt pct, while the fracture toughness was the best when Cu content was 40 wt pct.

Reaction thermodynamics and kinetics on in situ Al_2O_3/Cu composites

The preferred internal oxidation of aluminum in Cu Al alloy was used to obtain in situ Al 2O 3/Cu composites. The reinforcement particles were mainly γ Al 2O 3, some θ Al 2O 3 and a little α Al 2O 3. Thermodynamics analyses show that the chemical reactions are 3Cu 2O+2Al=6Cu+Al 2O 3 or 3CuO+2Al=3Cu+Al 2O 3. A related equilibrium diagram was drawn. The experiments and investigation show that the formation rate of Al 2O 3 was controlled by the diffusion of oxygen in matrix.

Effect of Silver Element on Microstructure and Properties of W-30Cu/TiC Composites

W-30 wt%Cu and TiC-50 wt%Ag were successfully synthesized by a novel simplified pretreatment followed by electroless plating. The 0 wt% TiC, 0.5 wt% TiC, and 0.5 wt%TiC-0.5 wt%Ag composite powders were added to W-30 wt%Cu composite powders by blending, and then reduced. The reduced W-30 Cu, W-30 Cu/0.5 TiC, and W-30 Cu-0.5 Ag/0.5 TiC composite powders were then compacted and sintered at 1 300 ℃ in protective hydrogen for 60 min. The phase and morphology of the composite powders and materials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The relative density, electrical conductivity, and hardness of the sintered samples were examined. Results showed that W-30 Cu and TiC-Ag composite powders with uniform structure were obtained using simplified pretreatment followed by electroless plating. The addition of TiC particles can significantly increase the compressive strength and hardness of the W-30 Cu composite material but decrease the electrical conductivity. Next, 0.5 wt% Ag was added to prepare W-30 Cu-0.5 Ag/TiC composites with excellent electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of these composites(61.2%) is higher than that in the national standard(the imaginary line denotes electrical conductivity of GB IACS 42%) of 45.7%.

Microstructure and property of sub-micro WC-10 %Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composites prepared by selective laser sintering

The WC-10%Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composite material with a WC-Co∶Cu mass ratio of 20∶80 was successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering(SLS) process. The following optimal processing parameters were used: laser power of 700 W, scan speed of 0.06 m/s, scan line spacing of 0.15 mm, and powder layer thickness of 0.3 mm. The microstructure, composition, and phase of the laser processed material were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The results show that the bonding mechanism of this process is liquid phase sintering. The Cu and Co act as the binder phase, while the WC acts as the reinforcing phase. The non-equilibrium effects induced by laser melting, such as high degrees of undercooling and high solidification rate, result in the formation of a metastable phase CoC0.25. The WC reinforcing particulates typically have three kinds of morphology. They are agglomerated and undissolved, incompletely separated and partially dissolved, separated and dissolved, which indicates that particle rearrangement acts as the dominant sintering mechanism for the larger WC, while dissolution-precipitation prevails for the smaller WC particles. Microhardness tester was used to determine the Vickers hardness across the cross-section of the laser sintered sample, with the average value being HV0.1268.5. However, the hardness varied considerably, which might be attributed to the WC segregation and the high solidification rate experienced by the molten pool.

Microstructure,phase transformation and mechanical properties of NiMnGa particles/Cu composites fabricated by SPS

Microstructure,phase transformation and mechanical properties of NiMnGa particles/Cu composites prepared by spark plasma sintering method were investigated by SEM,EDS,XRD,susceptibility measurements and mechanical tests.The NiMnGa particles were found to react with Cu matrix and the composites exhibited a similar crystal structure to the Cu matrix.The martensitic transformation and Curie transition of the composites were weakened due to the composition change of NiMnGa particles caused by reactions.With increasing NiMnGa particles content,the martensitic transformation and Curie transition of the composites were enhanced to some extent.However,the martensitic transformation temperature and Curie transition temperature were decreased by~50 K as compared to those of the original NiMnGa particles.The compressive strength of the composites increased with the increase of NiMnGa particles content,whereas the compressive strain was decreased gradually.

Thermal explosion synthesis of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with TiC-TiB_2 ceramic particulates

In situ TiC-TiB2 diphase ceramic reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites were successfully fabricated via thermal explosion(TE) reaction in the Al-Ti-B4C system. Using DTA and XRD analyses,the combustion reaction characteristic was examined. The results show that Al serves not only as a diluent but also as a reaction participant,affecting the reaction process and its final products. Combining with the DTA and the TE temperature-time curves,the ignition temperature is estimated to be about 970 K. With increasing Al content,the adiabatic combustion temperature is lowered and the sizes of the TiC and TiB2 particulates decrease. When the Al content in the reactants is more than 50%,Al3Ti intermediate phase is detected in the synthesized products. SEM observations reveal that the nearly spherical TiC particles and hexagonal or rectangular TiB2 particles distribute relatively uniformly in the Al matrix.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of TiC_P/Al-4.5Cu-0.8Mg Composites by Direct Reaction Synthesis

Direct reaction synthesis (DRS), based on the principle of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), is a new method for preparing participate metal matrix composites. TiCP/AI-4.5Cu-0.8Mg composites were fabricated by DRS. Participate composites were fabricated with Ti carbide (TiC) particles, generally less than 1.0μm. The reacted, thermal extruded samples exhibit a homogeneous distribution of fine TiC particles in AI-4.5Cu-0.8Mg matrix. Mechanical property evaluation of the composites has revealed a very high tensile strength relative to the matrix alloy. Fractographic analysis indicates ductile failure.

Effect of Cu-Ti-C Reaction Composition on Reinforcing Particles Size of TiC_x/Cu Composites

TiCx/Cu composites were fabricated by combustion synthesis and hot press technology. Using XRD, SEM, EDS, FESEM analysis methods, the effects of various carbon sources and different Cu contents on the microstructures of TiCx/Cu composites and the size of TiCx particles were investigated. Results showed that TiCx reinforcing particles size increases with decreasing Cu content in Cu-Ti-C reaction system. With carbon nanotubes（carbon black） serving as carbon source, the generated TiCx particles size transits from nanometer to submicron when Cu content corresponding to the reaction system is reduced to 60 vol%（70 vol%）; while graphite serves as carbon source, there is no clear limiting concentration. C particles with smaller size, larger specific surface area and better distribution result in finer TiCx particles, which is more beneficial to generating nano-sized TiCx/Cu composites.

Microstructure and Mechanical Property of in-situ Al-Cu/TiC Composites

An approach named direct reaction synthesis (DRS) has been developed to fabricate particulate composites with an extremely fine reinforcement size. ID situ Al matrix composites were fabri-cated by DRS. Extensive analysis of the composites microstructure using SEM and TEM identify that the reinforcement formed during the DRS process is Ti carbide (TiC) particle, generally less than 1.0 μm. The reacted, semisolid extruded samples exhibit a homogeneous distribution of fine TiC particles in Al-Cu matrix, Mechanical property evaluation of the composites has revealed a very high tensile strength relative to the matrix alloy. Fractographic analysis indicates ductile failure although the ductility and strength are limited by the presence of coarse titanium aluminides (Al3Ti).

Microstructure and Thermal Properties of SiCp/Cu Composites with Mo Coating on SiC Particles

SiCp/Cu composites with a compact microstructure were successfully fabricated by vacuum hot-pressing method. In order to suppress the detrimental interfacial reactions and ameliorate the interfacial bonding between copper and silicon carbide, molybdenum coating was deposited on the surface of silicon carbide by magnetron sputtering method and crystallized heat-treatment. The effects of the interfacial design on the thermo-physical properties of Si Cp/Cu composites were studied in detail. Thermal conductivity and expansion test results showed that silicon carbide particles coated with uniform and compact molybdenum coating have improved the comprehensive thermal properties of the Si Cp/Cu composites. Furthermore, the adhesion of the interface between silicon carbide and copper was significantly strengthened after molybdenum coating. Si Cp/Cu composites with a maximum thermal conductivity of 274.056 W/（m·K） and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 9 ppm/K were successfully prepared when the volume of silicon carbide was about 50%, and these Si Cp/Cu composites have potential applications for the electronic packageing of the high integration electronic devices.

Properties and microstructure of Cu/diamond composites prepared by spark plasma sintering method

Cu/diamond composites have been considered as the next generation of thermal management material for electronic packages and heat sinks applications. Cu/diamond composites with different volume fractions of diamond were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering（SPS） method. The sintering temperatures and volume fractions（50%, 60% and 70%） of diamond were changed to investigate their effects on the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites. The results show that the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with decreasing the diamond volume fraction; the relative density and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with increasing the sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity of the composites is a result of the combined effect of the volume fraction of diamond, the homogeneity and relative density of the composites.

时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响

以Cu、Y、Ti和CuO粉末为原料,采用机械合金化(MA)和热还原的方法制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合粉末。然后经放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料,并对材料进行了900℃固溶1 h和不同温度时效2 h的处理。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、拉伸试验和导电率测量仪等研究了不同温度时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度的升高,Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料的晶粒和第二相尺寸增大,导电率降低,最大应变和抗拉强度先增大后减小。Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料经900℃固溶1 h+400℃时效2 h后,综合性能最优,其具有良好塑性的同时,抗拉强度和导电率分别达到326.4 MPa和73.0%IACS。

三维互穿结构Cu-W触头抗熔焊机理

触头闭合回跳电弧引起的开关电器动熔焊问题,直接影响大功率接触器的电寿命和可靠性。为此设计了2种三维互穿有序结构的四边形和菱形十二面体的Cu-W复合材料触头,围绕触头动熔焊过程中的电弧、熔池、液滴溅射及凝固相变降温等问题,建立触头熔池流体动力学模型和冷凝降温数学模型,研究了2种有序结构和商用无序结构的触头阳极在闭合回跳电弧作用下熔化温度分布、熔池喷溅形貌和接触区域金属凝固过程,通过模拟熔焊实验平台进行了熔焊力验证。结果表明,通过调节三维互穿有序W骨架结构,能够有效抑制熔池扩散和液态金属喷溅,并降低熔焊力,从而提高Cu-W复合材料的抗熔焊性能。

晶粒尺寸对界面含Cr-O-C防黏层Cu/Ni复合体拉伸性能的影响

通过分子动力学方法研究含Cr-O-C防黏层的具有不同晶粒尺寸的Cu/Ni复合体的拉伸变形。结果表明:当Cu/Ni复合体的晶粒尺寸大于12 nm时,不论界面不含Cr、O和C原子或含有定量Cr、O和C原子,复合体的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈现增大趋势,符合细晶强化规律,晶粒塑性变形主要受晶体内部的位错滑移控制,最大应力增加9.52%;当晶粒尺寸小于12 nm时,由于晶界所占比例的增加,拉伸过程的塑性变形更多受晶界变形控制,屈服强度下降。Cr-O-C界面弱化了Cu/Ni复合体的强度,随着界面上Cr、O和C原子数量的增加,Cu/Ni复合体的抗拉强度随之降低,最大应力下降56.40%,Cu/Ni复合体内部的位错数量也随之降低,转移到Ni表面的Cu原子数量随之减少。

纳米TiC浓度对双脉冲电沉积Ni-TiC复合镀层结构及性能的影响

研究了镀液中纳米TiC的添加量对双脉冲电沉积Ni-TiC复合镀层结构及性能的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对镀层的表面形貌和物相进行了表征,并研究了镀层的表面粗糙度、显微硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:当镀液中TiC浓度较低时,复合镀层表现为类似于纯Ni镀层的胞状沉积结构。当镀液中TiC浓度较高时,复合镀层表现为菜花状沉积结构。当纳米TiC浓度为8 g/L时,镀层表面致密性相对较高,Ni的衍射峰有明显的宽化现象。随着镀液中纳米TiC浓度的升高,复合镀层的磨损质量损失比表现为先下降后上升的趋势,当TiC浓度为8 g/L时,磨损质量损失比最小,为5.436%。当镀液中纳米TiC浓度为8 g/L时,镀层的自腐蚀电流密度最小,极化电阻值最大。结果表明双向脉冲电沉积制备Ni-TiC复合镀层镀液中最佳纳米TiC浓度为8 g/L。