Enhanced formic acid production for CO_(2)photocatalytic reduction over Pd/H-TiO2 catalyst

The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)into formic acid is a feasible approach to alleviate the effects of global climate change and achieve chemical energy storage.It is important to design highly active photocatalysts to improve the selectivity and yield of formic acid.In this study,TiO_(2)-based catalysts were prepared and loaded with Pd nanoparticles via an impregnation process.The Pd/H-TiO_(2)catalyst demonstrated superior CO_(2)reduction activity and a high formic acid production rate of 14.14 mmolcat·g^(-1)·h^(–1).The excellent catalytic performance observed in the presence of a Pd/H-TiO_(2)catalyst is ascribed to the synergy between Ov and Pd.The presence of Ov led to increase in CO_(2)adsorption while Pd loading enhanced the photogenerated electron-hole pair separation.Electron transfer from H-TiO_(2)to Pd also contributed to CO_(2)activation.

Promoting effect and mechanism of neodymium on low-temperature selective catalytic reduction with NH3 over Mn/TiO2 catalysts

Series of Mn/TiO2 catalysts modified with various contents of Nd for low-temperature SCR were synthesized.It can be found that the appropriate amount of Nd can markedly reduce the take-off temperature of Mn/TiO2 catalyst to 80℃and NOx conversion is stabilized over 90%in the wide temperature range of 100-2600 C.0.1 Nd-Mn/Ti shows higher N2 selectivity and better SO2 resistance than Mn/Ti catalyst.The results reveal that Nd-doped Mn/TiO2 catalyst exhibits larger BET surface area and better dispersion of active component Mn2O3.XPS results indicate that the optimal 0.1 Nd-Mn/Ti sample possesses higher concentration of Mn4+and larger amount of adsorbed oxygen at the surface compared with the unmodified counterpart.In situ DRIFTS show that the surface acidity is evidently increased after adding Nd,especially,the Lewis acid sites,and the intermediate(-NH2)is more stable.The reaction mechanism over Mn/Ti and 0.1 Nd-Mn/Ti catalysts obey the Eley-Rideal(E-R)mechanisms under low temperature reaction conditions.H2-TPR results show that Nd-Mn/TiO2 catalyst exhibits better lowtemperature redox properties.

Effects of different introduction methods of Ce^4+and Zr^4+on denitration performance and anti-K poisoning performance of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst

The purpose of this work is to explore the effects of the introduction methods of Ce^4+and Zr^4+on the physicochemical properties,activity,and K tolerance of V2 O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3.Four different methods,namely pre-impregnation,post-impregnation,coimpregnation,and co-precipitation,were used to synthesize a series of V2 O5-WO3-TiO2-CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts.The catalysts were characterized by XRD,BET,NH3-TPD,XPS,and H2-TPR techniques.Moreover,the activity and anti-K poisoning performance were tested by an NH3-SCR model reaction.The results show that the introduction of Ce^4+and Zr^4+can improve the catalytic performance of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst,but the impregnation method cannot enhance the anti-K poisoning performance.Ce^4+and Zr^4+introduced by co-precipitation method can effectively improve the tolerance of K,which is mainly due to the incorporation of Ce^4+and Zr^4+into TiO2 lattice to form a uniform TiO2-CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution,resulting in the optimal surface acidity and redox performance,and reducing the decreases caused by Kpoisoning.Furthermore,based on the best introduction method,we further optimized the molar ratio of Ce^4+/Zr^4+,It is found that the catalyst exhibits the best anti-K poisoning performance when the molar ratio of Ce^4+/Zr^4+is 2:1.

Photocatalytic H2 Evolution on TiO2 Assembled with Ti3C2 MXene and Metallic 1T-WS2 as Co-catalysts

The biggest challenging issue in photocatalysis is efficient separation of the photoinduced carriers and the aggregation of photoexcited electrons on photocatalyst’s surface.In this paper,we report that double metallic co-catalysts Ti3C2 MXene and metallic octahedral(1T)phase tungsten disulfide(WS2)act pathways transferring photoexcited electrons in assisting the photocatalytic H2 evolution.TiO2 nanosheets were in situ grown on highly conductive Ti3C2 MXenes and 1T-WS2 nanoparticles were then uniformly distributed on TiO2@Ti3C2 composite.Thus,a distinctive 1T-WS2@TiO2@Ti3C2 composite with double metallic co-catalysts was achieved,and the content of 1T phase reaches 73%.The photocatalytic H2 evolution performance of 1T-WS2@TiO2@Ti3C2 composite with an optimized 15 wt%WS2 ratio is nearly 50 times higher than that of TiO2 nanosheets because of conductive Ti3C2 MXene and 1T-WS2 resulting in the increase of electron transfer efficiency.Besides,the 1T-WS2 on the surface of TiO2@Ti3C2 composite enhances the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and boosts the density of active site.

Preparation of solid acid catalyst SO4^2-/TiO2/γ-Al2O3 for esterification: A study on catalytic reaction mechanism and kinetics

In this work, a series of SO4^2-/TiO2/γ-Al2O3 solid acid catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method, in which nano-TiO2 was prepared by sol–gel method, and then the nano-TiO2 sol was loaded on porous γ-Al2O3 supporter through impregnation. The structure and property of catalyst were characterized by XRD, N2-BET,SEM, TEM, XPS, NH3-TPD, Pyridine-IR and FT-IR. In addition, the catalyst of chelate bidentate coordination acid center model was established. The catalytic performance test was carried out in the esterification of n-butyl alcohol with lauric acid and the catalyst showed excellent activity. The experimental results showed that the medium strength acid sites were more dominant active sites than the strong and weak acid sites for the rapid esterification reaction. Its kinetic behaviors and activation energy were studied for the esterification under the catalytic reaction condition.

Supporting IrO2 and IrRuOx nanoparticles on TiO2 and Nb-doped TiO2 nanotubes as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

IrO2 and IrRuOx(Ir:Ru 60:40 at%),supported by 50 wt%onto titania nanotubes(TNTs)and(3 at%Nb)Nb-doped titania nanotubes(Nb-TNTs),as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),were synthesized and characterized by means of structural,surface analytical and electrochemical techniques.Nb doping of titania significantly increased the surface area of the support from 145(TNTs)to 260 m2g-1(Nb-TNTs),which was significantly higher than those of the Nb-doped titania supports previously reported in the literature.The surface analytical techniques showed good dispersion of the catalysts onto the supports.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that Nb was mainly in the form of Nb(IV)species,the suitable form to behave as a donor introducing free electrons to the conduction band of titania.The redox transitions of the cyclic voltammograms,in agreement with the XPS results,were found to be reversible.Despite the supported materials presented bigger crystallite sizes than the unsupported ones,the total number of active sites of the former was also higher due to their better catalyst dispersion.Considering the outer and the total charges of the cyclic voltammograms in the range 0.1–1.4 V,stability and electrode potentials at given current densities,the preferred catalyst was Ir O2 supported on the Nb-TNTs.The electrode potentials corresponding to given current densities were between the smallest ones given in the literature despite the small oxide loading used in this work and its Nb doping,thus making the Nb-TNTs-supported IrO2 catalyst a promising candidate for the OER.The good dispersion of IrO2,high specific surface area of the Nb-doped supports,accessibility of the electroactive centers,increased stability due to Nb doping and electron donor properties of the Nb(IV)oxide species were considered the main reasons for its good performance.

Promoting effect of microwave irradiation on CeO2-TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

In this work we prepared several CeO2-TiO2 catalysts for the NH3-SCR reactionusing co-precipitation with assistance of microwave irradiation.The catalytic NH3-SCR activities over CeO2-TiO2 catalysts at low temperatures are largely enhanced by the treatment of microwave irradiation,the operation temperature window is also broadened.For better understanding the promotion mechanism,the catalyst prepared by conventional co-precipitation with and without microwave irradiation treatment was characterized with H2-TPR,NH3-TPD,XPS,XRD and BET.Microwave irradiation treatment accelerates the crystallite rate of CeO2-TiO2 catalysts,and greatly enlarges their surface area by adjusting their microstructures.The resistance to SO2 and H2O is also improved via regulating the hierarchical pore structure by the microwave irradiation.Microwave irradiation treatment can also improve the redox property and increase the acid sites over the catalyst surfaces.The result of in situ DRIFTS suggests that the microwave irradiation treatment generates more Br?nsted acid sites on CeO2-TiO2-2 h catalyst,helpful in SCR reactions.XPS results show that after microwave irradiation on the CeO2-TiO2 catalysts,the surface demonstrates an elevated concentration of chemisorbed oxygen,consequently leading to better oxidation of NO to NO2.Additionally,the molar ratio of Ce3+/Ce4+has been elevated after being treated by microwave irradiation,a vital factor in enhancing the NH3-SCR activities.

K2O对V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂的中毒作用

实验室制备了V2O5-WO3/TiO2的脱硝催化剂,采用模拟中毒法,在此催化剂上负载碱金属氧化物K2O,通过BET,XRD,SEM等方法对微观结构进行表征.在SCR活性试验台上研究不同含量K2O对催化剂脱硝活性,N2O生成率和SO2氧化率的影响.结果发现:K2O对于催化剂的毒性较强,随着添加量的增大,NO脱除率急剧下降,SO2的氧化率大大提高;较大含量的K2O(nK/nV=1,摩尔比)使催化剂比表面积有所减少,催化剂颗粒发生轻微团聚,微观结构变化不大,但NO的脱除率小于50%(380℃),N2O的生成率和SO2的氧化率均增加;K2O通过与V2O5的活性酸性位结合,使催化剂中有效活性位数量大为降低,导致脱硝活性下降.

V2O5-WO3/TiO2烟气脱硝催化剂的载体选择

在选择性催化还原试验台上对4种不同TiO2为载体制备的催化剂的脱硝性能进行测试,采用BET、X射线衍射、傅里叶转换红外光谱、扫描电镜-能谱分析、X射线荧光分析和热重分析等技术进行微观表征,并与商业催化剂进行对比。以硫酸法制备的纳米级锐钛型TiO2适合作为选择性催化还原催化剂载体,制备的催化剂脱硝效率高,温度窗口宽,选择性好,其中硫酸盐质量分数为8%～10%时最为有利;以氯化法制备纳米TiO2过程中,生成了V3Ti6O17的聚合物导致NO脱除率较低,因此不适合作为催化剂载体。以工业级TiO2为载体制备的催化剂氨氮比为1.0时,在355～420℃的温度范围内NO脱除率为80%～85%,但由于成本很低,因此可以用于脱硝要求不高的场合。由钛酸丁酯溶胶法制备TiO2为载体制备的SCR催化剂性能不及硫酸法制备的纳米级锐钛型TiO2制备的催化剂,且操作复杂,技术难度大,不适宜推广。

活性炭/TiO2光催化净化室内甲醛的实验研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制得兼具吸附和催化性能的新型复合催化剂活性炭/TiO2。考察了不同吸附材料、形状、辐射照度等条件下对甲醛净化效果的影响。结果表明,活性炭在负载TiO2后吸附效果有所加强,负载不会影响活性炭本身的吸附效果,同等工况下,球状催化剂比粉状催化剂降解效率好,球状催化剂用UV-340型紫外灯在辐射照度18.5μW/cm^2工况下照射3h,甲醛降解率达到84.9%。

SO2和H2O对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温SCR活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂并考察其活性,研究了SO_2和H_2O对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂的影响,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR对中毒前后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,催化剂在无SO_2和H_2O条件下具有良好的脱硝性能,在140℃时NO_x去除率达到84%。但若向模拟烟气中加入SO_2和H_2O,则随其体积分数增大对催化剂活性产生明显抑制作用。当H_2O的体积分数为5%、SO_2为700×10-6时,反应4 h后,NO_x去除率降为53%。H_2O对催化剂的抑制作用随H_2O的除去而消除,H_2O主要通过与NO_x的竞争吸附来抑制催化剂的活性。低浓度的SO_2对催化剂活性影响较小,SO_2体积分数为100×10^(-6)时,稳定后NO_x去除率仍能维持在80%以上,但较高体积分数的SO_2引起的催化剂失活不可自行恢复。SO_2毒化作用主要是引起了硫酸铵盐覆盖催化剂的表面活性位,以及造成活性组分MnO_x的晶化,并破坏了MnO_x与TiO_2间的强相互作用。H_2O和SO_2共同存在时,H_2O可以弱化SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用,主要因为H_2O与SO_2的竞争吸附作用而使SO_2对催化剂活性的影响减弱。

V2O5-MoO3TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的研究

通过挤压成型法制备了一系列蜂窝状V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂,研究了钒、钼负载量对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,测试了催化剂抗硫和抗碱金属钠中毒的性能。采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜等表征手段,对新鲜催化剂和钠中毒催化剂的物理和化学性质进行分析。结果表明:当钒负载量(w)为1.5%~2.5%时,催化剂的脱硝性能随钒负载量的增加而提高;当钒负载量(w)为1.5%、钼负载量(w)为4.0%时,催化剂的脱硝性能最优;SO2对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂的中毒作用是可逆的,可以通过热处理来恢复;当Na2O负载量(w)为2.0%时,催化剂失活严重,主要是由于钠盐在催化剂表面附聚而形成不规则的白色颗粒,覆盖了活性位点,导致催化剂的表面积减小,氧化还原性变差。同时,Na掺杂会影响催化剂中元素的化学状态和表面组成,降低V5+与化学吸附的Oα的比例。

WO3对于V2O5／TiO2脱硝催化剂的抗中毒作用

实验室制备了V2O5/TiO2以及添加了不同含量WO3的催化剂,并在催化剂上负载碱金属氧化物K2O模拟中毒。在SCR活性试验台上研究不同含量K2O对催化剂脱硝活性,N2O生成率和SO2的氧化率的影响。结果发现,K2O对于催化剂的毒性较强,随着添加量的增大,NO脱除率急剧下降,SO2的氧化率大大提高。K2O通过与V2O5的活性酸性位结合,使催化剂中有效活性位数量大为降低,导致脱硝活性下降。添加WO3后,K2O对催化剂的中毒作用明显减弱,源于WO3较强的Bronsted酸性对催化剂性能的促进作用。综合考虑认为在V2O5/TiO2催化剂上添加10%左右的WO3抗中毒性能较好。

CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂可见光下降解黄连素

采用沉积法制备CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,利用UV-Vis DRS、XRD等方法对其进行表征,并在可见光下对黄连素废水进行处理,考察了催化剂投加量、黄连素初始浓度、黄连素初始pH值对黄连素去除率的影响.研究结果表明,在常温下制备的CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,对可见光有较好的响应能力;在催化剂投加量1.5 g.L-1,黄连素初始浓度80 mg.L-1的条件下,催化剂对黄连素的去除效果显著,可达80%以上.pH对反应的影响不大.该催化剂循环使用3次仍具有较高的光催化活性与化学稳定性.

基于TiO2表面紫外光催化降解高浓度SF6的实验与仿真研究

SF6具有较高的温室效应潜在值(global warming potential, GWP),未经处理排放到大气中会对环境产生影响。电力工业中SF6的应用越来越广泛,废气排放量也高速增长。为减少电力工业中SF6废气对环境的污染,基于TiO2表面在紫外光照射下具有催化效应这一特性,设计了一套实验平台,研究了不同数量的Ti O2催化剂和有H2O参与时对常温常压下高浓度SF6降解效果的影响,并通过仿真分析了SF6气体分子在TiO2表面的断键分解过程。研究结果表明:TiO2作为催化剂能够有效提高SF6的降解率。其中,未加TiO2时SF6在紫外光照3 h后的降解率仅为1.25%,加入8个TiO2片时相同条件下3h降解率达到8.98%,降解产物主要有SO2F2、SiF4、SF4以及SO2;在此基础上,在SF6气体中混入H2O能把降解率提高到27.22%,降解产物主要有SO2F2、SiF4、SF4、Si H4、HF和SO2。仿真计算结果表明TiO2催化降解SF6过程是把所需的能量细分为几个小的能量吸收过程,从能量吸收的角度解释了TiO2催化降解SF6的优势。研究结果可为SF6的降解提供参考。

Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2低温催化还原NO的性能

采用浸渍法制备了Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2,研究了其组分配比、焙烧温度等制备条件和NO进口浓度、空速、O2含量、NH3/NO摩尔比等操作条件对Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2上NH3低温还原NO活性的影响,并探讨了H2O、SO2对Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2活性的影响.结果表明,Mn∶Fe∶Ce摩尔比为5∶2∶4、500℃下焙烧的Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2在无H2O、SO2,NO体积分数为0.1%,空速为5000h-1,反应温度为130℃、O2含量为6%、NH3/NO摩尔比为1.1的条件下,NO转化率接近98%.Fe的加入大大提高了催化剂的单独抗水和同时抗硫抗水性能,130℃下,体积分数10%的H2O对该催化剂的活性基本没有影响,转化率保持在96%以上;通硫、水后的400min内,活性仅下降3%.单独通入SO2时,该催化剂中毒程度较深.该催化剂有望应用于基本不含SO2的燃气锅炉烟气和不含SO2的硝酸尾气等NOx工业废气的低温脱硝.

微米金红石型TiO2催化超声降解罗丹明B的研究

采用微米金红石型TiO2催化超声降解有机染料罗丹明B,考察了溶液pH、反应时间、催化剂投量、染料浓度、超声波功率和频率以及H2O2投量等因素的影响。结果表明,在溶液pH=5、罗丹明B初始浓度为10 mg/L、TiO2投量为1 g/L、超声波功率为50 W、超声波频率为40kHz、体系温度为20℃的条件下,超声降解30 min时对罗丹明B的降解率可达58.37%。试验结果还表明,适当延长超声时间(40 min)和加入一定量的H2O2(3.5 mL/L),可大幅度提高对罗丹明B的降解率(分别可达76.54%和83.73%)。

锑掺杂对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Sb掺杂的Mn-Ce-Sb/TiO2催化剂,考察了Sb/TiO2摩尔比对催化剂脱硝性能的影响,采用X射线衍射、N 2吸附-脱附、NH 3程序升温脱附、H 2程序升温还原等表征手段对Mn-Ce/TiO2和Mn-Ce-Sb/TiO2(Sb/TiO2摩尔比2∶10)催化剂进行表征,并对两种催化剂的脱硝性能、抗硫和抗水性能进行对比。结果表明:Sb的掺杂有利于催化剂的活性组分在载体上更好地分散,促进活性组分与载体之间的相互作用,促进低温氧化还原反应的进行;Mn-Ce-Sb/TiO2催化剂具有较大的比表面积、较多的表面酸性位及优良的氧化还原性能,因此,与Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂相比,Mn-Ce-Sb/TiO2催化剂具有更高的选择性催化还原NO活性及较好的抗硫、抗水性能。