Fabrication of SPES/Nano-TiO_2 Composite Ultrafiltration Membrane and Its Anti-fouling Mechanism

Membrane fouling is one of the major obstacles for reaching a high flux over a prolonged period of ultrafiltration（UF）process.In this study,a sulfonated-polyethersulfone（SPES）/nano-TiO2 composite UF membrane with good anti-fouling performance was fabricated by phase inversion and self-assembly methods.The TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembly on the SPES membrane surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）and FT-IR spectrometer.The morphology and hydrophilicity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,atomic force microscopy（AFM）and contact angle goniometer,respectively.The anti-fouling mechanism of composite UF membrane was discussed through the analysis of the micro-structure and component of UF membrane surface.The results showed that the TiO2 content and the micro-structure of the composite UF membrane surface had great influence on the separation and anti-fouling performance.

Effects of Sintering Atmosphere on the Microstructure and Surface Properties of Symmetric TiO2 Membranes

The effects of sintering atmosphere on the properties of symmetric TiO2 membranes are studied with regard to sintering behavior, porosity, mean pore size, surface comPosition. and surface charge properties. The exerimental results show that the symmetric TiO2 membranes display better sintering activity in the air than in argon, and the mean pore diameters and porosities of the membrane sintered in argon are higher than those of the membrane sintered in the air at the same temperature. The surface compositions of the symmetric TiO2 membrane sintered in the air and in argon at different temperatures, as studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are discussed in terms of their chemical composition, with particular emphasis on the valence state of the titanium ions. The correlation between the valence state of the titanium ions at the surface and the surface charge properties is examined.It is found that the presence of Ti^3＋, introduced at the surface of the symmetric TiO2 membranes by sintering in a lower partial pressure of oxygen, is related to a significant decrease in the isoelectric point. TiO2 with Ti^4＋ at the interface has an isoelectric point of 5.1, but the non-stoichiometric TiO2-x with Ti^3＋ at the interface has a lower isoelectric point of 3.6.

TiO2-incorporated polyelectrolyte composite membrane with transformable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity for nanofiltration separation

The wettability of the membrane surface has shown obvious influent on the separation performance of the membrane.In this work,a hydrophilic PDA-[PDDA/TiO2]+Cl-membrane was prepared by a one-step codeposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA)polyelectrolyte solution containing positively charged TiO2@PDDA nanoparticles with the assistance of dopamine(DA).Such positively charged membrane can be transformed into a hydrophobic membrane PDA-[PDDA/TiO2]+PFO-via the counterion exchange between Cl-and PFO-(perfluorooctanoate).The transformation between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity is reversible.For both hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes,the nanofiltration performances were respectively investigated by the aqueous solution and ethanol solution of dyes including methyl blue(MB),Congo red(CR)and Evans blue(EB),and as well metal salt aqueous solution.The consecutive running stability and anti-fouling performance of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes were explored.The results revealed that both membranes showed high nanofiltration performances for retention of dyes in(non)aqueous solution.For the hydrophilic membrane,the rejection of salts in a sequence is MgSO4>Na2SO4>MgCl2>NaCl.Moreover,both of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes showed high stability and antifouling property.

Fulvic acid degradation using nanoparticle TiO_2 in a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor

The degradation of fulvic acid（FA） by nanoparticle TiO2 in a submerged membrane photocatalysis（SMPC） reactor was studied. In this reactor, photocatalytic oxidation and membrane separation co-occured. The continuous air supplier provided O2 for the photocatalytical reaction and mixed the solution through an airflow controller. The particle TiO2 could automatically settle due to gravity without particle agglomeration so it could be easily separated by microfiltration（MF） membrane. It was efficient to maintain high flux of membranes. The effects of operational parameters on the photocatalytic oxidation rate of FA were investigated. Results indicated that photocatalyst at 0.5 g/L and airflow at 0.06 m^3/h were the optimum condition for the removal of fulvic acid, the removal efficiency was higher in acid media than that in alkaline media. The effects of different filtration duration on permeate flux rate of MF with P25 powder and with nanoparticle TiO2 were compared. Experimental results indicated that the permeate flux rate of MF was improved and the membrane fouling phenomenon was reduced with the addition of nanoparticle TiO2 catalyst compared with conventional P25 powder. Therefore, this submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor can faciliate potential application of photocatalytic oxidation process in drinking water treatment.

Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using TiO2 and its separation by submerged hollowfiber ultrafiltration membrane

This study evaluates the adsorption ability ofbisphenol A（BPA） on titanium dioxide（TiO2） and its effect on the photocatalysis by advanced oxidation process using UV radiation and TiO2 photocatalyst. Degradation of BPA was also evaluated for the system without adsorption prior to photocatalytic reaction. The separation of TiO2 from BPA solution treated by pilot-scale photocatalytic reactor （capacity 0.16 m^3） was studied using submerged ultrafiltration （UF） membrane. It was found that although adsorption capacity of BPA was not high, adsorption played an important role in improving the efficiency ofphotocatalysis. On the other hand, during the separation of TiO2 particles from aqueous suspension, the permeate flux of the membrane was strongly affected by transmembrane pressure and TiO2 dose. The permeate turbidity was decreased below 1 NTU.

Preparation of Al_2O_3-SiO_2-TiO_2-ZrO_2 Composite Ceramic Membranes by Sol-Gel Method

Al 2O 3-SiO 2-TiO 2-ZrO 2 supported membranes were prepar ed by Sol-Gel method. These composite ceramic membranes are level, even and no macro crack. There exist several crystalline phases such as Al 2O 3, TiO 2(a natase), Al 2SiO 5, and ZrO 2 in these membranes. Changing the molar ratio of Al∶Si∶Ti∶Zr,the kinds and content of crystal phases of composite membranes could be different, which may lead to a variety of microstructure of membranes. The surface nanoscale topography and microstructure of membranes were investiga ted by XRD,SEM,AFM,EPMA. The effects of additives and heat treatments on the sur face nanoscale topography and microstructure of composite ceramic membranes were also analyzed.

Preparation of defect free ceramic/Ti composite membranes by surface modification and in situ oxidation

Al2O3 ceramic powder was applied to modify the large pores defects on the surface of the porous metal Ti support,in situ oxidation method was a convenient method to prepare defect free ceramic/Ti composite membranes on this basis.In situ oxidation conditions experimental results show that the best condition for preparing the TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membrane is under 800°C for 2 h,and the microstructure and pore sizes of the TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membranes are affected obviously.The thickness and composition of the TiO2/Ti composite membranes are determined by SEM and XRD completely.The pore size distribution of the composite membrane is measured by bubble pressure method,the most probable aperture is about 3.12μm,while the average pore size of defect free TiO2-Al2O3/Ti is about 3.23μm.After ultrasonic treatment,the slight weight change of membranes reveals no observable change,which indicates that TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membranes maintain a good stability.

Cake models applied to evaluate the fouling mechanism in separation of anionic polyacrylamide using modified PVDF ultrafiltration membranes

In the present study,nano-sized TiO2 /Al2O3 modified PVDF membranes (MM) were fabricated and utilized for anionic polyacrylamide ( APAM) separation. The results showed that,compared with PVDF membrane (OM) ,the contact angle of MM decreases from 83. 64° to 67. 42°,which indicates the increase of the hydrophilicity of MM. The relative flux (RF) decline curve of this ultrafiltration of APAM in water with time shows an obvious two stage properties. The cake filtration models were used to predict the performance of different time over the complete range of filtration times. All the four cake models could simulate this UF process to a certain extent,and the suitability of the two kinds of membranes was: cake filtration > intermediate pore blocking > standard pore blocking > complete pore blocking models. However,they became more and more unsuited to this process with time extending. Surface and cross-sectional morphology of membrane was investigated by SEM to make an advanced certificate of this UF mechanism.

Mo掺杂TiO_2/AC负载膜的制备及光催化活性

以钼酸铵和钛酸丁酯为原料 ,用溶胶 凝胶法在活性炭 (AC)表面制备了Mo掺杂TiO2 /AC负载膜。用紫外可见吸收光谱、透射电镜和X射线衍射法对负载膜进行了表征。考察了Mo掺杂TiO2 /AC负载膜对甲基橙和氧化乐果水溶液的光催化降解活性。结果表明 ,Mo掺杂TiO2 /AC负载膜的TiO2 为锐钛矿和金红石的混合晶相 ,而未掺杂的TiO2 /AC负载膜其TiO2 为金红石晶相。Mo掺杂使TiO2 /AC负载膜的吸收带边位置发生红移。Mo质量分数为 1 5 %时 (以TiO2 质量计 ) ,负载膜的光催化活性最高。

陶瓷微滤膜回收钛白粉水洗液中TiO_2颗粒中试与现场考核

对陶瓷微滤膜回收钛白粉水洗液中二氧化钛粒子进行了中试实验和现场考核 ,考察了错流速度、浓度对渗透通量的影响及湍流促进器对微滤过程的强化效果 ;建立了日处理 15 0t废水的陶瓷膜回收钛白粉成套装置 ,并对该装置进行了现场运行性能考察和经济核算。实验结果表明 ,采用陶瓷膜微滤技术回收钛白粉水洗液中二氧化钛粒子不仅在技术上是可行的 ,在经济上也是合理的。

水性聚氨酯-TiO_2复合物的制备与研究

采用原位聚合法制备了聚氨酯 二氧化钛 (PU TiO2 )水分散复合体 ,对影响制备稳定透明的复合体的因素(包括水用量、醇用量、pH值、PU/钛酸四丁酯投入量、醇种类 )进行了讨论 ,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及热重 -差热表征了复合分散体。实验结果表明 :在乙醇作溶剂 ,R1≥ 2 5 1 6,R2 =44～ 60 ,R3 =2 2 4～ 3 3 7,pH =9 4～ 10 ,R4' =0 3 0条件下的PU TiO2 复合物分散稳定 ,平均粒径达 197 4nm、热稳定得到改善 ,但晶相的形成受到阻碍。当R4'=0 10时 。

负载型TiO_2-聚丙烯疏水复合膜的制备与表征

采用热致相分离 (TIPS)技术制备浸涂型和反应型硅藻土 -聚丙烯疏水复合膜 ,用SEM、氮吸附、红外光谱和气体渗透性能测试装置等方法表征不同的制膜方法、浸膜液浓度及冷却方式等因素对膜形态、结构和气体渗透性能的影响 .结果表明 :浸涂型聚丙烯膜球形颗粒和孔径尺寸均小于反应型聚丙烯膜 ;TiO2 -聚丙烯膜与硅藻土陶瓷支承体是通过Si—O—Ti—O—C键的价联方式形成键联型复合膜层 ;在膜内 ,气体渗透由Knudsen扩散控制 ,H2 O与N2 的分离因子分别为 2 .4 6和 2 .2 2 .

Sol-Gel法制备Al_2O_3-SiO_2-TiO_2-ZrO_2复合陶瓷膜的研究

将Sol-Gel法应用于无机膜的制备,成功的研制出一种新型的膜面平整、膜厚均匀且无宏观缺陷的Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2复合陶瓷膜,复合膜含有γ-Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2和Al2SiO5等晶相,改变体系组成含量,晶相组成和含量随之变化,从而引起膜的显微结构的变化。利用XRD、SEM、AFM、EPMA等测试手段重点研究了膜的表面形貌和显微结构,并分析了添加剂、热处理方式等对膜的表面形貌和显微结构影响。

负载型TiO_2复合陶瓷膜的制备与表征

采用料浆浇注法制备了硅藻土 -莫来石 (K M)陶瓷支承体管 ,溶胶 -凝胶法在其上制备了负载型TiO2 复合膜 ,并采用ESEM、压汞法 ,IR和纯气体渗透性能测试装置对其进行了表征。结果表明 :TiO2 /K M复合陶瓷膜成膜情况良好 ,孔径分布比较均匀 ;支承体和TiO2 膜孔径分别集中分布在 2 .0 1μm和 37nm左右 ;TiO2 膜层与支承体存在键联和相互作用 ;TiO2

TiO_2-聚乙烯复合膜的制备及红外光谱对其膜层结构的表征

开发了以Ｔｉ４＋为桥联剂制备无机－有机复合膜的新方法以自制的硅藻土多孔陶瓷为基膜（支撑体），使用浸涂法－热致相转化法相结合制备了ＴｉＯ２－聚乙烯复合膜，并用红外光谱表征了复合膜层与层之间的结合方式和强度。

溶胶-凝胶法制备负载型TiO_2膜的研究

本研究采用溶胶－凝胶（Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ）法制备了负载型ＴｉＯ２膜，并采用ＳＥＭ、压汞等实验手段对Ｔｉ（ＯＨ）４溶胶和ＴｉＯ２膜进行了表征。实验表明：Ｔｉ（ＯＨ）４溶胶制备过程中Ｈ２Ｏ／Ｔｉ４＋、Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＨ／Ｔｉ４＋的比值，溶胶在支承管上浸涂的时间、次数以及凝胶煅烧升温速度和煅烧温度均是制备负载型ＴｉＯ２膜的重要因素。最终制得一种无裂纹、２０μｍ厚、孔径分布在５０～３００ｎｍ之间的负载型ＴｉＯ２膜。

Al_2O_3-SiO_2-TiO_2-ZrO_2复合膜与基体结合性的研究

采用Sol-Gel法制备了Al2 O3-SiO2 -TiO2 -ZrO2 复合多孔膜 ,并在不同基体上进行了涂膜实验研究。结果表明 ,以孔隙率为46.8%、最可几孔径为几个微米的α -Al2 O3作基体 ,可以制备出膜厚为 1～ 2 μm纳米级孔径的Al2 O3-SiO2 -TiO2 -ZrO2 复合多孔膜 ,Al2 O3复合膜与α -Al2 O3基体的结合性最好。通过对α -Al2 O3基体分析发现 ,基体的成型压力、烧成后基体的孔径大小以及膜与基体之间的应力作用对Al2 O3-SiO2 -TiO2 -ZrO2 复合多孔膜形成影响甚大。对膜与基体的结合强度进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,膜的热稳定性高 ,耐酸、耐碱性好 ,相对硬度介于 6～

气体分离用PI/TiO_2纳米复合膜的制备

通过溶胶 凝胶法制备了气体分离用PI/TiO2 纳米复合膜材料。采用FT IR、SEM、TEM、UV Vis、耐化学介质性能和气体透气性能测试对膜材料的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明 ,复合膜中TiO2 与PI两相在空间上结合紧密。含TiO2 质量分数为 2 2 3 %的复合膜中TiO2 颗粒尺寸为 1 0nm左右 ;含TiO2 质量分数为 2 7 2 %时 ,复合膜仍光学透明。复合材料的UV Vis吸收表现出了量子尺寸效应。与纯PI膜相比 ,复合膜的耐化学介质性能和透气性能显著增强。当TiO2 质量分数为 2 2 3 %时 ,复合膜的透H2 系数从纯PI膜的 2 85 7× 1 0 -15m3 ·m/(m2 ·s·Pa)增加到 1 0 61×1 0 -14 m3 ·m/(m2 ·s·Pa) ,H2 /N2 和H2 /CH4理想分离系数分别为 1 87 5和 1 43 2。

Sol－gel法制备TiO_2多孔陶瓷膜

用Ｓｏｌ－ｇｅｌ方法制备了ＴｉＯ２多孔陶瓷膜，研究了不同物理化学条件对Ｓｏｌ－ｇｅｌ过程和ＴｉＯ２干ｇｅｌ的影响．研究了Ｓｏｌ－ｇｅｌ工艺参数和烧结过程对ＴｉＯ２多孔陶瓷膜微孔结构的影响．制备出了孔径小（约１０ｎｍ）、孔径分布窄、孔隙率较高（约３０％）。

Determination of hydroxyl radicals in TiO2/Ti photoelectrocatalytic oxidation system using Fe（phen）3^2＋ spectrophotometry

A new method of determining the cumulate concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the TiO2/Ti photoelectrocatalytic（PEC） oxidation system was established by o-phenanthroline-Fe（Ⅱ）（Fe（phen）3^2＋） spectrophotometry and using anion exchange membrane. Fe （phen）3^2＋ can be oxidized to o-phenanthroline-Fe（Ⅲ）（Fe（phen）3^3＋） by strong oxidization of hydroxyl radicals（·OH）. Then the cumulate concentration of hydroxyl radicals can be calculated through determining the change of the Fe（phen）3^3＋ absorbency at 509 nm. In addition, the research results showed the production rate of hydroxyl radicals was affected obviously by pH of solution, the cumulate concentration of hydroxyl radicals was the largest at nearby the initial pH 6.3 （isoelectric point）, and the change direction of pH after illumination tended to nearby isoelectric point.