The adsorption of CO on Fe(110)with different coverages of tita- nia has been studied by AES,XPS,UPS.It is proposed that the adsorption sites of CO in this system are not only blocked by the deposited TiO_X,but also b...The adsorption of CO on Fe(110)with different coverages of tita- nia has been studied by AES,XPS,UPS.It is proposed that the adsorption sites of CO in this system are not only blocked by the deposited TiO_X,but also by the products of the dissociation of CO which is promoted by the deposited TiO_X.展开更多
The morphologies evolution of various types of inclusions in Ti-IF steel were observed by a special depth erosion method,and the formation and evolution process were discussed.The results showed that the main inclusio...The morphologies evolution of various types of inclusions in Ti-IF steel were observed by a special depth erosion method,and the formation and evolution process were discussed.The results showed that the main inclusions were FeO·xMnO before Al deoxidization and the ratio of integrated oxygen and free oxygen was in ranged of 0.3 to 0.4.In present study,the main effect factors on the morphologies of Al_2O_3 inclusions were [Al]/[O]_(Free)(soluble aluminum divide free oxygen) and initial free oxygen;cluster Al_2O_3 was formed easily with high free oxygen([O]_(Free)) and low[Al]/[O](blew 3 in present study).Otherwise,the dendritic Al_2O_3 was formed;coral-like Al_2O_3 was the mixture of the dendrite Al_2O_3 and spherical Al_2O_3.Some Al_2O_3·TiO_x inclusions appeared because a high[Ti]concentration region existed around 70TiFe(containing 70 percent titanium) particles after 70TiFe addition.The maximum sizes of Al_2O_3 reached 800μm when 3 min aluminum was added;as the time past,the large size Al_2O_3 decreased significantly;the maximum size of Al_2O_3 was blew 100μm and 50μm in calming sample and tundish sample respectively.展开更多
In the past ten years,perovskite solar cells were rapidly developed,but the intrinsic unbalanced charge carrier diffusion lengths within perovskite materials were not fully addressed by either a planar heterojunction ...In the past ten years,perovskite solar cells were rapidly developed,but the intrinsic unbalanced charge carrier diffusion lengths within perovskite materials were not fully addressed by either a planar heterojunction or meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells.In this study,we report bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells,where perovskite materials CH3NH3PbI3 is blended with solution-processed n-type TiOx nanoparticles as the photoactive layer.Studies indicate that one-step solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3:TiOx bulk-heterojunction thin film possesses enhanced and balanced charge carrier mobilities,superior film morphology with enlarged crystal sizes,and suppressed trapinduced charge recombination.Thus,bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells by CH3NH3PbI3 mixed with 5 wt% of TiOx,which is processed by one-step method rather than typical two-step method,show a short-circuit current density of 20.93 mA/cm2,an open-circuit voltage of 0.90 V,a fill factor of 80% and with a corresponding power conversion efficiency of 14.91%,which is more than 30% enhancement as compared with that of perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction device structure.Moreover,bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells possess enhanced device stability.All these results demonstrate that perovskite solar cells with a bulk heterojunction device structure are one of apparent approaches to boost device performance.展开更多
文摘The adsorption of CO on Fe(110)with different coverages of tita- nia has been studied by AES,XPS,UPS.It is proposed that the adsorption sites of CO in this system are not only blocked by the deposited TiO_X,but also by the products of the dissociation of CO which is promoted by the deposited TiO_X.
文摘The morphologies evolution of various types of inclusions in Ti-IF steel were observed by a special depth erosion method,and the formation and evolution process were discussed.The results showed that the main inclusions were FeO·xMnO before Al deoxidization and the ratio of integrated oxygen and free oxygen was in ranged of 0.3 to 0.4.In present study,the main effect factors on the morphologies of Al_2O_3 inclusions were [Al]/[O]_(Free)(soluble aluminum divide free oxygen) and initial free oxygen;cluster Al_2O_3 was formed easily with high free oxygen([O]_(Free)) and low[Al]/[O](blew 3 in present study).Otherwise,the dendritic Al_2O_3 was formed;coral-like Al_2O_3 was the mixture of the dendrite Al_2O_3 and spherical Al_2O_3.Some Al_2O_3·TiO_x inclusions appeared because a high[Ti]concentration region existed around 70TiFe(containing 70 percent titanium) particles after 70TiFe addition.The maximum sizes of Al_2O_3 reached 800μm when 3 min aluminum was added;as the time past,the large size Al_2O_3 decreased significantly;the maximum size of Al_2O_3 was blew 100μm and 50μm in calming sample and tundish sample respectively.
基金Air Force Scientific Research Program(No.FA9550-15-1-0292)National Science Foundation(Nos.EECs 1351785 and EECs 1903303)for financial support。
文摘In the past ten years,perovskite solar cells were rapidly developed,but the intrinsic unbalanced charge carrier diffusion lengths within perovskite materials were not fully addressed by either a planar heterojunction or meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells.In this study,we report bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells,where perovskite materials CH3NH3PbI3 is blended with solution-processed n-type TiOx nanoparticles as the photoactive layer.Studies indicate that one-step solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3:TiOx bulk-heterojunction thin film possesses enhanced and balanced charge carrier mobilities,superior film morphology with enlarged crystal sizes,and suppressed trapinduced charge recombination.Thus,bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells by CH3NH3PbI3 mixed with 5 wt% of TiOx,which is processed by one-step method rather than typical two-step method,show a short-circuit current density of 20.93 mA/cm2,an open-circuit voltage of 0.90 V,a fill factor of 80% and with a corresponding power conversion efficiency of 14.91%,which is more than 30% enhancement as compared with that of perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction device structure.Moreover,bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells possess enhanced device stability.All these results demonstrate that perovskite solar cells with a bulk heterojunction device structure are one of apparent approaches to boost device performance.
