Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to dis...Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to discover new genes that induce chromosomal variation. In this study, chromosome 5P from A.cristatum was shown to induce many types of chromosomal structural variation in a common wheat background, including nonhomoeologous chromosome translocations, as revealed by genomic in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA marker analysis. Aberrant meiosis was associated with chromosomal structural variation, and aberrant meiotic behavior was observed in wheat–A.cristatum 5P monosomic and disomic addition lines, suggesting that the effect of chromosome 5P was independent of the number of chromosome 5P copies. Chromosome 5P disturbed homologous chromosome pairing at pachytene stage in a common wheat background, resulting in a high frequency of univalent formation and reduced crossing over. Thirteen genes involved in DNA repair or chromatin remodeling, including RAD52-like and MSH6 genes, were differentially expressed(upregulated) in wheat–A. cristatum 5P addition lines according to transcriptome analysis, implicating chromosome 5P in the process of meiotic double-strand break repair. These findings provide a new, efficient tool for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations and producing new germplasm.展开更多
Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically ...Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically appeared and rapidly developed to be predominant races and have resulted in ineffectiveness and replacement of wheat resistance cultivars as well as massive reduction in yield.In the present study,the relative parasitic fitness of the two newlyemerged Yr5-virulent races(TSA-6 and TSA-9)were compared with those of four currently predominant Chinese races(CYR31,CYR32,CYR33,and CYR34)based on evaluation on 10 Chinese wheat cultivars.As a result,there were significant differences in the relative parasitic fitness parameters among overall tested races based on multiple comparison(LSD)analysis(P<0.05).The principal component analysis(PCA)of overall parasitic fitness parameters indicated that the sporulation ability,infection and spore survivability,expansion capacity,and potential pathogenicity were the most important parasitic fitness attributes of the tested races.Based on the establishment of extracted three principal components and a comprehensive factor score mathematical models,evaluations of the parasitic fitness attributes of tested races showed that the level of relative parasitic fitness of the tested six races was:CYR32(1.15)>TSA-9(0.95)>TSA-6(0.92)>CYR34(0.29)>CYR31(–1.54)>CYR33(–1.77).The results indicated that two Yr5-virulent races TSA-9 and TSA-6 possessed relative parasitic fitness higher than races CYR34,CYR31,and CYR33,but lower than race CYR32,and have potential risks in developing to be predominant races.Therefore,continual monitoring of both Yr5-virulent races,and their variants is needed.The use of wheat cultivars(lines)with Yr5 resistance gene singly in wheat breeding is essential for being avoided,and is suggested to combine with other effective stripe rust resistance genes.展开更多
Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） often experiences photoinhibition due to strong light during the grain filling stage. As such, increasing the tolerance of wheat to photoinhibition is very desirable in breeding efforts ...Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） often experiences photoinhibition due to strong light during the grain filling stage. As such, increasing the tolerance of wheat to photoinhibition is very desirable in breeding efforts focused on increasing grain yields. Previous reports have suggested that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 （PGR5） plays a central role in the generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane （ApH） and in acclimation to high light intensity conditions. Three PGR5 homoeologues were isolated from wheat, and mapped onto chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D, respectively. The TaPGR5s shared highly similar genomic sequences and gene structures. The transcripts of TaPGR5s were found to be abundantly expressed in the flag leaves, and were transiently up-regulated by treatment with high light. High light treatment inhibited the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and the maximal quantum yield ofphotosystem II （Fv/Fm）. Further, these inhibitions were more evident in the leaves with reduced expression of TaPGR5s achieved using virus-induced gene silencing methods. Moreover, reducing TaPGR5 expression impaired the induction of non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, which caused more severe cell membrane damage and lipid peroxidation in high light. Additionally, we observed that TaPGR5s transcripts were more abundantly expressed in the wheat genotypes with higher ms-delayed light emission （ms-DLE）, a value reflecting transthylakoid ApH. These results suggested that TaPGR5s play important roles in the tolerance of wheat to photoinhibition.展开更多
The immature embryos of wheat cultivars Liaochun10, Tiechun1 and Fengqiang3 were bombarded with gold particles coated with pti5 vp16 by gene gun and disease resistant regenerated plants were attained. In order to...The immature embryos of wheat cultivars Liaochun10, Tiechun1 and Fengqiang3 were bombarded with gold particles coated with pti5 vp16 by gene gun and disease resistant regenerated plants were attained. In order to confirm that the plants are genuine transformed ones, a series of molecular tests were conducted as follows. Firstly, transient GUS expression test on embryos two days after bombardment was done. There were many obvious blue spots produced on the surface of bombarded embryos after GUS staining, in which the maximum reached to 85 blue spots per embryo. Secondly, PCR test was performed with DNA from the regenerated plants obtained after double selection with ppt. 6 plants were found PCR test positive. At last, further verification analysis using dot hybridization and southern blotting was carried out on those PCR positive plants and the strong hybridization signals appeared as expected. All the above tests were uniformly indicated that the disease resistant regenerated plants were true transgenic plants. When inoculated with Blumeria graminis, transgenic wheat plants of PCR positive results were mostly resistant(R) after 7 days, and resis tant, moderate resistant(MR), moderate susceptible(MS) at 14 days respectively. The disease severity of them was distinctively lighter than that of control.展开更多
Numerous studies using a combination of confocal microscopic-and pharmacological-based approaches have demonstrated that the actin cytoskeleton dynamically responds to pathogen infection.Here,we observed that phalloid...Numerous studies using a combination of confocal microscopic-and pharmacological-based approaches have demonstrated that the actin cytoskeleton dynamically responds to pathogen infection.Here,we observed that phalloidin treatment induced actin nucleation,resulting in enhanced resistance of wheat against the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst).To define the mechanism underpinning this process,we characterized a family of conserved actin-binding proteins,the actin related protein(ARP)family,which controls actin polymerization.Specifically,we identified and characterized a wheat ARPC gene(Ta ARPC5),which encodes a 136-amino acid protein containing a P16-Arc domain,the smallest subunit of the ARP2/3 complex.Ta ARPC5 m RNA accumulation was induced following the infection of plants with the avirulent Pst strain,and following the elicitation with flagellin(e.g.,flg22)as well.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Ta ARPC5 is primarily localized to the cortical actin cytoskeleton,and its precise cellular localizations suggest the proximity to processes correlated with the actin-organelle interface.Upon treatment with virulent Pst,Ta ARPC5-knockdown plants exhibited a significant reduction in the expression of PTI-specific m RNAs.Conversely,we observed enhanced induction of reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation and a decrease in Ta CAT1 expression following infection with an incompatible Pst isolate.Together with yeast complementation assays,the current study demonstrates a role for Ta ARPC5 in resistance signaling in wheat against Pst infection by regulating the host actin cytoskeleton.展开更多
为提高小麦病害检测精度,实现将模型方便快速部署到移动端,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8的轻量化小麦病害检测方法。首先,使用PP-LCNet模型替换YOLOv8网络结构的骨干网络,并在骨干网络层引入深度可分离卷积(depthwise separable conv...为提高小麦病害检测精度,实现将模型方便快速部署到移动端,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8的轻量化小麦病害检测方法。首先,使用PP-LCNet模型替换YOLOv8网络结构的骨干网络,并在骨干网络层引入深度可分离卷积(depthwise separable convolution, DepthSepConv)结构,减少模型参数量,提升模型检测性能;其次,在颈部网络部分添加全局注意力机制(global attention mechanism, GAM)模块,强化特征中语义信息和位置信息,提高模型特征融合能力;然后,引入轻量级通用上采样内容感知重组(content-aware reassembly of features,CARAFE)模块,提高模型对重要特征的提取能力;最后,使用Wise-IoU(weighted interpolation of sequential evidence for intersection over union)边界损失函数代替原损失函数,提升网络边界框回归性能和对小目标病害的检测效果。试验结果表明,对于大田环境下所采集的小麦病害数据集,改进后模型的参数量及模型大小相比原YOLOv8n基线模型分别降低了12.5%和11.3%,同时精确度(precision)及平均精度均值(mean average precision,m AP)相较于原模型分别提高了4.5和1.9个百分点,优于其他对比目标检测算法,可为小麦病害检测无人机等移动端检测装备的部署和应用提供参考。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171961)。
文摘Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to discover new genes that induce chromosomal variation. In this study, chromosome 5P from A.cristatum was shown to induce many types of chromosomal structural variation in a common wheat background, including nonhomoeologous chromosome translocations, as revealed by genomic in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA marker analysis. Aberrant meiosis was associated with chromosomal structural variation, and aberrant meiotic behavior was observed in wheat–A.cristatum 5P monosomic and disomic addition lines, suggesting that the effect of chromosome 5P was independent of the number of chromosome 5P copies. Chromosome 5P disturbed homologous chromosome pairing at pachytene stage in a common wheat background, resulting in a high frequency of univalent formation and reduced crossing over. Thirteen genes involved in DNA repair or chromatin remodeling, including RAD52-like and MSH6 genes, were differentially expressed(upregulated) in wheat–A. cristatum 5P addition lines according to transcriptome analysis, implicating chromosome 5P in the process of meiotic double-strand break repair. These findings provide a new, efficient tool for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations and producing new germplasm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072358 and 32272507)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1401000)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for CARS-03,the Natural Science Basic Research Project in Shaanxi Province of China(2020JZ-15)National“111 Project”of China(BP0719026)。
文摘Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically appeared and rapidly developed to be predominant races and have resulted in ineffectiveness and replacement of wheat resistance cultivars as well as massive reduction in yield.In the present study,the relative parasitic fitness of the two newlyemerged Yr5-virulent races(TSA-6 and TSA-9)were compared with those of four currently predominant Chinese races(CYR31,CYR32,CYR33,and CYR34)based on evaluation on 10 Chinese wheat cultivars.As a result,there were significant differences in the relative parasitic fitness parameters among overall tested races based on multiple comparison(LSD)analysis(P<0.05).The principal component analysis(PCA)of overall parasitic fitness parameters indicated that the sporulation ability,infection and spore survivability,expansion capacity,and potential pathogenicity were the most important parasitic fitness attributes of the tested races.Based on the establishment of extracted three principal components and a comprehensive factor score mathematical models,evaluations of the parasitic fitness attributes of tested races showed that the level of relative parasitic fitness of the tested six races was:CYR32(1.15)>TSA-9(0.95)>TSA-6(0.92)>CYR34(0.29)>CYR31(–1.54)>CYR33(–1.77).The results indicated that two Yr5-virulent races TSA-9 and TSA-6 possessed relative parasitic fitness higher than races CYR34,CYR31,and CYR33,but lower than race CYR32,and have potential risks in developing to be predominant races.Therefore,continual monitoring of both Yr5-virulent races,and their variants is needed.The use of wheat cultivars(lines)with Yr5 resistance gene singly in wheat breeding is essential for being avoided,and is suggested to combine with other effective stripe rust resistance genes.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB118302 and 2011CB100304)
文摘Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） often experiences photoinhibition due to strong light during the grain filling stage. As such, increasing the tolerance of wheat to photoinhibition is very desirable in breeding efforts focused on increasing grain yields. Previous reports have suggested that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 （PGR5） plays a central role in the generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane （ApH） and in acclimation to high light intensity conditions. Three PGR5 homoeologues were isolated from wheat, and mapped onto chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D, respectively. The TaPGR5s shared highly similar genomic sequences and gene structures. The transcripts of TaPGR5s were found to be abundantly expressed in the flag leaves, and were transiently up-regulated by treatment with high light. High light treatment inhibited the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and the maximal quantum yield ofphotosystem II （Fv/Fm）. Further, these inhibitions were more evident in the leaves with reduced expression of TaPGR5s achieved using virus-induced gene silencing methods. Moreover, reducing TaPGR5 expression impaired the induction of non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, which caused more severe cell membrane damage and lipid peroxidation in high light. Additionally, we observed that TaPGR5s transcripts were more abundantly expressed in the wheat genotypes with higher ms-delayed light emission （ms-DLE）, a value reflecting transthylakoid ApH. These results suggested that TaPGR5s play important roles in the tolerance of wheat to photoinhibition.
文摘The immature embryos of wheat cultivars Liaochun10, Tiechun1 and Fengqiang3 were bombarded with gold particles coated with pti5 vp16 by gene gun and disease resistant regenerated plants were attained. In order to confirm that the plants are genuine transformed ones, a series of molecular tests were conducted as follows. Firstly, transient GUS expression test on embryos two days after bombardment was done. There were many obvious blue spots produced on the surface of bombarded embryos after GUS staining, in which the maximum reached to 85 blue spots per embryo. Secondly, PCR test was performed with DNA from the regenerated plants obtained after double selection with ppt. 6 plants were found PCR test positive. At last, further verification analysis using dot hybridization and southern blotting was carried out on those PCR positive plants and the strong hybridization signals appeared as expected. All the above tests were uniformly indicated that the disease resistant regenerated plants were true transgenic plants. When inoculated with Blumeria graminis, transgenic wheat plants of PCR positive results were mostly resistant(R) after 7 days, and resis tant, moderate resistant(MR), moderate susceptible(MS) at 14 days respectively. The disease severity of them was distinctively lighter than that of control.
基金supported by the National Transgenic Key Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2020ZX08009-15B)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972224)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200402)the Natural Science Basic Research Programof Shaanxi(2020JZ-13)the 111 Project from the Ministry of Education of China(B07049)the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas(CSBAA2020010)。
文摘Numerous studies using a combination of confocal microscopic-and pharmacological-based approaches have demonstrated that the actin cytoskeleton dynamically responds to pathogen infection.Here,we observed that phalloidin treatment induced actin nucleation,resulting in enhanced resistance of wheat against the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst).To define the mechanism underpinning this process,we characterized a family of conserved actin-binding proteins,the actin related protein(ARP)family,which controls actin polymerization.Specifically,we identified and characterized a wheat ARPC gene(Ta ARPC5),which encodes a 136-amino acid protein containing a P16-Arc domain,the smallest subunit of the ARP2/3 complex.Ta ARPC5 m RNA accumulation was induced following the infection of plants with the avirulent Pst strain,and following the elicitation with flagellin(e.g.,flg22)as well.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Ta ARPC5 is primarily localized to the cortical actin cytoskeleton,and its precise cellular localizations suggest the proximity to processes correlated with the actin-organelle interface.Upon treatment with virulent Pst,Ta ARPC5-knockdown plants exhibited a significant reduction in the expression of PTI-specific m RNAs.Conversely,we observed enhanced induction of reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation and a decrease in Ta CAT1 expression following infection with an incompatible Pst isolate.Together with yeast complementation assays,the current study demonstrates a role for Ta ARPC5 in resistance signaling in wheat against Pst infection by regulating the host actin cytoskeleton.
文摘为提高小麦病害检测精度,实现将模型方便快速部署到移动端,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8的轻量化小麦病害检测方法。首先,使用PP-LCNet模型替换YOLOv8网络结构的骨干网络,并在骨干网络层引入深度可分离卷积(depthwise separable convolution, DepthSepConv)结构,减少模型参数量,提升模型检测性能;其次,在颈部网络部分添加全局注意力机制(global attention mechanism, GAM)模块,强化特征中语义信息和位置信息,提高模型特征融合能力;然后,引入轻量级通用上采样内容感知重组(content-aware reassembly of features,CARAFE)模块,提高模型对重要特征的提取能力;最后,使用Wise-IoU(weighted interpolation of sequential evidence for intersection over union)边界损失函数代替原损失函数,提升网络边界框回归性能和对小目标病害的检测效果。试验结果表明,对于大田环境下所采集的小麦病害数据集,改进后模型的参数量及模型大小相比原YOLOv8n基线模型分别降低了12.5%和11.3%,同时精确度(precision)及平均精度均值(mean average precision,m AP)相较于原模型分别提高了4.5和1.9个百分点,优于其他对比目标检测算法,可为小麦病害检测无人机等移动端检测装备的部署和应用提供参考。
