Based on the Tibet Autonomous Region's statistic yearbooks and the data fromthe two household surveys in 2002 and 2004, this paper has comprehensively analyzed the pattern ofchanges on the farmers and herdsmen'...Based on the Tibet Autonomous Region's statistic yearbooks and the data fromthe two household surveys in 2002 and 2004, this paper has comprehensively analyzed the pattern ofchanges on the farmers and herdsmen's income sources in the Tibet Autonomous Region since 1990 withthe main findings as follows; (1) The change of income from the labor payment is the fastest; (2)There is no regular pattern of income variation for the household economic activities, the farmersand herdsmen's household incomegeneration projects are impacted by the elements like prices andreturns, and there is a lack of appropriate direction; (3) The income structure of labor paymentshows that the income from the farmers and herdsmen working outside grows fastest; (4) The incomefrom the farmers and herdsmen's labor payment correlate positively to their net income per capita;(5) From the perspective of the variation by region, labor payment income has changed fastest in thecounties of Rutok, Nyerong and Khangmar comparedthe data from the household survey in 2002 withthat of 2004.展开更多
Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the...Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. ) was approached. The following features were found through an analysis of surveyed data: (1) In Tibetan peasant household goods and products instead of money. disposable income and cash are very little. (2) The variety index of income is higher in the out skirt than it in rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income. (3) The income ways are simplistic and out-date in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard a-gainst any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts. (4) The living standard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.展开更多
The Tibetan Opera Troupe of TibetAutonomous Region was established in1960 on the basis of the JormulongTroupe.After sorting and revising thetraditional Tibetan operas,the troupe haspresented some traditional items,suc...The Tibetan Opera Troupe of TibetAutonomous Region was established in1960 on the basis of the JormulongTroupe.After sorting and revising thetraditional Tibetan operas,the troupe haspresented some traditional items,such asPrincess Wencheng,King Norsang,NangsaVibum,Sukyi Nima,Drooa Sangmu,BemaVenba and Chimi Gundan.While revisingtraditional programs,the troupe has ad-ded stage props,makeup,lighting and aband for musical accompaniment.Thishas increased the artistic appeal of theTibetan opera,making it a more compre-hensive stage art.The revised version of Nangsa Vibumwon an award from the Ministry of Cul-ture at a national theatrical performancefestival,and the playscript of Sukyi展开更多
The population of the Tibet Autonomous Region which is thinly scattered, is almost entirely Tibetan. The unique high and cold climate, varied and changeable topography and social economic and human environment restri...The population of the Tibet Autonomous Region which is thinly scattered, is almost entirely Tibetan. The unique high and cold climate, varied and changeable topography and social economic and human environment restrict population mobility in the region. Historically there were little statistic documents and the early data about population scale is poorly reliable. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, its population went up continuously, and the growth rate has been higher than the national average level since 1964. The general tendency was that the pattern of population increase had changed within a short period. At first, the death rate was lowered quickly and the natural population increase speed was quickened, then, the death rate was lowered further, and the birth rate began to rise at a quick speed. After 1970, both the death rate and birth rate was generally stable, the level was relatively lower than before, the death rate slowed down at a quicker speed than the birth rate. The natural population increase rate rose extremely slowly, which formed the population development situation of fast but steady increase. The future population development tendency is that, the quick increase tendency characterized by young population will continue for quite a long time, and the pressure of future population increase upon resources environment will become increasingly great. The age structure and sex composition of population in Tibet, rather low since long time ago, became increasingly high upon entering the 1980s, but it was still the lowest one compared to other provinces or regions in China. The main reason is due to the low sex ratio of Tibetan infants and children caused by the low sex ratio of newly born infants and the high death rate of male infants, which will slow down the population increase in a limited way. There are few barren lands appropriate for farming and there exist many restricting factors for cultivation or utilization. With further increase in Tibetan population, it is inevitable that per capita available cultivated land will drop continuously. The problem of food supply in Tibet will still be the main issue in its regional development with the increase of population. It is impossible to support a quickly increasing population with the limited agricultural resources in Tibet. Therefore, the population development direction of Tibet can only be to tighten quantity control and to popularize family planning knowledge among Tibetan people. It is a fundamental strategic policy for the social and economic development in Tibet if family planning can be followed progressively on a voluntary basis.展开更多
Background Echinococcosis,a zoonotic parasitic disease,is caused by larval stages of cestodes in the Echinococcus genus.Echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ten provinces/autonomous regions of western and northern Ch...Background Echinococcosis,a zoonotic parasitic disease,is caused by larval stages of cestodes in the Echinococcus genus.Echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ten provinces/autonomous regions of western and northern China.In 2016,an epidemiological survey of Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)revealed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was 1.66%,which was much higher than the average prevalence in China(0.24%).Therefore,to improve on the current prevention and control measures,it is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in TAR.Methods Data for echinococcosis cases in 2018 were obtained from the annual report system of echinococcosis of Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Diagnosis had been performed via B-ultrasonography.The epidemic status of echinococcosis in all townships in TAR was classified according to the relevant standards of population prevalence indices as defined in the national technical plan for echinococcosis control.Spatial scan statistics were performed to establish the geographical townships that were most at risk of echinococcosis.Results In 2018,a total of 16,009 echinococcosis cases,whose prevalence was 0.53%,were recorded in 74 endemic counties in TAR.Based on the order of the epidemic degree,all the 692 townships were classified from high to low degrees.Among them,127 townships had prevalence rates≥1%.The high prevalence of human echinococcosis in TAR,which is associated with a wide geographic distribution,is a medical concern.Approximately 94.65%of the villages and towns reported echinococcosis cases.According to spatial distribution analysis,the prevalence of human echinococcosis was found to be clustered,with the specific clustering areas being identified.The cystic echinococcosis primary cluster covered 88 townships,while that of alveolar echinococcosis’s covered 38 townships.Conclusions This study shows spatial distributions of echinococcosis with different epidemic degrees in 692 townships of TAR and high-risk cluster areas at the township level.Our findings indicate that strengthening the echinococcosis prevention and control strategies in TAR should directed at townships with a high prevalence and high-risk clustering areas.展开更多
Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a pro...Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a proxy, the provincial cropland areas of Qinghai province and the Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR） for 1900, 1930, and 1950 were estimated. The cropland areas of Qinghai and the TAR for 1980 and 2000 were obtained from published statistical data with revisions. Using a land suitability for cultivation model, the provincial cropland areas for the 20th century were converted into crop cover datasets with a resolution of 1 x 1 km. Finally, changes of sediment retention due to crop cover change were assessed using the sediment delivery ratio module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs （In- VEST） model （version 3.3.1）. There were two main results. （1） For 1950-1980 the fractional cropland area increased from 0.32% to 0.48% and land use clearly intensified in the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, especially in the Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley （YHRV） and the mid- stream of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries valley （YRTT）. For other periods of the 20th century, stability was the main trend. （2） For 1950-1980, sediment export increased rapidly in the Minhe autonomous county of the YHRV, and in the Nianchu River and Lhasa River basins of the YRTT, which means that sediment retention clearly decreased in these regions over this period. The results of this assessment provide scientific support for con- servation planning, development planning, or restoration activities.展开更多
文摘Based on the Tibet Autonomous Region's statistic yearbooks and the data fromthe two household surveys in 2002 and 2004, this paper has comprehensively analyzed the pattern ofchanges on the farmers and herdsmen's income sources in the Tibet Autonomous Region since 1990 withthe main findings as follows; (1) The change of income from the labor payment is the fastest; (2)There is no regular pattern of income variation for the household economic activities, the farmersand herdsmen's household incomegeneration projects are impacted by the elements like prices andreturns, and there is a lack of appropriate direction; (3) The income structure of labor paymentshows that the income from the farmers and herdsmen working outside grows fastest; (4) The incomefrom the farmers and herdsmen's labor payment correlate positively to their net income per capita;(5) From the perspective of the variation by region, labor payment income has changed fastest in thecounties of Rutok, Nyerong and Khangmar comparedthe data from the household survey in 2002 withthat of 2004.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620)
文摘Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. ) was approached. The following features were found through an analysis of surveyed data: (1) In Tibetan peasant household goods and products instead of money. disposable income and cash are very little. (2) The variety index of income is higher in the out skirt than it in rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income. (3) The income ways are simplistic and out-date in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard a-gainst any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts. (4) The living standard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.
文摘The Tibetan Opera Troupe of TibetAutonomous Region was established in1960 on the basis of the JormulongTroupe.After sorting and revising thetraditional Tibetan operas,the troupe haspresented some traditional items,such asPrincess Wencheng,King Norsang,NangsaVibum,Sukyi Nima,Drooa Sangmu,BemaVenba and Chimi Gundan.While revisingtraditional programs,the troupe has ad-ded stage props,makeup,lighting and aband for musical accompaniment.Thishas increased the artistic appeal of theTibetan opera,making it a more compre-hensive stage art.The revised version of Nangsa Vibumwon an award from the Ministry of Cul-ture at a national theatrical performancefestival,and the playscript of Sukyi
文摘The population of the Tibet Autonomous Region which is thinly scattered, is almost entirely Tibetan. The unique high and cold climate, varied and changeable topography and social economic and human environment restrict population mobility in the region. Historically there were little statistic documents and the early data about population scale is poorly reliable. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, its population went up continuously, and the growth rate has been higher than the national average level since 1964. The general tendency was that the pattern of population increase had changed within a short period. At first, the death rate was lowered quickly and the natural population increase speed was quickened, then, the death rate was lowered further, and the birth rate began to rise at a quick speed. After 1970, both the death rate and birth rate was generally stable, the level was relatively lower than before, the death rate slowed down at a quicker speed than the birth rate. The natural population increase rate rose extremely slowly, which formed the population development situation of fast but steady increase. The future population development tendency is that, the quick increase tendency characterized by young population will continue for quite a long time, and the pressure of future population increase upon resources environment will become increasingly great. The age structure and sex composition of population in Tibet, rather low since long time ago, became increasingly high upon entering the 1980s, but it was still the lowest one compared to other provinces or regions in China. The main reason is due to the low sex ratio of Tibetan infants and children caused by the low sex ratio of newly born infants and the high death rate of male infants, which will slow down the population increase in a limited way. There are few barren lands appropriate for farming and there exist many restricting factors for cultivation or utilization. With further increase in Tibetan population, it is inevitable that per capita available cultivated land will drop continuously. The problem of food supply in Tibet will still be the main issue in its regional development with the increase of population. It is impossible to support a quickly increasing population with the limited agricultural resources in Tibet. Therefore, the population development direction of Tibet can only be to tighten quantity control and to popularize family planning knowledge among Tibetan people. It is a fundamental strategic policy for the social and economic development in Tibet if family planning can be followed progressively on a voluntary basis.
文摘Background Echinococcosis,a zoonotic parasitic disease,is caused by larval stages of cestodes in the Echinococcus genus.Echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ten provinces/autonomous regions of western and northern China.In 2016,an epidemiological survey of Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)revealed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was 1.66%,which was much higher than the average prevalence in China(0.24%).Therefore,to improve on the current prevention and control measures,it is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in TAR.Methods Data for echinococcosis cases in 2018 were obtained from the annual report system of echinococcosis of Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Diagnosis had been performed via B-ultrasonography.The epidemic status of echinococcosis in all townships in TAR was classified according to the relevant standards of population prevalence indices as defined in the national technical plan for echinococcosis control.Spatial scan statistics were performed to establish the geographical townships that were most at risk of echinococcosis.Results In 2018,a total of 16,009 echinococcosis cases,whose prevalence was 0.53%,were recorded in 74 endemic counties in TAR.Based on the order of the epidemic degree,all the 692 townships were classified from high to low degrees.Among them,127 townships had prevalence rates≥1%.The high prevalence of human echinococcosis in TAR,which is associated with a wide geographic distribution,is a medical concern.Approximately 94.65%of the villages and towns reported echinococcosis cases.According to spatial distribution analysis,the prevalence of human echinococcosis was found to be clustered,with the specific clustering areas being identified.The cystic echinococcosis primary cluster covered 88 townships,while that of alveolar echinococcosis’s covered 38 townships.Conclusions This study shows spatial distributions of echinococcosis with different epidemic degrees in 692 townships of TAR and high-risk cluster areas at the township level.Our findings indicate that strengthening the echinococcosis prevention and control strategies in TAR should directed at townships with a high prevalence and high-risk clustering areas.
基金Foundation： Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.XDB03030500 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41371120 The Key Foundation Project of Basic Work of the Min- istry of Science and Technology of China, No.2012FY 111400
文摘Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a proxy, the provincial cropland areas of Qinghai province and the Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR） for 1900, 1930, and 1950 were estimated. The cropland areas of Qinghai and the TAR for 1980 and 2000 were obtained from published statistical data with revisions. Using a land suitability for cultivation model, the provincial cropland areas for the 20th century were converted into crop cover datasets with a resolution of 1 x 1 km. Finally, changes of sediment retention due to crop cover change were assessed using the sediment delivery ratio module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs （In- VEST） model （version 3.3.1）. There were two main results. （1） For 1950-1980 the fractional cropland area increased from 0.32% to 0.48% and land use clearly intensified in the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, especially in the Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley （YHRV） and the mid- stream of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries valley （YRTT）. For other periods of the 20th century, stability was the main trend. （2） For 1950-1980, sediment export increased rapidly in the Minhe autonomous county of the YHRV, and in the Nianchu River and Lhasa River basins of the YRTT, which means that sediment retention clearly decreased in these regions over this period. The results of this assessment provide scientific support for con- servation planning, development planning, or restoration activities.
