A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentanglha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentanglha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentanglha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhtinzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, DamxungYangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.

The Regional Surface Heating Field over the Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau Using MODIS and In Situ Data

In this study, a parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau （TP） area. Four images of MODIS data （i.e., 30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007, and 25 October 2007） were used in this study for comparison among winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP）. The results show the following： （1） The derived surface heating field for the TP area was in good accord with the land-surface status, showing a wide range of values due to the strong contrast of surface features in the area. （2） The derived surface heating field for the TP was very close to the field measurements （observations）. The APD （absolute percent difference） between the derived results and the field observations was 〈10%. （3） The mean surface heating field over the TP increased from January to April to August, and decreased in October. Therefore, the reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology. The limitations and further improvement of this method are also discussed.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.

Modeling black carbon and its potential radiative effects over the Tibetan Plateau

A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon(BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in 1990-2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol-snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter(OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season(MayeS eptember) were much more than non-monsoon season(the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing(SRF)(3.0-4.5 W m^(-2)) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF(5-6 W m^(-2)) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1-1.5℃ and snow water equivalent decreased by 5-25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.

Tectonics and Topography of the Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene

Early Miocene stratigraphy,major structural systems,magmatic emplacement,volcanic eruption,vegetation change and paleo-elevation were analyzed for the Tibetan Plateau after regional geological mapping at a scale of 1：250,000 and related researches,revealing much more information for tectonic evolution and topographic change of the high plateau caused by Indian-Asian continental collision.Lacustrine deposits of dolostone,dolomite limestone,limestone,marl,sandstone and conglomerate of weak deformation formed extensively in the central Tibetan Plateau,indicating that vast lake complexes as large as 100,000-120,000 km2 existed in the central plateau during Early Miocene.Sporopoilen assemblages contained in the lacustrine strata indicate the disappearance of most tropical-subtropical broad-leaved trees since Early Miocene and the flourishing of dark needle-leaved trees during Early Miocene.Such vegetation changes adjusted for latitude and global climate variations demonstrate that the central Tibetan Plateau rose to ca.4,000-4,500 m and the northeastern plateau uplifted to ca.3,500-4,000 m before the Early Miocene.Intensive thrust and crustal thickening occurred in the areas surrounding central Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene,formed Gangdise Thrust System （GTS） in the southern Lhasa block,Zedong-Renbu Thrust （ZRT） in the northern Himalaya block,Main Central Thrust （MCT） and Main Boundary Thrust （MBT） in the southern Himalaya block,and regional thrust systems in the Qaidam,Qilian,West Kunlun and Songpan-Ganzi blocks.Foreland basins formed in Early Miocene along major thrust systems,e.g.the Siwalik basin along MCT,Yalung-Zangbu Basin along GTS and ZRT,southwestern Tarim depression along West Kunlun Thrust,and large foreland basins along major thrust systems in the northeastern margin of the plateau.Intensive volcanic eruptions formed in the Qiangtang,Hoh-Xil and Kunlun blocks,porphyry granites and volcanic eruptions formed in the Nainqentanglha and Gangdise Mts.,and leucogranites and granites formed in the Himalaya and Longmenshan Mts.in Early Miocene.The K2O weight percentages of Early Miocene magmatic rocks in the Gangdise and Himlayan Mts.are found to increase with distance from the MBT,indicating the genetic relationship between regional magmatism and subduction of Indian continental plate in Early Miocene.

Zircon U–Pb age and geochemical constraints on the origin and tectonic implication of the Tuotuohe Cenozoic alkaline magmatism in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

A large number of Eocene-Oligocene alkaline/alkali-rich igneous rocks were developed in the Tuotuohe region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.In this study,we present zircon U-Pb ages,Hf isotope data,and major and trace element compositions of the Cenozoic alkaline rocks from the Tuotuohe region in order to constraint the petrogenesis and tectonic evolution history of Qiangtang Block.Zircon U-Pb ages were measured via LA-ICP-MS to be39.6,37.6 and 32.0 Ma.The 39.6 Ma trachyte was characterized by low SiO2 and high K2O and MgO contents.The 37.6 and 32.0 Ma orthophyres show enrichment in SiO2 and K2O,but deficient in MgO.All of the samples belong to the alkaline rocks.These rocks display enrichment in REE,LREE,and LILE,depletion in HFSE,and no obvious Eu anomalies.Geological and geochemical features suggest that there were two possible mechanisms for the origin of the alkaline rocks in the Tuotuohe region:(1)the removed mafic lower crust dropped into the asthenosphere,forming the mix magma(Nariniya trachyte);(2)the upwelling asthenosphere triggered the crustal melting(Nariniya and Zamaqu orthophyre).The Eocene-Oligocene alkaline rocks in the study and adjacent areas are likely to be the result of the same tectonic-magmatic event of deep lithospheric evolution that is the crustal material melting triggered by lithospheric delamination.This conclusion extends the influence scope of lithospheric delamination eastward to the Tuotuohe region(*92°E)from Banda Co(*82°E).

超声与CT技术在高原地区藏族人群肺结核疾病诊断价值的比较研究

目的:比较研究高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者超声与CT影像特点及诊断价值。方法:选择2022年5月至2023年11月青海省中医院收治的100例高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者,所有患者均行超声与CT检查,动态观察高原地区肺结核患者肺部病变的超声影像学特点,比较超声与CT检查对高原地区藏族人群肺结核的诊断效果。结果:超声与CT检查高原地区藏族人群肺结核的阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.053,P>0.05)。超声诊断的灵敏度为97.80%、特异度为44.44%、约登指数42.24%,CT诊断的灵敏度为96.77%、特异度为42.86%、约登指数39.63%,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.184,0.004,0.272,P>0.05)。超声与CT检查高原地区藏族人群肺结核病变肺叶分布检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.011,P>0.05)。超声与CT检查对高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者肺不张、空洞、钙化、伴随胸水的检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.190,0.197,0.190,0.046,P>0.05)。结论:超声检查的阳性检出率、病变肺叶分布检出率和肺不张、空洞、钙化、伴随胸水等肺结核并发或伴随征象检出率均与CT检查无差异,而高原地区医疗资源匮乏,缺少大型检查设备,应用超声检查进行肺结核普查及初步诊断,对缺少CT设备或受电力影响的高原地区更适合。

青藏高原地区犊牦牛腹泻病原检测与分析

为调查青藏高原地区引起犊牦牛腹泻的主要病原,2021年6月—2022年8月采集青海省、西藏自治区、四川省共21个场的239份腹泻犊牦牛粪便,采用实时荧光PCR方法对A群牛轮状病毒(bovine rotavirus A,BRVA)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒1型(bovine viral diarrhea virus of genotype 1,BVDV-1)、牛冠状病毒(bovine coronavirus,BCoV)、牛传染性鼻气管病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV)、产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)、沙门氏菌6种腹泻病原进行了检测。结果显示:239份腹泻样品的个体阳性率为64.44%,场阳性率为42.86%~90.48%;BRVA、BVDV-1、BCoV、IBRV、ETEC、沙门氏菌的个体阳性率分别为28.87%、26.78%、5.44%、28.45%、17.57%、16.32%,青海省样品中BRVA(35.29%)与BVDV-1(30.88%)个体阳性率较高,西藏自治区样品中IBRV(93.75%)与ETEC(75.00%)个体阳性率较高,四川省样品中BRVA(24.46%)、IBRV(22.30%)与BVDV-1(27.34%)个体阳性率较高;混合感染率为62.99%,二重、三重、四重感染率分别为42.86%、15.58%、4.55%,未见五重及以上混合感染,以BRVA、BVDV-1、IBRV与其他病原混合感染为主。结果表明:上述6种病原在青藏高原地区腹泻犊牦牛中广泛流行,不同地区的病原流行情况存在差异,混合感染现象较为普遍,建议加强青藏高原地区BRVA的检测与控制,推进BVDV-1和IBRV灭活疫苗在牦牛中的推广应用。

Variations of stable isotopic compositions in precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions

There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia to the south of the Tanggula Mountains. Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations accounting for about a half of the statistical stations. There is notable temperature effect in the middle and northern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent Central Asia to the north of the Tanggula Mountains. Because vapor directly originates from low-latitude oceans, the relative heavy ( 18O with small variation characterizes the rainfall in South Asia. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place from Kyangjin on the southern slope of the Himalayas to the Tanggula Mountains in the middle plateau. From the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau, the ( 18O in precipitation increases with increasing latitude.

Zircon SHRIMP geochronology and Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of the meta-basalt in the central part of Tibetan Plateau's Qiangtang region

A small-sized meta-basic rock system is discovered in Qilongwuru Gully of Central Qiangtang’s Shuanghu region and contains a meta-basalt and garnet-bearing plagioclase amphibolite.The zircon U/Pb age of this meta-basalt by SHRIMP analysis is463.3±4.7 Ma,suggesting that this lava formed in the Middle Ordovician,and is consistent with that of the meta-basic rocks in the Taoxing Lake and Guoganjianian Mountain ophiolite found in the Qiangtang plate.As this lava system bears similar geochemistry to N-MORB,it might be a component of ophiolite that represents the trail of the extinction of the Proto-Tethys,suggesting that the formation of Proto-Tethys oceanic basin in the Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture zone could date as far back as to the Middle Ordovician.Isotopic geochemical analysis indicates that the magma source area consists of both depleted mantle(DM)and enriched mantle(EMII)end members and bears Dupal anomaly,similar to that of the Paleo-Tethys in the Neo-Tethys represented by the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone,the Paleo-Tethys represented by the Changning-Menglian suture zone,and the Paleo-Tethys in Sanjiang region.This suggests that they have inherited the attribute of the Proto-Tethys mantle domain,and the Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture zone may be a representative of the northern boundary of Gondwana.

青藏高原东侧复杂地形区极端降水研究进展

青藏高原东侧地形地貌多变,海拔高度起伏剧烈,陡峭而复杂地形下极端降水带来的气象灾害与地质次生灾害直接威胁着高原与下游地区,且这种独特的地形与地理位置,为极端降水的研究带来了巨大挑战。围绕青藏高原东侧复杂地形区极端降水,对近10 a降水数据观测分析新方法、极端降水气候演变特征和协同机制、云-降水物理特征及预报模拟和气候预估等方面取得的新进展进行了回顾,并就高原复杂地形区极端降水研究今后值得关注和思考的科学问题,从机器学习方法与多源降水数据结合以及高原地区降水资料的适用性研究、极端降水的气候变化特征与大气环流异常的机理研究、高原地区的云宏观特征和云微物理特征研究、气候模式历史模拟性能的评估及对未来极端降水模拟的预估研究等方面进行了展望。

Relationship between Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau and Precipitation in the Sichuan–Chongqing Region during Summer

NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data and a 47-yr daily precipitation dataset from a network of 42 rain gauges are used to analyze the atmospheric heat source （〈Q1〉） anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its influence on the summer precipitation anomaly in the Sichuan-Chongqing region. Results show that the vertical advection of 〈Ql〉 over the central TP is a major factor affecting summer precipitation in the Sichuan-Chongqing region. When the vertical ad- vection of〈Q1〉 over the central TP is strengthened, the South Asian high shifts further than normal to the south and east, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts further than normal to the south and west, and the Indian low weak- ens. This benefits the transport of warm moist air from the low latitude oceans to the Sichuan-Chongqing region. Correspondingly, in the high latitudes, two ridges and one trough form, which lead to cool air moving southward. These two air masses converge over the Sicbuan -chongqing region, leading to significant precipitation. In contrast, when the vertical advection of 〈Q1〉 over the central TP is weakened, the South Asian high moves to the north and west, the subtropical high moves eastward and northward, and the Indian low strengthens. This circulation pattern is unfavorable for warm air advection from the south to the Sichuan-Chongqing region, and the cool air further north cannot move southward because of the presence of two troughs and one ridge at high latitude. Thus, ascent over the Sichuan-Chongqing region is weakened, resulting in less precipitation.

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF STABLE ISOTOPES IN PRECIPITATION ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

The temporal and spatial variation on the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation and the relationship with temperature,precipitation and vapor sources are analyzed for the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions.There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia.Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations that account for about a half of the statistical stations.However,the seasonal variations on the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation at those stations are inconsistent with that of precipitation intensity.There is notable temperature effect in the middle and northern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent Northwest China.It has been observed that the seasonal variations of the δ^(18)O in precipitation are almost consistent with those of air temperature in these regions.Because vapor is directly originated from low- latitude oceans,the relative heavy δ^(18)O with small variation characterizes the rainfall in South Asia.A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place from Kyangjin on the southern slop of the Himalayas to the Tanggula Mountains in the middle Plateau. The δ^(18)O reaches minimum due to very strong rainout of the vapor from oceans as the vapor rises over the Himalayas.From the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau,the δ^(18)O in precipitation increases with increasing latitude and the isotopic situation in the northern Plateau is transferred into Northwest China with little disruption.

基于GWR模型的青藏高原地区TRMM数据降尺度研究

青藏高原地区复杂的气候环境与地形构造给水文气象数据观测造成了很大的困扰,缺少有效的高时空分辨率观测数据成为区域气象预报与预测的重要阻碍。以2001—2015年间热带降雨测量卫星(tropical rainfall measurement mission,TRMM)降水产品为基础,使用1 km空间分辨率增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)空间数据,基于地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)模型实现TRMM产品的降尺度计算,并以地面站点实测数据对降尺度结果在年、月尺度上进行结果检验与对比分析。研究结果表明:TRMM产品在降尺度处理前后的空间分布特征整体上趋于一致,但降尺度后的结果精度明显高于原始TRMM产品;2001—2015年间各年TRMM产品降尺度后的降水量与实测降水量的相关系数R 2均高于原始TRMM降水量,均方根误差和平均绝对偏差分别平均降低了21.652 mm和16.379 mm;2001—2015年间TRMM产品原始降水量准确率相对较低,在使用时需进一步进行修正,经过降尺度处理的TRMM降水量与实测降水量的拟合程度有显著性提高,除6月、8月和11月外,其他月份R 2均达到了0.65以上,表现出较好的一致性和适用性。

高寒地区多年生禾草混播草地的群落学特征研究

对青藏高原高寒地区天祝县金强河地区的 3年龄禾草混播草地进行了群落学特征研究。结果表明 ,栽培禾草比天然禾草约提前 15d返青 ,推后 10d成熟 ,整个生长期延长 2 5d左右 ;建植多年生禾草混播草地可以增加草地植被覆盖率 ,提高草地初级生产力 ,改善草地基况 ;多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草在群落中占优势地位 ,9类混播组合可以归为多叶老芒麦 (或垂穗披碱草 )单优群落和多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草共优群落两大类 ;全生长季内混播草群的生长速度呈倒“V”字型和倒“U”字型分布 ,草群的平均生长速度介于 0 5 5～ 0 .70cm·d-1;群落的物种多样性和丰富度随组分草种数目的增加而增加 ,均匀度则随草种数目增加而下降 ;人工禾草群落间优势种群的重叠程度越大 ,群落的相似程度越高。

近50a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析

以青藏和蒙新两大湖区代表的我国寒区和旱区湖泊为对象,通过各湖区典型湖泊与气候变化的时间序列分析,揭示了湖泊与气候变化的动态关系;通过区域尺度湖泊面积的阶段性变化过程与区域气候变化的关系,分析了湖泊变化的区域气候影响背景.结果表明:位于我国寒区和旱区的湖泊对气候变化具有高度敏感性,从气候的角度来看,内蒙古的湖泊受降水影响较为明显,新疆湖泊总体上受降水影响显著,但由于冰川的存在气温对湖泊也有一定影响.青藏高原典型湖泊变化的分析表明,降水、气温对不同湖泊有着不同的影响,在区域上湖泊与气候的变化关系表现的更为复杂,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,湖泊总体趋于萎缩.

青藏高原河源区气候变化特征分析

利用1954-2007年青藏高原河源区(包括长江、黄河、澜沧江、怒江和雅鲁藏布江)30个气象站的年平均气温和降水量,通过计算气候倾向率和距平小波分析(墨西哥帽小波函数)等方法分析了近54 a来青藏高原河源区的气候变化特征.结果表明:青藏高原河源区年平均气温变化在7^-3℃之间,由东南向西北逐渐减少;并呈现逐年上升的趋势,自20世纪90年代以来升温更为强烈.年降水量的分布大致是由东南向西北逐步减少,在同一纬度上,东部的降水量多于西部,2001-2005年的多年平均降水量达到历史最大值.年平均气温和降水的周期振荡在高频区振荡频繁,有多个突变点,中低频区则较平缓.不同河源区的气温增温率具有显著的区域性差异,雅鲁藏布江源区最大(0.54℃.(10a)-1),黄河次之(0.31℃.(10a)-1),澜沧江和怒江最小(0.17℃.(10a)-1).除少数气象站外,区域内各站的年平均气温也普遍升高.澜沧江源区是整个青藏高原河源区降水量升幅最大的地区,而雅鲁藏布江源区为降水量升幅最小的区域.从整个青藏高原来看,温度和降水均普遍升高,整个区域呈现暖湿化趋势,但降水量的增加较微弱.