A kinematics-uplift model for the HimalayanTibetan region

The Lhasa-Gangdise Terrane is taken as a representative mobile terrane during the Himalayan orogeny of the India- Eurasia continental collision, for which a corresponding kinematics-uplift model is set up. The parameterization of the model is ultimately constrained by the uplift history outlined by synthesized paleogeoglaphic studies with consideration of the following factors: (1 ) kinematic features of india-Eurasia plate convergence; (2) 3-D mass conservation during terrane deformations incorporating shortening, thickening, extension, uplift and ero sion; and (3) instantaneous vertical movement of lithospheric material under the control of isostasy. The model study involves the following four groups of uplift-relevant parameters: ① plate converging velocity and its variations with time; ② extent of lateral mass transfer; ③ crustal structure: and ④) surface erosion mode. The results of calculation of 144 models of different Parameter combinations have indicated the non-uniqueness of solution. Nevertheless, it is also proved that for a fixed kinematic mode of plate convergence there exists a unique best-fitting model which may reproduce the observed uplift history, implying the uniqueness of dynamic environment of two converging plates. Therefore, the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan region is mainly controlled by plate dynamics-kinematics and is a complicated geological process of far-reaching implications.

A Quantitative Analysis on Grassland Animal Husbandry of Sichuan Tibetan Region after the Liberation

[ Objective ] To study economic growth of grassland animal husbandry in Sichuan Tibetan region after the liberation and predict long-term trend and regular features of growth and development of grassland animal husbandry. [ Method] Using econometric models and methods, the gov- ernment statistical data after the liberation on grassland animal husbandry of Sichuan Tibetan region were analyzed, and the factors increasing econ- omy of grassland animal husbandry were determined by analyzing time series data of different periods. [ Result] The grassland animal husbandry of Sichuan Tibetan region had significant characteristics of traditional pastoral economy. Before the reform and opening-up, the increase of animal hus- bandry economy was mainly manifested by increase in amount of livestock and laborers, and the increase in amount of livestock was principal pro- moting factor. After the reform and opening-up, the increase in integrated production factors became the primary cause to push the increase of ani- mal husbandry economy. [ Conclusion] Some new measures must be taken to promote the increase of animal husbandry economy of Sichuan Tibetan region, including transforming traditional production mode of animal husbandry, relying on scientific and technological advances, further improving socio- economic system, cultivating more highly sldlled workforce and effectively guiding rational shift and orderly migration of surplus pasture laborers.

Construction Techniques of Wooden Dwelling Column Frame in Tibetan Regions of Yunnan Province, China

Column frame of folk dwellings with slope roof in Tibetan regions of Yunnan Province was studied. Through field investigation and surveying, column frame timber, main components and construction techniques were introduced. The research showed that column frame of slope-roof dwelling in Tibetan regions of Yunnan is a regional construction technique using timber as the major materials, tenon-and-mortise work as the major connection, characterized by excellent structural expandability, and shock resistance, but it has no quantitative technical support. Scientific and systemic study is needed to improve safeness and livability of local dwellings.

China to Boost Economic,Social Development in Tibetan Regions

China＇s State Council held an executive meeting on Oct. 15, 2008, discussing how to support development in the Tibetan regions of Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu provinces. Tibetan regions in these areas are autonomous where Tibetans and people of other nationalities live together. The regions are the important plateau ecological bar- rier that cover the head-stream area of major rivers, such as the Yellow, Yangtze and Lancang.

A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

School Education and Inheritance of Ethnic Culture in Minority Areas-Take School Education in Tibetan Areas as an Example

Ethnic education is an important way to inherit ethnic culture.Under the background of cultural globalization and cultural diversification,minority cultures are facing the danger of extinction and change.Schools in minority areas give full play to their own advantages and become the main places to train students to master ethnic culture in a purposeful,planned,and organized way.However,there are also many problems in school education in the inheritance of national culture,such as the content of school education and national culture cannot be effectively integrated,teachers lack scientific and effective teaching methods,teaching activities content cannot be flexibly used.In this regard,we should excavate the national cultural resources in school education,improve the professional quality and skills of teachers,and enhance the national consciousness of teachers,so as to improve the quality of school education and realize the effective inheritance of national culture.Taking Tibetan areas as an example,this paper analyzes the advantages,existing problems,and solutions of the school in Tibetan cultural traditions.

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.

Monitoring Glacier and Supra-glacier Lakes from Space in Mt. Qomolangma Region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques the paper presents the results of a multitempora satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 (or 0.75 km2 yr-1) during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km2 (or 0.36 km2 yr-1) during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km2 (or 0.12 km2 yr-1) during 1992-2000. 1.14 km2 (or 0.22 km2 yr-1) during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km2 (or 0.07 km2 yr-1) during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentanglha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentanglha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentanglha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhtinzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, DamxungYangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.

The Regional Surface Heating Field over the Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau Using MODIS and In Situ Data

In this study, a parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau （TP） area. Four images of MODIS data （i.e., 30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007, and 25 October 2007） were used in this study for comparison among winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP）. The results show the following： （1） The derived surface heating field for the TP area was in good accord with the land-surface status, showing a wide range of values due to the strong contrast of surface features in the area. （2） The derived surface heating field for the TP was very close to the field measurements （observations）. The APD （absolute percent difference） between the derived results and the field observations was 〈10%. （3） The mean surface heating field over the TP increased from January to April to August, and decreased in October. Therefore, the reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology. The limitations and further improvement of this method are also discussed.

Minority population and sustainable development in mountain regions a case study of the Tibetan inhabited region in Sichuan, China

China boasts 56 nationalities who are mostly inhabited in the sparsely populated mountain regions in West China. Like many other places in the Han nationality distributed regions, minority nationality inhabited regions are also facing the challenge of sustainable development in terms of both natural and human factors. Taking the Tibetan inhabited regions (TIR) in Sichuan Province as a case, this paper points out some major problems in the process of economic development in perspective of sustainability and leaves some hints for development strategies. While natural conditions such as geological instability are playing a major role to the environmental degradation, human activities and improper use of resources might constitute an important agent in the environmental deterioration. In order to promote local economic development and improve people’s living standard, sustainable planning is expected to be made and people’s awareness of sustainability should be strengthened.

Endangered Wildlife Conservation Enhances Regional Economic Development: A Case Study of Tibetan Macaque (<i>Macaca thibetana</i>) and Fuxi Village in Mount Huangshan, China

The economic development of key biodiversity conservation areas and their conservation measures are underpinned by a mutually complementary and synergistic development model. Regional economic development depends on conservation awareness in biodiversity conservation areas. Moreover, the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation can be indicated by endangered wildlife conservation. This study investigated the current conservation of Huangshan Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana)—an endemic endangered species in the Mount Huangshan Scenic Area located in a biodiversity conservation hotspot in China, the conservation awareness of residents and visitors, and changes in local economic income through field survey. It provides inspiration and a characteristic demonstration to build a synergistic model of endangered wildlife conservation, biodiversity maintenance, and sustainable regional economic development.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

The Tibetan Opera Troupe of Tibet Autonomous Region

The Tibetan Opera Troupe of TibetAutonomous Region was established in1960 on the basis of the JormulongTroupe.After sorting and revising thetraditional Tibetan operas,the troupe haspresented some traditional items,such asPrincess Wencheng,King Norsang,NangsaVibum,Sukyi Nima,Drooa Sangmu,BemaVenba and Chimi Gundan.While revisingtraditional programs,the troupe has ad-ded stage props,makeup,lighting and aband for musical accompaniment.Thishas increased the artistic appeal of theTibetan opera,making it a more compre-hensive stage art.The revised version of Nangsa Vibumwon an award from the Ministry of Cul-ture at a national theatrical performancefestival,and the playscript of Sukyi

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.

两种产地藏羊肉挥发性风味物质和脂肪酸组成比较研究

为评定不同地区藏羊肉的挥发性风味物质和脂肪酸组成,选取甘肃省甘南藏族自治州和青海省海北藏族自治州的藏羊各20只,分别取背最长肌进行肉品质、脂肪酸以及挥发性成分组成、感官评价等指标的测定。结果表明,两种产地的藏羊宰后pH45min和pH24h均在正常范围内,且二者之间无显著性差异;甘南藏羊的色泽和嫩度优于海北藏羊;共检测出18种脂肪酸,其中包括7种饱和脂肪酸和11种不饱和脂肪酸。两种产地藏羊肉的脂肪酸组成和含量均存在显著差异,甘南藏羊脂肪酸组成比例更佳,ω-6/ω-3接近1∶1,显著低于海北藏羊(P<0.05)。共检测出12类70种挥发性风味物质,气味活性值(OAV)分析结果表明,甘南藏羊肉比海北藏羊肉具有更丰富的肉脂香味和果香味。综上,甘南藏羊肉的脂肪酸和挥发性成分组成都更加优异,感官评分更高。

西藏不同地区藏族大学生身体素质状况及影响因素研究

目的:比较西藏不同地区藏族大学生身体素质状况并分析影响因素。方法:按国家学生体质健康标准进行测试,采用卡方检验和二元Logistic模型对西藏民族大学3428名藏族大学生身体素质合格率及影响因素进行统计学分析。结果:共测试藏族大学生3428名,身体素质总合格率为83.34%,其中山南市大学生身体素质合格率为95.53%,林芝为92.05%,日喀则为84.70%,昌都为82.33%,拉萨为78.34%,那曲为75.57%。山南、林芝大学生身体素质合格率显著高于日喀则、昌都、拉萨和那曲,日喀则合格率显著高于拉萨和那曲。藏族大学生低体重、超重和肥胖者身体素质合格率显著低于体重正常者,肥胖者合格率显著低于低体重和超重者。单项指标合格率比较发现,立定跳远合格率最高为昌都(60.5%),最低为山南(46.8%);坐位体前屈合格率最高为山南(95.0%),最低为那曲(87.4%);800m/1000m合格率最高为山南(93.9%),最低为日喀则(76.7%)。BMI、地区均为身体素质测试是否合格的影响因素,低体重、超重、肥胖是藏族大学生身体素质合格的危险因素,而山南是藏族大学生身体素质合格的保护因素。结论:BMI和地区是藏族大学生身体素质的影响因素。

明代藏传佛教在甘青地区的传播与发展

甘青地区是我国藏传佛教流布的重要地区,明代是藏传佛教在这一地区传播与发展的关键时期。有明一代,由于统治者的大力扶持,加之具有深厚的信仰基础,藏传佛教成为这里占据主导性地位的意识形态。明王朝对这里采取“因其俗尚,用僧徒化导”的怀柔政策,只要该宗教领袖具有一定的实力,不论是属于藏传佛教哪一教派,都根据其信众多寡和实力大小授予相应的封号,以示优宠。同时,将在内地行之已久的僧司制度移植到了西北地区,使其成为管理该区域内部各种宗教事务的官方机构。明政府还在甘青地区敕建了瞿昙寺、大崇教寺、弘化寺等大批寺院,有力地推动了该地区藏传佛教寺院的兴建。藏传佛教格鲁派兴起以后,引起了明王朝的高度重视,其宗教领袖释迦也失被明政府封为“大慈法王”,格鲁派与明王朝的联系日渐密切。在明政府的支持与推动下,明代中后期在甘青地区形成了格鲁派传播与发展的高潮,大批寺院如雨后春笋般纷纷拔地而起,一些其他教派寺院也相继改宗格鲁派。

青藏高原地区犊牦牛腹泻病原检测与分析

为调查青藏高原地区引起犊牦牛腹泻的主要病原,2021年6月—2022年8月采集青海省、西藏自治区、四川省共21个场的239份腹泻犊牦牛粪便,采用实时荧光PCR方法对A群牛轮状病毒(bovine rotavirus A,BRVA)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒1型(bovine viral diarrhea virus of genotype 1,BVDV-1)、牛冠状病毒(bovine coronavirus,BCoV)、牛传染性鼻气管病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV)、产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)、沙门氏菌6种腹泻病原进行了检测。结果显示:239份腹泻样品的个体阳性率为64.44%,场阳性率为42.86%~90.48%;BRVA、BVDV-1、BCoV、IBRV、ETEC、沙门氏菌的个体阳性率分别为28.87%、26.78%、5.44%、28.45%、17.57%、16.32%,青海省样品中BRVA(35.29%)与BVDV-1(30.88%)个体阳性率较高,西藏自治区样品中IBRV(93.75%)与ETEC(75.00%)个体阳性率较高,四川省样品中BRVA(24.46%)、IBRV(22.30%)与BVDV-1(27.34%)个体阳性率较高;混合感染率为62.99%,二重、三重、四重感染率分别为42.86%、15.58%、4.55%,未见五重及以上混合感染,以BRVA、BVDV-1、IBRV与其他病原混合感染为主。结果表明:上述6种病原在青藏高原地区腹泻犊牦牛中广泛流行,不同地区的病原流行情况存在差异,混合感染现象较为普遍,建议加强青藏高原地区BRVA的检测与控制,推进BVDV-1和IBRV灭活疫苗在牦牛中的推广应用。

西藏地区藏族人群垂体神经内分泌肿瘤/垂体腺瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨西藏地区藏族人群垂体神经内分泌肿瘤/垂体腺瘤(PitNET/PA)病例的临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析2013-10—2021-03间西藏自治区人民医院病理科存档的藏族患者垂体神经内分泌肿瘤/垂体腺瘤(PitNET/PA)病例38例,收集患者临床及病理资料,并进行垂体转录因子及垂体激素等相关免疫组织化学染色,观察临床病理相关性。结果38例病例,年龄22~73岁,男女比例10∶9。患者术前影像学资料显示巨大肿瘤7例(18.42%),大肿瘤31例(81.58%),无微小肿瘤。根据最新分类方法:PIT-1谱系肿瘤13例,T-PIT谱系肿瘤2例,SF-1谱系肿瘤20例,未明确谱系肿瘤3例;其中高风险肿瘤8例(21.05%)。10例(26.32%)患者术后肿瘤复发。结论西藏地区藏族人群垂体神经内分泌肿瘤/垂体腺瘤(PitNET/PA)患者,有较高的高风险类型及巨大肿瘤出现率和术后复发率,提示高原地区藏族患者的肿瘤预后需要更积极的干预措施。