Seasonal Variation of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of White-tibetan Sheep

In this study, to understand the variation regulation of physiological and biochemical indexs of White-Tibetan sheep with seasons, the physiological and bio- chemical indexs of White-Tibetan sheep in Hongyuan Areas of Sichuan Province in four seasons were measured. The results showed that the respiratory change range of white-Tibetan sheep in four seasons was from （32.74±21.33） to （49.96±17.62） times/min, and the variation ranges of body temperature and heart rate were from （39.27±1.05） to （39.73±0.31） ℃ and from （88.75±8.32） to （104.63±10.39） times/min, respectively. The indexes of WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in autumn and winter were extremely significantly lower than those in spring and summer, while RBC,HCT and RDW-CV in autumn and winter were extremely significantly higher than those in spring and summer, HGB and PLT changed in different seasons with no signifi- cance. The indexes of AST,TP, ALB, GLO and LDH in summer and autumn were relatively higher than those in winter and spring, while the indexes of PCHE, GLU, CHOL and CA in summer and autumn were relatively lower than those in winter and spring, however, the indexes of ALT and ALP were relatively higher in spring and autumn.

Quantitative Study on Expression of MSTN Gene in Different Tissues of Tibetan Sheep at Different Ages

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the difference in MSTN gene expression in different tissues of Tibetan sheep at different ages.[Method] According to the sequence（NM_001009428.1）published in GenBank,a pair of specific primers was designed to amplify part of cDNA sequence of MSTN by using QRT-PCR technique.The relative expression level of MSTN gene in rennet stomach,rumen,leg muscle and cardiac muscle of Tibetan sheep at different ages were analyzed.[Result] After normalization with β-actin gene,the relative expression level of MSTN gene in the 6-month-old Tibetan sheep was the highest and it was 2.52 times than that in 12-month-old Tibetan sheep（P0.05）,the relative expression level of MSTN gene in leg muscle was the highest among all tissues and it was 3 984.78 times than that in rumen（P0.01）.[Conclusion] The results established theoretical foundation for the correct use of MSTN antibody.

Optimization of Drying Process for Plasma Protein from Tibetan Sheep

Fresh blood of Tibetan sheep was subjected to protein separation and spray drying, and the effects of drying process on water content, yield and nitrogen soluble index of plasma powder from blood of Tibetan sheep were investigated. The results showed that the optimum separation parameters were a centrifugal speed at 6 000 r/min, centrifugal time of 20 min, a mass fraction of dry matter of 20%, an inlet air temperature at 180 ℃ and a feed rate at 400 ml/h, under which the plasma protein was a pale yellow powdery solid, indicating a good separation effect.

Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of White-tibetan Sheep at Different Months of Age

To study the physiological and biochemical indexes of White-tibetan sheep in plateau environment, we measured the physiological and biochemical inde- xes of White-tibetan sheep at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,21 and 24 months of age. The results showed that the body temperature, respiration and heart rate of White-ti- betan sheep at 3 - 24 months of age were （38.89 ±0. 56） - （39.83 ± 0.32） ℃, （26.00±6.67 ） - （58.64 ± 12.67 ） times/rain and （ 83.90 ± 7.64） - （111.36 ±7.46） times/rain, respectively. The blood physiological indexes of WBC, HCT and RDW-CV at 3, 6, 15 and 18 months of age were lower than those at 9, 12, 21 and 24 months of age. On the contrary, the indexes of RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC at 3, 6, 15 and 18 months of age were higher than those at 9, 12, 21 and24 months of age, while HGB and PLT did not vary with months of age. For blood biochemical indexes, ALT, AST, TP, ALB, LDH and CHOL reached the maximums at 21 months of age, while ALP, PCHE and GLU reached the maximums at 3 months of age. Besides, the GLO and GA reached the maxi- mums at 18 and 24 months of age, respectively. The physiological and biochemical indexes of White-tibetan sheep followed certain rules in growth and development process, and might be affected by plateau climate and season.

Molecular characterization of two candidate genes associated with coat color in Tibetan sheep(Ovis arise)

Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF） play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes＇ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immune- histochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white （P〈0.01）. However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene＇s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues （P〉0.05）, while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.

Studies of Sulphur- and Iron-induced Copper Deficiency in Tibetan Sheep

The clinical signs of Tibetan sheep with sulphur- and iron-induced copper deficiency in Maqu County of Gansu Province were defined as thin, decreased appetite, neonatal ataxia, pica, emaciation, and loss of hair color and anemia. The mineral composition of soil and forage, and samples of liver, blood and hair from Tibetan sheep in affected ranches in this region were compared with those from unaffected areas. The mean concentration of iron in soil and forage in affected pasture was 19 675 ±791 and 1 763 ±197 μg/g, respectively, compared with 8 761 ±871 and 357 ±39 μg/g in unaffected pasture. The mean concentration of sulphur in soil and forage in affected pasture was 1.98% ±0.79% and 0.88% ±0.16%, respectively, compared with 1.16%±0.26% and 0.47%±0.16%in unaffected pasture. The mean copper concentrations in soil and forage from the affected pastures were 15.9±1.8 and 6.7±1.6 μg/g, respectively, compared with 16.7±1.9 and 8.9±2.7 μg/g in unaffected pasture.The mean concentration of Cu in blood, liver, and hair from the affected Tibetan sheep were 0.32±0.12, 51.2±3.1 and 2.16±0.65μg/g, respectively, compared with 0.76±0.21, 191±11 and 3.27±0.96 μg/g for healthy animals. Oral administration of CuClO(OH)3prevented and cured anemia. We conclude that wool eating of Tibetan sheep in this region is probably caused by secondary Cu deficiency, mainly due to the high iron and sulphur contents in soils and forage.

Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of White Suffolk Sheep,White-tibetan Sheep and Tibetan Sheep

In order to compare the physiological and biochemical indexes of different sheep populations in plateau area,we measured the physiological and biochemical indexes of White Suffolk sheep,White-tibetan sheep and Tibetan sheep in four seasons.The body temperature,respiration and heart rate of White Suffolk sheep,White-tibetan sheep and Tibetan sheep throughout the year were（38.96±0.23）-（40.80±0.74）℃,（27.20±7.73）-（74.56±10.91）times/min,and（83.10±2.42）-（106.25±7.07）times/min,respectively.The main blood physiological indexes of White-tibetan sheep were between those of Suffolk sheep and Tibetan sheep or close to that of Tibetan sheep,the indexes of WBC in summer,HGB and RDW-CV in autumn,RDW-CV in winter were close to that of White Suffolk sheep.The main blood biochemical indexes of White-tibetan sheep were between that of White Suffolk sheep and Tibetan sheep or close to that of Tibetan sheep,but the indexes of ALB in spring,AST in summer,ALP and CHOL in autumn,and ALP in winter were close to that of White Suffolk sheep.It revealed that the adaptability of White-tibetan sheep was prior to White Suffolk sheep,and tended to Tibetan sheep in the plateau environment.

Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Tibetan Sheep at Different Months of Age

To study the changes in physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep from the plateau area at different months of age,we measured the physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep reared in Hongyuan County of Sichuan Province according to their growth stages. The results showed that the respiration,body temperature and heart rate of Tibetan sheep at 3- 24 months of age were( 24. 60 ± 6. 33)-( 50. 30 ± 21. 18) times / min,( 39. 14 ± 0. 28) ℃-( 39. 64 ± 0. 17) ℃ and( 91. 00 ± 13. 27)-( 112. 00 ± 8. 69) times/min,respectively. The blood physiological indexes of Tibetan sheep including white blood cell count( WBC),hematocrit( HCT) and red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation( RDW- CV) at 3,6,15 and 18 months of age were relatively lower than those at 9,12,21 and 24 months of age. The blood physiological indexes including red blood cell count( RBC),mean corpuscular capacity( MCV),mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration( MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin( MCH) at 3,6,15 and 18 months of age were relatively higher than those at 9,12,21 and 24 months of age,while hemoglobin( HGB) and platelet count( PLT) did not vary with months of age. For blood biochemical indexes,alanine aminotransferase( ALT),albumin( ALB),globulin( GLO) and total cholesterol( CHOL) reached the maximum values at 21 months of age; alkaline phosphatase( ALKP),lactate dehydrogenase( LDH),blood glucose( GLU) and pseudocholinesterase( PCHE) reached the maximum values at 3 months of age;and total calcium( CA),total protein( TP),aspartate aminotransferase( AST) reached the maximum values at 9,18 and 24 months of age,respectively.

Epidemiological Investigation and Analysis of Chlamydia in Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai Province

Epidemiological investigation of chlamydia in yak and Tibetan sheep were conducted in Haiyan and Guinan counties, and samples were collected for laboratory detection, to understand the incidence range and damage degree of chlamydia in yak and Tibetan sheep in Qinghai Province. The result will provide technical support for preparation of scientific prevention and control measures against Chlamydia in Qinghai Province.

Seasonal Changes of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Tibetan Sheep

To investigate the seasonal changes in physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep in Hongyuan area,we measured the physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep at four different seasons. The results showed that the body temperature,respiration and heart rate of Tibetan sheep at four seasons were 39. 18- 39. 60 ℃,27. 20- 49. 04 times / min,91. 87- 106. 25 times / min,respectively. The indexes of WBC,MCV,MCH and MCHC in autumn and winter were significantly higher than those in spring and summer（ P 〈 0. 01）,while the indexes of RBC,HCT and RDW-CV in spring and summer were significantly higher than those in autumn and winter（ P 〈 0. 01）. The PLT did not vary greatly in spring,summer or autumn,but were all extremely higher than that in winter（ P〈 0. 01）. The HGB maintained stable in the four seasons. The indexes of TP,ALB and GLO in summer and autumn were extremely higher than those in winter and spring（ P 〈 0. 01）,while the indexes of ALP and PCHE in summer and autumn were extremely lower than those in winter and spring（ P 〈 0. 01）. The indexes of AST,ALT,LDH,GLU,CHOL and CA maintained stable in all seasons.

Variation of DRB1 Gene in Tibetan Sheep

It reveals that the MHC （major histocompatibility complex） gene product always involved in the control of immune response and disease resistance. Nowadays many studies have indicated the OLA （ovine lymphocyte antigen） DRB1 gene is associated with some sheep diseases. Tibetan sheep is one of the three major shag sheep breeds in China, and also have the largest number of China＇s sheep breeds. But till now no report has been seen on studying DRB1 gene in Tibetan sheep of China. To understand the evolution and provide the basis for sheep disease resistance, polymorphism in the exon2 ofDRB1 gene in Tibetan sheep was analyzed. The PCR-SSCP, cloning and sequencing were used to analyse DRB1 gene variation in 600 Tibetan sheep of China. And the genetic relationship and evolutionary significance of the alleles had also been analyzed. Total of 31 alleles were identified, in which 15 alleles had not been reported before. And there were 70 SNPs （single nucleotide polymorphisms） sites in 31 sheep DRB1 gene haplotypes, the proportion was 29.5% to the whole exort2 sequence. All of this indicated that DRB1 exon2 is highly polymorphic in Tibetan sheep. The variation identified here might have an impact on both the function and level of expression of the OLA-DRB1.

Estimation of Economic and Ecological Value of Raising Sheep in Pastoral Area

Tibetan sheep is a unique breed of livestock in Alpine pastoral areas,which is one of the main economic pillars of animal husbandry in pastoral areas,in order to analyze and compare the estimated the economic and ecological benefits of Tibetan sheep under different feeding modes,this paper used a simplified model from multiple angles of animal production,economics and Ecology,The results show that:(i)Under the traditional grazing condition,the annual income of raising one ewe is only 23.4 yuan;(ii)Under the high-efficiency breeding mode,the average income of ewes bred by high-efficiency technology was 168 yuan/(head·year),which was 7 times higher than that of ewes under traditional grazing;each lamb could produce an indirect economic benefit of 500 yuan;(iii)The ecosystem service value affected by each Tibetan sheep through grassland was above 150000 yuan.

青海藏羊冷冻胚胎保存技术的优化及其移植效果研究

该研究旨在优化青海藏羊胚胎的冷冻保存技术,探讨不同发育阶段、冷冻保护剂、冷冻方法和解冻温度对胚胎存活率和后代存活率的影响。结果显示,囊胚阶段胚胎在冷冻保存后的存活率和损伤率最佳。乙二醇作为冷冻保护剂效果最佳,其胚胎存活率和形态完整性显著优于其他保护剂。玻璃化冷冻法在桑椹胚和囊胚阶段的胚胎存活率和形态完整性方面优于慢速冷冻法。解冻温度方面,37℃水浴解冻的胚胎在形态完整性和囊胚存活率上稍优于25℃。最终,结合乙二醇和玻璃化冷冻法的优化方案,胚胎移植后的妊娠率和羔羊存活率显著高于其他处理组。研究表明,选择合适的冷冻保护剂和冷冻方法对提高胚胎冷冻保存和移植成功率至关重要,为青海藏羊胚胎移植技术的优化提供了有力支持。

不同产羔数藏羊卵巢组织中GDF9基因mRNA表达分析

该研究旨在通过比较高产羔与低产羔藏羊卵巢组织中GDF9 mRNA表达水平,揭示GDF9基因在羊繁殖能力中的潜在作用,从而为提高藏羊的繁殖效率提供基因层面的理论依据。研究选取单胎和多胎藏羊各10只,利用定量PCR技术进行GDF9 mRNA表达水平的检测。结果显示,产双羔组藏羊卵巢组织中的GDF9基因表达量显著高于产单羔组羊卵巢组织(P<0.05)。可见,GDF9基因在藏羊的繁殖过程中可能发挥重要作用,与其产羔能力密切相关。

12月龄藏羊补饲育肥效果分析

为确立放牧藏羊有效补饲时间,对两组营养水平相近,牧养方式相同的藏羊,在不同时段2022年10月2日至2022年12月30日(试验一),2023年1月1日至2023年3月31日(试验二)补饲相同量饲料,开展不同时段补饲试验。从增重效果分析,试验一全期平均总增重4.50 kg,较试验二全期平均总增重3.9 kg多增重0.6 kg,补饲效果较好。从补饲效益分析,试验一只均增加收益57.15元,试验二只均增加收益58.65元,试验一补饲效益稍低于试验二,但无显著差异。从生态效益分析,通过暖季草原适度放牧与冷季半舍饲补饲育肥相结合,实现藏羊12月龄出栏,可减轻冷季草场压力,促进草原畜牧业生产经营方式改变,使甘南牧区生态良好、生产发展、生活富裕、社会和谐。综合经济生态效益得出:放牧藏羊适时补饲是高寒牧区草原畜牧业从“靠天养畜”向“科学牧养”转型发展,产业提质增效的有效途径。试验一(补饲时段10月至12月)为12月龄藏羊补饲育肥效益最大化时段。

乔科型藏羊种羊选育效果分析

乔科型藏羊种羊选育,有效提高了母羊群受胎、妊娠、产羔、育羔及繁活率,从而保证繁育后代的优良品质。2022年对选育核心群324只羊进行整群,淘汰部分劣质和老龄母羊及等外羊只后,种公羊及后备公羊占11.9%,适龄母羊占羊群的65.7%,(其中特级占13.6%、一级占31.4%、二级占32.5%、等外占22.5%),其它羊占22.4%。经连续两年的严格选育,后备种公羊数量和适龄母羊优秀个体比例明显增加,母羊特级和一级分别提高了3.5%和7.1%。经过种羊选育,提高了羊群整体生产水平,降低草场压力,提高经济效益。

青海地区不同动物源志贺菌毒力相关基因的分布研究

为了解青海省不同动物源志贺菌相关毒力基因的分布情况,试验对分离自青海省不同地区的62株不同动物源志贺菌进行了DNA提取,将其作为模板对志贺菌的毒力基因set1B、virA、set1A、ial、ipaBCD、Sen、icsP、iutA、icsA、ipaH进行了PCR检测,并统计各毒力基因在不同动物源志贺菌中的检出率、不同动物源志贺菌毒力基因携带模式及携带毒力基因种类。结果表明:62株志贺菌毒力基因set1B、virA、set1A、ial、ipaBCD、icsP、Sen、iutA、icsA、ipaH的检出率分别为6.5%、43.5%、3.2%、25.8%、37.1%、0、12.9%、22.6%、50.0%、100%。在27株猪源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、VirA、icsA、ipaBCD的检出率较高,然后依次为ial、iutA、Sen,未检出icsP。在27株鸡源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、icsA、virA的检出率较高,然后依次为ipaBCD、ial、Sen、iutA,未检出set1B、set1A、icsP。在4株牦牛源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、icsA、ipaBCD的检出率较高,然后依次为virA、ial、iutA,未检出set1B、set1A、Sen、icsP。在4株藏羊源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、ipaBCD、iutA的检出率较高;然后依次为virA、ial,未检出set1B、set1A、Sen、icsP、icsA。在62株志贺菌中,有7株菌只检出毒力基因ipaH,55株菌携带两种及以上毒力基因,共呈现出30种携带模式,其中以virA-icsA-ipaH模式的菌株最多(11.3%,7/62),然后为ipaBCD-ipaH模式(9.7%,6/62);猪源和鸡源志贺菌毒力基因的携带模式均为18种,牦牛和藏羊源志贺菌毒力基因的携带模式均为4种。在62株志贺菌中,有18株菌携带2种毒力基因,15株菌携带3种毒力基因,13株菌携带4种毒力基因,7株菌携带5种毒力基因,2株菌携带6种毒力基因。27株猪源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为3.7%、40.7%、14.8%、18.5%、14.8%、7.4%,27株鸡源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为18.5%、18.5%、29.6%、22.2%、11.1%、0,4株牦牛源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为25.0%、0、25.0%、50.0%、0、0,4株藏羊源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为0、50.0%、50.0%、0、0、0。62株志贺菌单毒力基因携带率(11.3%,7/62)<多重毒力基因携带率(88.7%,55/62),其中猪源志贺菌的多重基因携带率最高(42.0%),然后依次为鸡源(35.5%)、藏羊源(6.4%)和牦牛源(4.8%)。说明青海地区志贺菌携带多种毒力基因,携带模式呈现多样性且因动物源不同有所差异,同时应重点加强青海地区猪志贺菌病的防治工作。

“特藏寒羊”群体遗传结构分析与选择信号的对比分析

旨在了解“特藏寒羊”群体遗传结构和优势性能的遗传来源,为配种方案和杂交利用提供依据,帮助组建特定性能的家系。本研究应用SNP 50K v3芯片对50只“特藏寒羊”(公羊18只,母羊32只)、24只特克塞尔羊(公母各半)和48只欧拉羊(藏系绵羊)(公羊20只,母羊28只)进行单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisim,SNPs)检测;使用Plink、GCTA和MegaX软件对“特藏寒羊”进行遗传结构分析;Tajima’D法对“特藏寒羊”、特克塞尔羊和欧拉羊(藏系绵羊)进行群体内基因组选择信号分析,将“特藏寒羊”的选择信号分别与特克赛尔羊和欧拉羊(藏系绵羊)的选择信号取交集进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析,找到可能影响“特藏寒羊”优势性能的亲本来源和相关基因。结果显示:“特藏寒羊”平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.26±0.12,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.36±0.14,平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.37±0.16,平均最小等位基因频率(MAF)为0.25±0.15,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.59±0.07;ROHs长度主要分布在1~5 Mb,占比50.4%,长度20 Mb+的ROH占比9.52%,近交系数F_(ROH)中位数为0.085;遗传距离D值为0.1527~0.3491,平均遗传距离0.2796;NJ聚类分析共划分5个家系,家系内个体分布不均;“特藏寒羊”与欧拉羊(藏系绵羊)交集信号定位的基因与免疫相关,包括原发性免疫缺陷、造血细胞系和T细胞受体信号通路;“特藏寒羊”与特克塞尔羊交集信号定位的基因与生物代谢相关。综上所述,“特藏寒羊”存在一定程度近交,需加强管理;欧拉羊(藏系绵羊)更影响“特藏寒羊”免疫功能,特克塞尔羊更影响“特藏寒羊”生长发育和肉质性状。

西藏羊和白-藏杂交羊外周血IFN-α、IgG和IL-2的研究

为了解西藏羊和白萨福克羊与西藏羊的杂交后代羊生长发育中免疫因子的分泌特点和免疫学特征,以西藏羊和白-藏杂交羊为研究对象,应用ELISA方法检测0.5、1和1.5岁外周血中干扰素(IFN-α)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的质量浓度,分析其变化规律。结果表明:随年龄的增长,藏公羊IL-2呈逐渐降低的趋势,而藏母羊呈逐渐升高的趋势(P<0.05);藏杂交公羊和藏母羊IgG含量都呈逐渐降低趋势,藏公羊下降较明显(P<0.05);藏公羊IFN-α的含量逐渐降低,0.5岁与1岁之间下降趋势明显(P<0.05),而藏母羊变化不大。随年龄的增长,白-藏杂交羊公羊和母羊IL-2含量先降低再升高;白-藏杂交羊公羊IgG含量变化不大,母羊则是先升高后下降趋势,且1岁和1.5岁之间下降明显(P<0.05);白-藏杂交羊公羊IFN-α的含量逐渐降低,而母羊是先升高后下降。

益生菌对藏绵羊和白-藏杂交羊羔羊生长性能的影响

为分析益生菌对藏绵羊和白-藏杂交羊羔羊生长性能的影响,探讨藏绵羊和白-藏杂交羊早期断奶的适宜时间,试验以藏绵羊和白-藏杂交羊羔羊为研究对象,通过在补饲料中添加益生菌来比较羔羊生长发育情况。结果表明,在相同的饲喂时间下,白-藏杂交羊羔羊的生长速度略高于藏绵羊,未达到显著水平,在添加益生菌的情况下,藏绵羊和白-藏杂交羊羔羊的生长速度略高于对照组,也未达到显著水平。试验结果为今后高原牧区藏绵羊及其他品种的益生菌应用提供理论基础。