The Current Status of Trilingual Education in Tibetan Areas of China

In China trilingual education, as an important part of Chinese national education, is likely to be not only required, but essential. However, among the tremendous achievements, there still exist some problems, such as different standard in educational management and requirements, insufficiency of trilingual teachers and unreasonableness in teacher structure, shortage both in the number and characteristics of trilingual teaching materials, lateness in the study on TETAC and insufficiency of study result, and backwardness in teaching approaches and methods, etc.

Cableways in the Tibetan Area

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A Trip to Tibetan Areas in Sichuan and Qinghai

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Land Remediation Projects in Poverty-stricken Counties in Tibetan Areas Promoting Poverty Alleviation——A Case Study of Songpan County,Sichuan Province

Songpan County is a poverty-stricken county in the four provinces of China,one of the concentrated areas in China. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of land consolidation in Songpan County to promote poverty alleviation and development through specific cases. The results show that land remediation has improved agricultural production conditions,promoted agricultural efficiency,increased farmers' income,improved rural living conditions,promoted the development of urban and rural integration,improved the ecological environment,solved the problem that restricts the survival and development of poverty-stricken areas,enhanced the ability of farmers to develop themselves,raised the level of civilization in rural areas,and promoted poverty alleviation and development. The poverty alleviation and development has provided certain financial support for land remediation. It has promoted land remediation,and pointed out key directions for land remediation. It has an indirect promotion effect on land remediation.

Community participation mode of ecotourism in Tibetan area of Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province

Community participation is one of the focuses of the research on ecotourism. The research on community participative model is of great theoretical and practical significance. Based on the former experts’ studies, this paper analyzes ecotourism demonstration areas in Diqing Shangri-La of Yunnan as a case study. It mainly expounds the relationship between ecotourism and community participation and puts forward such a community participative model of ecotourism in Shangri-La.

Multi-level Cooperation and Complementary Advantage Poverty Alleviation Model in Poverty-Stricken Counties of Tibetan Areas:A Case Study of Songpan County in Sichuan Province

Songpan County is a poverty-stricken county in Tibetan areas of Sichuan Province,it belongs to a concentrated poverty-stricken area in China.Through summarizing the specific conditions of multi-level cooperation and complementary advantage poverty alleviation model in Songpan County,this paper analyzed the effect of this model.Through the analysis on the cooperative poverty alleviation model(eastern-western cooperation,provincial targeted assistance,county-wide"four-leading and four-assistance"inner-party assistance,social force"10000 enterprises helping 10000 villages",and"visiting every household and keeping every person busy"),it summarized the implementation and actual results of each level.In addition,it summarized the problems encountered in the implementation process of multi-level cooperation and complementary advantage poverty alleviation model and came up with recommendations.With the aid of this successful multi-level cooperation and complementary advantage poverty alleviation model,Songpan County has achieved a decisive victory in the fight against poverty.At the end of April 2019,the poverty rate in the whole region fell to 0.45%,and it successfully took off the poverty hat.This paper analyzed and refined the specific practice,main achievements,successful experience,implications and reference significance of multi-level cooperation and complementary advantage poverty alleviation model,to provide necessary references for innovation of poverty alleviation model in poverty-stricken Tibetan areas,or even other similar provinces and regions.

Study on Rural Poverty in Ecologically Fragile Areas——A Case Study of the Tibetan Areas in Sichuan Province

This article offers an overview of natural environment, economic development, and social development in the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province. The major manifestations of the status quo of poverty in the Tibetan areas are as follows: there is a wide range of poverty and a large poor population; the poverty degree is high and it is difficult to alleviate poverty; the natural disasters are frequent and the phenomenon of poverty arising from disasters is serious. We analyze the factors responsible for poverty of farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan Province as follows: first, the natural conditions are inclement and the ecological environment is fragile; second, the social attitudes are stale and the religious influence is deep; third, the development of education lags behind, the human capital inputs are short and the self-development capacity is weak; fourth, the state poverty alleviation and development policy is weakly directed at region; fifth, the Tibetan areas are facing the dilemma of choosing resources endowments or ecological protection. Following proposals are put forward to resolve the poverty issue in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan Province: strengthen infrastructure construction, and underpin self-development capacity of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province; reinforce organic connection of social security and poverty alleviation and development, and promote self-development capacity of impoverished farmers and herdsmen in the Tibetan areas; strengthen policy support, and improve self-development policy and mechanism of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province; drive the popularization of technology and culture in the Tibetan areas, and update the development concept of farmers and herdsmen in the Tibetan areas; accelerate the development of competitive industries in Tibetan areas, and promote economic development capacity of the Tibetan areas.

Comparison of LR,5-CV SVM,GA SVM,and PSO SVM for landslide susceptibility assessment in Tibetan Plateau area,China

The applicability of statistics-based landslide susceptibility assessment methods is affected by the number of historical landslides.Previous studies have proposed support vector machine(SVM)as a small-sample learning method.However,those studies demonstrated that different parameters can affect model performance.We optimized the SVM and obtained models as 5-fold cross validation(5-CV)SVM,genetic algorithm(GA)SVM,and particle swarm optimization(PSO)SVM.This study compared the prediction performances of logistic regression(LR),5-CV SVM,GA SVM,and PSO SVM on landslide susceptibility mapping,to explore the spatial distribution of landslide susceptibility in the study area in Tibetan Plateau,China.A geospatial database was established based on 392 historical landslides and 392 non-landslides in the study area.We used 11 influencing factors of altitude,slope,aspect,curvature,lithology,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),distance to road,distance to river,distance to fault,peak ground acceleration(PGA),and rainfall to construct an influencing factor evaluation system.To evaluate the models,four susceptibility maps were compared via receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve and the results showed that prediction rates for the models are 84%(LR),87%(5-CV SVM),85%(GA SVM),and 90%(PSO SVM).We also used precision,recall,F1-score and accuracy to assess the quality performance of these models.The results showed that the PSO SVM had greater potential for future implementation in the Tibetan Plateau area because of its superior performance in the landslide susceptibility assessment.

Genesis of the Cenozoic Sodic Alkaline Basalt in the Xiahe–Tongren Area of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its Continental Dynamic Implications

Objective The Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision caused significant crustal shortening and plateau uplift in the central Tibet. The extrusion tectonic model has been widely accepted to explain the strike-slip faults around the Tibetan Plateau. Previous studies indicate that the lower crust flow is the main drive force of the extrusion tectonics. Whether mantle extrusion process occurred during the Cenozoic uplift is a major problem to be addressed, which is significant for understanding the uplift mechanism and tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.

Petrogenesis of high-Mg# Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Qiangtang area, Tibetan Plateau： geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence

The Nadingcuo volcanic rock suite is the most voluminous Cenozoic volcanic suite in the southern Qiangtang area of the northern Tibetan Plateau. These high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks were formed between36 and 34 Ma,characterized by high Mg#values,high concentrations of Ti O2 and P2O5,87 Sr /86 Sr ratios of0. 704682--0. 706 112,and εNd( t) values of- 1. 2 to 1. 6. There is a lack of reasonable explanations for sourcing and origin of magmas that formed the rocks with high Mg#values and Ti O2 and P2O5enrichments,which makes the previous research results still controversial. This study reviews the geochemical characteristics of Nadingcuo volcanic rocks and the data we have newly found in our fieldwork. We give some new interpretation to the magmatic evolution of the basaltic magmas in the discussed area dominated by fractional crystallization.The geochemistry of trachyandesite and trachyte units in the studied area is indicative of formation from mantlederived magmas that mixed with crustal materials. The high values of Mg#and Ti O2 and P2O5enrichment in these units are evident to show the mixing between mantle-derived magmas with ~ 30--40 wt.% rhyolitic melt or assimilation of a similar amount of felsic rocks. The geochemistry of basaltic rocks in the area also suggests that the Nadingcuo basalts may have been derived from an ocean island basalt( OIB)-type source that contained and was mixed with ancient mantle wedge derived material,indicating that a 36--34 Ma asthenospheric upwelling event in the Qiangtang area may relate to the northward subduction of Indian lithospheric mantle and the southward subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle. This upwelling of asthenospheric material was centered in the southern Qiangtang area between 36 and 34 Ma,while the northward movement of the Indian Craton caused this upwelling mantle flow to continuously migrate northward,resulting in the current centering of this upwelling in the Hoh Xil-Kunlun region.

甘肃涉藏地区锅庄舞风格特征研究

锅庄舞是集中体现藏民族美学思想的团栾舞蹈,由十三种舞步和九大类手势动作组合而成.颤、开、顺、左、绕、舞袖是锅庄舞的六大动作特征;走、跳是主要运动形式;圆或同心圆、弧线、直线是主要队形;舞曲多用地域风情特征明显的藏族民歌歌舞音乐,分为舒缓平和的慢板乐段和热烈奔放的快板乐段;舞蹈分为序舞、慢舞、快舞、结束四个舞段;服饰明艳华贵,主要是“藏式长袍+衬衣”;男子动作大而奔放、女子动作小而秀美.碌曲锅庄舞博采众长、久负盛名;玛曲草原锅庄舞粗犷豪放;夏河寺院锅庄舞庄严肃穆;迭部、舟曲林区锅庄舞小巧活泼;陇南、天祝山地锅庄舞稳重优美.

Perfecting the Market-Oriented Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Ethnic Minority Areas: A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

The construction of the market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism in China is complicated system engineering. China's ecological compensation funds are mainly derived from the public finance, lacking market-oriented operation. That not only increases the financial burden of the government, but also leads to the incomprehensive compensation scope. Moreover, China's ecological compensation lacks market mechanism so that it is difficult to set compensation standards and calculate offsets. This paper takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as an example to analyze the market-oriented ecological compensation system of ethnic minority areas from the perspective of market economy, so as to provide a theoretical basis and a reference point for the establishment of efficient and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism and policies in ethnic minority areas and provide environmental protection for the sustainable development of economy and society of ethnic minority areas.

康北高原慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症风险预测模型的构建及预测效能

目的筛选康北高原慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症风险的预测因素,建立AECOPD发生VTE风险的联合预测模型并分析其预测效能。方法选择2018年1月-2022年9月因慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重在甘孜县人民医院住院治疗的患者71例,根据是否发生VTE分为血栓组35例,对照组36例。收集患者的基本资料和检查、检验资料等相关参数数据,选出两组之间具有显著差异的指标。将上述单因素分析中有显著差异的指标纳入多因素分析,筛选出AECOPD发生VTE风险的独立影响因素,并构建预测模型。利用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价各独立因素及预测模型的应用价值,计算曲线下面积及其敏感度与特异度,分析其预测效能,霍斯默-莱梅肖检验评价拟合度。结果单因素分析显示血栓组PPS评分、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、D-二聚体、降钙素原(PCT)均高于对照组(均P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示PPS评分、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、D-二聚体为AECOPD发生VTE的独立预测因素。三者联合构建的预测模型曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.944(95%CI:0.893~0.996),灵敏度、特异度均明显优于各单一指标(灵敏度为94.3%、特异度为83.3%),霍斯默-莱梅肖检验拟合度好(χ^(2)=11.915,P=0.155)。结论PPS评分、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、D-二聚体可能是预测康北高原AECOPD发生VTE的因素,且三者联合构建的预测模型对VTE风险预测具有很好效能,可为预测AECOPD发生VTE的风险提供参考。

基于知识图谱的香格里拉藏区民居装饰可视化分析

香格里拉藏区被誉为“离天堂最近的地方”,民居建筑装饰不仅是藏族悠久历史传统文化的现实印证,而且是藏族建筑文化的重要组成部分,其在装饰图案纹样上尤为绚丽多姿,向人们展示着神秘的美感。文章从装饰题材、纹样、装饰手法上进行总结分析,将CNKI数据库内有关藏族民居装饰领域的中文文献整合得出其发展历程的时区图,以保护和发扬藏族民居装饰艺术以及藏族民居建筑装饰传统文化为目的,为其传承和发展提出理论依据,从而促使香格里拉藏区民居装饰焕发新活力展现新的独特魅力。

西藏中部尼雄地区“敌布错组”安山岩夹层的发现及地质意义

因缺乏高精度年代学制约,尼雄地区“敌布错组”形成时代及地层归属存在争议。本次工作通过对“敌布错组”安山岩夹层进行锆石U-Pb测年,获得~120 Ma的加权平均年龄,结合该区“敌布错组”碎屑锆石研究成果,表明其形成于早白垩世中晚期(130~120Ma),与区域上则弄群火山-沉积地层形成时代一致,建议将其新厘定为则弄群。根据安山岩样品的全岩地球化学及锆石原位Hf同位素组成,认为其是壳源长英质岩浆与幔源玄武质岩浆混合的产物,形成于洋壳俯冲的构造环境。通过进一步对拉萨地体中、新生代岩浆作用的时空变换规律的总结分析,本文研究认为该套安山岩形成的动力学机制主要与新特提斯洋北向俯冲相关。

考虑水力连通的羌塘内流区洼地单元提取与分类

羌塘内流区是青藏高原面积最大的内流区,气候变化正在加剧其湖泊水系结构与水量的演变,开展内流区流域调查并科学估算其水资源的变化具有重要意义。本文提出一种新型内流区流域划分方法,该方法通过引入高程-面积联合阈值,以解决由气候变化与数字高程模型分辨率等因素引起的洼地单元提取难题。基于已监测的羌塘内流区流域重组与湖泊水位的变动幅度,确定了高程-面积联合阈值分别为10 m和50 km^(2),并对洼地单元进行划分,共识别出163个具有合理集水面积、永久性分水岭的封闭内流区洼地单元。引入多个相关数据集及已有算法评估本方法,结果表明:该方法适用于大尺度内流区洼地单元提取,提取精度优于现有算法及数据产品;依据洼地单元间水力连通特征,将全区163个洼地单元划分为5种主要类型,其中以“上下游互通型”(Ⅱ型)、“高山型”(Ⅳ型)洼地单元为主,“凹陷型”(Ⅴ型)洼地单元则多与其他类型复合存在,受气候条件的影响更加显著。

香格里拉藏区传统民居大门装饰特征研究

自20世纪下半叶分形理论问世,其作为建筑评价的重要组成部分,为人类研究和计量建筑分形特征提供了数学表达工具。文章从香格里拉藏区传统民居入手,将分形理论应用于香格里拉藏区传统民居大门装饰的分析中,量化其传统民居大门装饰的组织机制和复杂性秩序,进而为少数民族传统民居的保护、更新与延续提供理论与方法基础。选取了具有代表性的实例,从而揭示了其民居大门装饰形式背后所隐含的美学法则,间接讨论了分形几何应用于建筑形式分析的现实意义。

四川涉藏州县农业生态环境保护与农业协调发展研究

四川涉藏州县农业生态环境保护与农业协调发展对促进区域生态环境保护、产业发展具有重要现实意义,二者在价值取向、实现路径、目标导向方面具有一致性。文章运用综合评价模型、耦合度模型、耦合协调度模型及相对发展模型,计算2010—2019年四川涉藏州县农业生态环境保护与农业发展水平以及耦合协调状况。结果显示,2010—2019年四川涉藏州县农业生态环境保护水平、农业发展水平总体呈波动增长趋势,2015年后开始呈现稳定增长趋势。耦合协调度经历了中度失调、勉强协调、初级协调和中级协调四个阶段,总体呈快速增长趋势。文章提出贯彻落实新发展理念,优化产业结构,走绿色农业发展之路,建立健全绿色生态的农业政策支持体系,促进四川涉藏州县农业生态环境与农业的协调发展等建议。

土默特地区藏传佛教殿堂建筑的预防性保护研究——以乌素图召庆缘寺为例

土默特地区的藏传佛教殿堂建筑是内蒙古建筑遗产中最重要的组成部分,如今此类建筑却面临着严重损毁的危机。该文以土默特地区具有代表性的乌素图召庆缘寺为研究对象,通过对其现状进行调查并分析其病害成因,旨在构建庆缘寺的预防性保护策略。研究表明,乌素图召庆缘寺主要受到多种因素的影响,包括阳光暴晒、风沙侵蚀、冻融循环、雨水渗漏以及人为破坏,导致了结构的歪闪、拔榫、错位,以及构件的开裂、风化、崩解和酥碱等严重病害。为了应对这些病害,可采取修补加固、打牮拨正、环氧树脂填充、局部构件替换及设防鸟网等修复方法。结合以上研究,该文提出了庆缘寺病害具体修复方法以及包含庆缘寺的日常监测和维护的预防性保护策略。这些策略将有助于保护庆缘寺这一重要的建筑遗产。

四川高原地区表观健康藏族成人血脂合适水平的建立

目的 建立四川高原地区表观健康藏族成人胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的合适水平,为该地区藏族成人高脂血症的防治提供更多依据。方法 选取2022年8月至2023年7月在我院进行健康体检的藏族人群2 262例,其中男1 322例,女940例,20~69岁,检测其血脂指标(血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C)水平。对结果进行正态性检验、离群值剔除,依据美国实验室标准化协会(CLSI)C28-A3文件及国际临床化学和检验医学联合会(IFCC)相关要求,建立TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C的合适水平。结果 该人群中,纳入研究的血脂指标均存在男女之间的差异,TC、LDL-C随年龄增长呈上升趋势,TG、HDL-C随年龄增长变化不明显。该人群中,TC男女合适水平分别为3.03~6.60mmol/L、2.84~6.09mmol/L;TG男女合适水平分别为0.56~3.94mmol/L、0.45~2.64mmol/L;HDL-C男女合适水平分别为0.66~1.49mmol/L、0.80~1.71mmol/L;LDL-C男女合适水平分别为1.51~4.56mmol/L、1.29~3.88mmol/L。结论 初步建立了四川高原地区表观健康藏族成人血脂指标合适水平,实验室应针对此类人群建立自己的合适水平,更有利于指导临床诊断及治疗。