Tenses, aspects, and categories of evidentiality and egocentricity in spoken Lhasa Tibetan

This paper mainly discusses verbal aspects and their syntactic markers in Lhasa Tibetan. Since aspects in Tibetan always share markers with other important categories called evidentiality and egocentricity, the former of which assesses the evidence of speaker's statement and the latter denotes behavioral characteristics of a speaker'sego-centricity, this paper simultaneously describes all three types: aspect, evidentiality and egocentricity. There are nine types of verb aspects in Lhasa Tibetan, namely: Prospective, Imminent, Premediated, Realis, Durative, Resultative, Merely-past, Perfect, and Contextual aspects. There are four types of evidentialities, namely, Self-knowledge, Knowing-by-sight, Knowing-by-newly-found-information and Knowing-by-inference evidentialities. Categories of egocentricity demonstrate whether an action is towards the Self or the Other, whether the speaker gains or loses, and so on. Additionally, this essay also discusses the interactive relationship between syntactical verb aspects and personal pronouns, intentionality, modality, as well as temporal-spatial cognition.

藏语拉萨话的体貌、示证及自我中心范畴

本文主要讨论藏语拉萨话动词的体貌范畴以及句法标记。然而,藏语体貌范畴总是与示证性和自我中心趋向范畴共享形式标记。藏语示证性评估说话人所出示的证据,自我中心趋向表明说话人以自我为中心的行为特征。因此,本文同时描述了藏语拉萨话的体貌类型、示证类型、自我中心趋向类型,以及它们的句法形式。拉萨话有9类动词体,分别是:将行体、即行体、待行体、实现体、持续体、结果体、方过体、已行体、与境体;4类示证性,分别是自知示证、亲知示证、新知示证和推知示证。自我中心范畴表现为动作趋向自我还是趋向他人,或者说话人获益还是受损等等。另外,本文还讨论了句法上动词体与人称、意愿、情态以及时空认知的相互制约关系。