A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.

Monitoring Glacier and Supra-glacier Lakes from Space in Mt. Qomolangma Region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques the paper presents the results of a multitempora satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 (or 0.75 km2 yr-1) during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km2 (or 0.36 km2 yr-1) during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km2 (or 0.12 km2 yr-1) during 1992-2000. 1.14 km2 (or 0.22 km2 yr-1) during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km2 (or 0.07 km2 yr-1) during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentanglha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentanglha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentanglha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhtinzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, DamxungYangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.

The Regional Surface Heating Field over the Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau Using MODIS and In Situ Data

In this study, a parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau （TP） area. Four images of MODIS data （i.e., 30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007, and 25 October 2007） were used in this study for comparison among winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP）. The results show the following： （1） The derived surface heating field for the TP area was in good accord with the land-surface status, showing a wide range of values due to the strong contrast of surface features in the area. （2） The derived surface heating field for the TP was very close to the field measurements （observations）. The APD （absolute percent difference） between the derived results and the field observations was 〈10%. （3） The mean surface heating field over the TP increased from January to April to August, and decreased in October. Therefore, the reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology. The limitations and further improvement of this method are also discussed.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.

Modeling black carbon and its potential radiative effects over the Tibetan Plateau

A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon(BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in 1990-2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol-snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter(OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season(MayeS eptember) were much more than non-monsoon season(the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing(SRF)(3.0-4.5 W m^(-2)) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF(5-6 W m^(-2)) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1-1.5℃ and snow water equivalent decreased by 5-25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.

Tectonics and Topography of the Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene

Early Miocene stratigraphy,major structural systems,magmatic emplacement,volcanic eruption,vegetation change and paleo-elevation were analyzed for the Tibetan Plateau after regional geological mapping at a scale of 1：250,000 and related researches,revealing much more information for tectonic evolution and topographic change of the high plateau caused by Indian-Asian continental collision.Lacustrine deposits of dolostone,dolomite limestone,limestone,marl,sandstone and conglomerate of weak deformation formed extensively in the central Tibetan Plateau,indicating that vast lake complexes as large as 100,000-120,000 km2 existed in the central plateau during Early Miocene.Sporopoilen assemblages contained in the lacustrine strata indicate the disappearance of most tropical-subtropical broad-leaved trees since Early Miocene and the flourishing of dark needle-leaved trees during Early Miocene.Such vegetation changes adjusted for latitude and global climate variations demonstrate that the central Tibetan Plateau rose to ca.4,000-4,500 m and the northeastern plateau uplifted to ca.3,500-4,000 m before the Early Miocene.Intensive thrust and crustal thickening occurred in the areas surrounding central Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene,formed Gangdise Thrust System （GTS） in the southern Lhasa block,Zedong-Renbu Thrust （ZRT） in the northern Himalaya block,Main Central Thrust （MCT） and Main Boundary Thrust （MBT） in the southern Himalaya block,and regional thrust systems in the Qaidam,Qilian,West Kunlun and Songpan-Ganzi blocks.Foreland basins formed in Early Miocene along major thrust systems,e.g.the Siwalik basin along MCT,Yalung-Zangbu Basin along GTS and ZRT,southwestern Tarim depression along West Kunlun Thrust,and large foreland basins along major thrust systems in the northeastern margin of the plateau.Intensive volcanic eruptions formed in the Qiangtang,Hoh-Xil and Kunlun blocks,porphyry granites and volcanic eruptions formed in the Nainqentanglha and Gangdise Mts.,and leucogranites and granites formed in the Himalaya and Longmenshan Mts.in Early Miocene.The K2O weight percentages of Early Miocene magmatic rocks in the Gangdise and Himlayan Mts.are found to increase with distance from the MBT,indicating the genetic relationship between regional magmatism and subduction of Indian continental plate in Early Miocene.

Effects of transport on aerosols over the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau:synergistic contribution of Southeast Asia and the Sichuan Basin

为探究南亚与四川盆地对青藏高原污染物传输的影响,论文利用青藏高原东坡区域背景站贡嘎山站2012–2014年地基观测数据,系统揭示了青藏高原东坡大气气溶胶浓度、化学成分与光学特性的变化特征。气溶胶光学厚度AOD年均值0.35左右,在夏冬季较高,春秋较低。干季钾离子(K+)、二次无机气溶胶(SIAs)与一次有机碳(POC)的浓度均高于湿季,湿季二次有机碳(SOC)为干季的3.1倍。结合后向轨迹分析,来自东南亚地区气团对应的高浓度K+、元素碳(EC)及POC表明生物质燃烧源对青藏高原东坡干季气溶胶有显著贡献;湿季气溶胶主要来源于四川盆地可挥发性有机物(VOCs)的氧化。

超声与CT技术在高原地区藏族人群肺结核疾病诊断价值的比较研究

目的:比较研究高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者超声与CT影像特点及诊断价值。方法:选择2022年5月至2023年11月青海省中医院收治的100例高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者,所有患者均行超声与CT检查,动态观察高原地区肺结核患者肺部病变的超声影像学特点,比较超声与CT检查对高原地区藏族人群肺结核的诊断效果。结果:超声与CT检查高原地区藏族人群肺结核的阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.053,P>0.05)。超声诊断的灵敏度为97.80%、特异度为44.44%、约登指数42.24%,CT诊断的灵敏度为96.77%、特异度为42.86%、约登指数39.63%,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.184,0.004,0.272,P>0.05)。超声与CT检查高原地区藏族人群肺结核病变肺叶分布检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.011,P>0.05)。超声与CT检查对高原地区藏族人群肺结核患者肺不张、空洞、钙化、伴随胸水的检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.190,0.197,0.190,0.046,P>0.05)。结论:超声检查的阳性检出率、病变肺叶分布检出率和肺不张、空洞、钙化、伴随胸水等肺结核并发或伴随征象检出率均与CT检查无差异,而高原地区医疗资源匮乏,缺少大型检查设备,应用超声检查进行肺结核普查及初步诊断,对缺少CT设备或受电力影响的高原地区更适合。

青藏高原地区犊牦牛腹泻病原检测与分析

为调查青藏高原地区引起犊牦牛腹泻的主要病原,2021年6月—2022年8月采集青海省、西藏自治区、四川省共21个场的239份腹泻犊牦牛粪便,采用实时荧光PCR方法对A群牛轮状病毒(bovine rotavirus A,BRVA)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒1型(bovine viral diarrhea virus of genotype 1,BVDV-1)、牛冠状病毒(bovine coronavirus,BCoV)、牛传染性鼻气管病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV)、产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)、沙门氏菌6种腹泻病原进行了检测。结果显示:239份腹泻样品的个体阳性率为64.44%,场阳性率为42.86%~90.48%;BRVA、BVDV-1、BCoV、IBRV、ETEC、沙门氏菌的个体阳性率分别为28.87%、26.78%、5.44%、28.45%、17.57%、16.32%,青海省样品中BRVA(35.29%)与BVDV-1(30.88%)个体阳性率较高,西藏自治区样品中IBRV(93.75%)与ETEC(75.00%)个体阳性率较高,四川省样品中BRVA(24.46%)、IBRV(22.30%)与BVDV-1(27.34%)个体阳性率较高;混合感染率为62.99%,二重、三重、四重感染率分别为42.86%、15.58%、4.55%,未见五重及以上混合感染,以BRVA、BVDV-1、IBRV与其他病原混合感染为主。结果表明:上述6种病原在青藏高原地区腹泻犊牦牛中广泛流行,不同地区的病原流行情况存在差异,混合感染现象较为普遍,建议加强青藏高原地区BRVA的检测与控制,推进BVDV-1和IBRV灭活疫苗在牦牛中的推广应用。

青藏高原东侧复杂地形区极端降水研究进展

青藏高原东侧地形地貌多变,海拔高度起伏剧烈,陡峭而复杂地形下极端降水带来的气象灾害与地质次生灾害直接威胁着高原与下游地区,且这种独特的地形与地理位置,为极端降水的研究带来了巨大挑战。围绕青藏高原东侧复杂地形区极端降水,对近10 a降水数据观测分析新方法、极端降水气候演变特征和协同机制、云-降水物理特征及预报模拟和气候预估等方面取得的新进展进行了回顾,并就高原复杂地形区极端降水研究今后值得关注和思考的科学问题,从机器学习方法与多源降水数据结合以及高原地区降水资料的适用性研究、极端降水的气候变化特征与大气环流异常的机理研究、高原地区的云宏观特征和云微物理特征研究、气候模式历史模拟性能的评估及对未来极端降水模拟的预估研究等方面进行了展望。

Zircon U–Pb age and geochemical constraints on the origin and tectonic implication of the Tuotuohe Cenozoic alkaline magmatism in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

A large number of Eocene-Oligocene alkaline/alkali-rich igneous rocks were developed in the Tuotuohe region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.In this study,we present zircon U-Pb ages,Hf isotope data,and major and trace element compositions of the Cenozoic alkaline rocks from the Tuotuohe region in order to constraint the petrogenesis and tectonic evolution history of Qiangtang Block.Zircon U-Pb ages were measured via LA-ICP-MS to be39.6,37.6 and 32.0 Ma.The 39.6 Ma trachyte was characterized by low SiO2 and high K2O and MgO contents.The 37.6 and 32.0 Ma orthophyres show enrichment in SiO2 and K2O,but deficient in MgO.All of the samples belong to the alkaline rocks.These rocks display enrichment in REE,LREE,and LILE,depletion in HFSE,and no obvious Eu anomalies.Geological and geochemical features suggest that there were two possible mechanisms for the origin of the alkaline rocks in the Tuotuohe region:(1)the removed mafic lower crust dropped into the asthenosphere,forming the mix magma(Nariniya trachyte);(2)the upwelling asthenosphere triggered the crustal melting(Nariniya and Zamaqu orthophyre).The Eocene-Oligocene alkaline rocks in the study and adjacent areas are likely to be the result of the same tectonic-magmatic event of deep lithospheric evolution that is the crustal material melting triggered by lithospheric delamination.This conclusion extends the influence scope of lithospheric delamination eastward to the Tuotuohe region(*92°E)from Banda Co(*82°E).

青藏高原三江源和河湾区夏季降水变化特征及对高原夏季风的响应

本文利用1981~2020年观测数据和ERA5再分析资料,将青藏高原腹地三江源和东南重要水汽通道河湾区作为典型研究区域,分析了降水不同时间尺度变化特征及其典型强弱年对高原季风环流系统的响应,结果表明:(1)三江源和河湾区降水的季节变化均呈双峰型分布,峰值出现在7月初和8月下旬。夏季降水在21世纪初发生年代际转折,尤其是三江源降水量在近20年增加明显。两个高原季风指数DPMI(Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index)和ZPMI(Zhou Plateau Monsoon Index)的夏季风爆发时间均超前于河湾区和三江源降水的明显增加期。三江源夏季降水年际变化与两个高原夏季风指数有较好的相关性。三江源与河湾区虽然相邻很近,但三江源夏季降水受高原季风影响程度远大于河湾区。当高原夏季风增强(减弱)时,三江源降水量偏多(少)。(2)三江源降水偏多年,南亚高压偏东偏强,低层高原主体低压异常,有利于西南风和东南风在三江源区域交汇,南方暖湿空气能够深入高原腹地导致水汽辐合偏强。河湾区降水偏多年,河湾区及整个高原主体附近高度场并没有明显异常,河湾区的水汽输送主要有两条路径,一条来自孟加拉湾沿高原南坡的西南路径,另一条来自中亚地区穿过高原上空的西北路径,两条路径在高原东侧汇合继续向东输送。

顾及季节和高程影响的青藏高原湿延迟神经网络预测模型

针对现有的需要实测参数的对流层天顶湿延迟(zenith wet delay,ZWD)模型在青藏高原地区适配性不足的问题,根据青藏高原地区13个探空站2015—2017年的探空站数据,将气象参数(地面空气温度、水汽压)和时空变化特征(年积日和高程)作为模型输入因子,以数值积分法计算得到的ZWD作为学习目标,通过多层感知器(multi-layer perceptron,MLP)神经网络模型进行迭代训练,从而得到适用于青藏高原地区的ZWD预测模型(简称为MLP模型),并使用2018年的探空站数据对模型进行精度检验。结果表明,MLP模型的年均偏差(bias)和年均均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)分别为-0.08 cm和1.13 cm,分别比GPT3模型、Saastamoninen模型和Ifadis模型的精度(RMSE值)提高了51.5%、40.2%、52.9%。研究可为青藏高原地区的全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)导航定位和水汽反演研究提供参考。

青藏高原东南局地山谷风环流在一次地形云和降水形成中的作用

利用第二次青藏高原科学考察及其他数据,结合5层网格嵌套、高分辨率(最高333 m)的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)可分辨云数值模拟,研究了局地山谷风环流在青藏高原东南林芝地区2019年9月17~18日一次地形云和降水形成过程中的作用。结果表明,此次降水过程由西风槽天气过境造成,林芝位于西风槽底部,具有弱不稳定层结,云和降水过程呈现明显的午后、傍晚和凌晨三个阶段的变化特征,并且发现局地山谷风环流在这三个阶段的变化中具有重要作用。午后阶段,由于山区强烈的太阳辐射加热,首先产生明显的上坡风和强上谷风环流,在山坡迎风坡受阻挡抬升,并激发出强的地形波,产生了强对流云和降水;傍晚阶段,由于山脉强烈的长波辐射冷却效应,产生的强下坡风在谷底辐合抬升,促进了山谷上空的弱对流、层状云发展;凌晨阶段,下坡风达到最强,产生了强下谷风环流(山风),下坡风在谷底产生强烈的抬升作用,形成深厚的层状云降水过程。

青藏高原区披碱草属种子功能性状研究

以采自青藏高原高寒草甸野生披碱草属种子(垂穗披碱草、麦宾草、老芒麦、圆柱披碱草、黑紫披碱草)为材料,对其形态特征、萌发特性、吸水率和电导率等功能性状进行测定,旨在揭示不同居群披碱草属种子部分功能性状间的异同,为该属优良种质资源的挖掘、选育和利用提供依据。结果表明,不同居群野生披碱草属种子具有典型的共性:内外稃呈披针形,不开裂,稃及小穗轴表面分布白色短毛;种子去稃后顶端具毛,腹面为纵沟,中央为明显凸起的脊。各居群种子的种长、种宽、种厚、芒长、单粒重、稃颜色以及种皮颜色等形态特征存在一定差异,且种子萌发特性、吸水率和电导率间亦具有明显差异。垂穗披碱草萌发特性最优;种子吸水48 h后,圆柱披碱草吸水率达最高,为63.80%;黑紫披碱草电导率较高,为179.55μs/(cm·g)。种宽与发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数之间呈正相关,与平均发芽时间之间为负相关,单粒重与发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数间呈正相关;种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关,发芽势和发芽指数分别与平均发芽时间呈显著负相关。灰色关联度综合分析得出,垂穗披碱草种子综合特性表现最佳,重视其种质的采集、保存及利用具有生态学意义。

长江源区年际冰水情变化及其影响因子分析

受限于高寒山区地形、气候和环境条件,目前关于长江源区河流的冰水情研究较少,源区降雨径流年际变化和冰盖分布等规律不明确。为了明晰长江源区水文与水资源现状和冰水情本底,本文收集整理了2006—2018年沱沱河和直门达水文站近十年的降雨、蒸发、径流、水温、气温和冰厚资料,采用统计分析、线性回归、单一因子分析和相关性分析等结合的研究方法,重点揭示了源区河流流量、冰期和冰厚现状、其年际变化特征和主要影响因子。研究表明,源区河流洪峰年际波动范围超50%,洪峰集中在7—9月,非汛期流量仅为汛期流量的1/7,非汛期流量年际波动小于汛期,且直门达站水位流量年际变化幅度小于上游沱沱河站;沱沱河站冰期持续时间7个月,而下游直门达站冰期为5个月,多年平均冰盖厚为0.15 m,造成两站冰情差异的主要原因是源区垂直地形急变引起的高程差;源区降雨量年际波动与年际径流波动一致,蒸发量年际波动仅为降雨量的一半,因此两站流量的年际波动受降雨影响较大。长江源区降雨和气温变化是冰水情变化的主要驱动因子,与源区河流的地形高程密切相关,亟需系统的科考进一步明晰长江源冰水情时空变化规律。

Variations of stable isotopic compositions in precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions

There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia to the south of the Tanggula Mountains. Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations accounting for about a half of the statistical stations. There is notable temperature effect in the middle and northern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent Central Asia to the north of the Tanggula Mountains. Because vapor directly originates from low-latitude oceans, the relative heavy ( 18O with small variation characterizes the rainfall in South Asia. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place from Kyangjin on the southern slope of the Himalayas to the Tanggula Mountains in the middle plateau. From the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau, the ( 18O in precipitation increases with increasing latitude.