Cyclosporin A Enhances Callus Formation in Rabbit Tibia Fractures

Purpose: Drugs that modify the production of cytokines may affect fracture healing.The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A is widely used to modify the immune response in transplantations and in treatment of rheumatoid disorders. We wanted to analyze the effect of cyclosporin A on fracture healing and on the development of trauma induced osteopenia.Methods: Experimental tibia fractures were stabilised with intramedullary pins in 26 rabbits. The animals were given 5mg/kg/day of cyclosporin A or placebo for 5 weeks. Bone mineral content, callus volume and biomechanical testing were performed on both tibias and femurs.Results: At 5 weeks cyclosporin A treatment resulted in increased bone mineral content and increased callus volume of the fractured bone. The femora on the operated side had significantly lower bone mineral content compared to the non-operated side. This trauma induced osteopenia was unaffected by cyclosporin A treatment. Failure torque and stiffness of the tibia and femora were similar in both groups.Interpretation: Cyclosporin A stimulates bone formation in fracture repair. The mechanism is unclear, but a direct or cytokine mediated effect on bone forming cells, or enhanced bone induction resulting in increased bone formation, is possible.

Functional Outcomes of Adult Tibia Shaft Fractures Treated with Solid Intramedullary Nails versus Hollow Nails: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The management of fractures of the tibia shaft is an important aspect of orthopaedic care, and the selection of the surgical method for fixation can substantially impact patient outcomes. The current review aims to compare the outcomes of adult tibia fractures treated with solid nails to those treated with hollow nails. Methods: A search on Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library, using three keywords (Outcome, Tibia shaft fractures, Nail) was conducted in April 2023. Results were compiled and two independent reviewers screened and selected eligible articles After removing duplicates, titles and abstracts were read to exclude ineligible studies. Full-text articles of the remaining papers were read to select eligible studies which were further critically appraised to ascertain their methodological quality. The data extracted from the selected papers were synthesized using a combination of pooling of results, tests of statistical difference (t-test and chi-square) and narrative synthesis methods. Results: A total of 2295 articles were obtained from the databases and citation searching. A total of 9 papers were identified as eligible and included in the review. Findings revealed that there is no statistical difference in the outcomes of tibia fractures treated with either solid or hollow nail groups such as duration of surgery (p = 0.541), rate of delayed and non-union (p = 0.342), and rate of surgical site infections (p = 0.395). Conclusion: Intramedullary nailing of tibia shaft fractures with either solid or hollow nails have similar functional outcomes.

Outcomes of early versus late irrigation and debridement of pediatric open long bone fractures

BACKGROUND Open long bone fractures are a major concern for pediatric patients due to the risk of surgical site infection(SSI).Early studies have recommended irrigation and debridement of open fractures within 6 hours-8 hours for the prevention of SSI.According to the American College of Surgeons(ACS)Best Practice Guidelines,in 2015,irrigation and debridement should be done within 24 hours.AIM To identify whether early irrigation and debridement,within 8 hours,vs late,between 8 hours and 24 hours,for pediatric open long bone fractures impacts rate of SSI.METHODS Using retrospective data review from the National Trauma Data Bank,Trauma Quality Improvement Project(TQIP)of 2019.TQIP database is own by the ACS and it is the largest database for trauma quality program in the world.Propensity matching analysis was performed for the study.RESULTS There were 390 pediatric patients with open long bone fractures who were incl-uded in the study.After completing propensity score matching,we had 176 patients in each category,irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and irrigation and debridement between 8 hours and 24 hours.We found no significant differences between each group for the rate of deep SSI which was 0.6%for patients who received surgical irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and 1.1%for those who received it after 8 hours[adjusted odd ratio(AOR):0.5,95%CI:0.268-30.909,P>0.99].For the secondary outcomes studied,in terms of length of hospital stay,patients who received irrigation and debridement within 8 hours stayed for an average of 3.5 days,and those who received it after 8 hours stayed for an average of 3 days,with no significant difference found,and there were also no sig-nificant differences found between the discharge dispositions of the patients.CONCLUSION Our findings support the recommendation for managing open long bone fractures from the ACS:Complete surgical irrigation and debridement within 24 hours.

Ankle Arthrodesis Nail Combined with Locking Compression Plate to Stabilize Two-Level Pathologic Tibial Fractures

Treatment of fragility fractures of the distal tibia in the elderly is demanding because of osteopenic bone quality, the delicate soft tissue cuff and frequent critical circulation. We report the case of two-level tibial pseudarthroses in an 83- year-old woman caused by multiple myeloma successfully stabilized by a long ankle arthrodesis nail combined with locking compression plate osteosynthesis. This case is unique, as to our best knowledge, herein diaphyseal fractures were treated for the first time using a technique reported hitherto primarily for fragility ankle and pilon fractures.

Comparative efficacy of ketamine,lidocaine,acetaminophen,and dexmedetomidine combined with morphine patient-controlled analgesia in treating opium-addicted patients undergoing tibia fracture surgery:A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare the effect of ketamine,lidocaine,acetaminophen,and dexmedetomidine combined with morphine patient-controlled analgesia for opium addicts after tibial fracture surgery.Methods:This double-blind clinical trial included opium-addicted patients undergoing tibia fracture surgery.Patients were recruited and randomized to four different groups including the ketamine group,the lidocaine group,the acetaminophen group,and the dexmedetomidine group.The hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure,and arterial SaO2,alongside visual analog scale pain scores,sedation assessed by Ramsay score,nausea and vomiting,and opioid use were recorded and compared among the four groups.Results:This study included 140 patients,aged 37(32,41)years,with 92 males and 48 females,and each group had 35 patients.Dexmedetomidine-sedated subjects had the lowest blood pressure from 1 to 24 h after surgery,decreased HR at 12 and 24 h after surgery,and more satisfactory sedation(P<0.05).Notwithstanding no significant difference was noted in the pain scores,or nausea and vomiting among the groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine has a better sedation effect compared to ketamine,lidocaine,and acetaminophen for pain control,but the final choice hinges on the patients’physical condition and the anesthesiologist's preference.Clinical registration:It is registered in Iranian Registry Clinical Trial by code IRCT20141209020258N146.

Comparative study between intramedullary interlocking nailing and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for distal tibia extra-articular fractures

Purpose:Treatment of distal tibia fractures poses significant challenge to orthopedic surgeon because of poor blood supply and paucity of soft tissue coverage.There is considerable controversy regarding the superior option of treatment for distal tibia fracture between the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis(MIPPO)technique and intramedullary interlocking(IMIL)nailing for extra-articular distal tibia fractures.The aim of our study is to compare the functional outcome between the two treatment methods.Methods:This was the prospective comparative study of 100 patients with distal third tibia fractures divided into two groups.The first group of patients were treated with MIPPO technique while the second group of patients were managed by IMIL nailing.Patients were followed up in outpatient department to assess the functional outcomes,malunion,delayed union,nonunion,superficial and deep infection between the two groups.Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software(version 16.0).Results:Average malunion(degrees)in the MIPPO group was 5(3—7)±1.41 vs.10.22(8—14)±2.04 in the IMIL group(p=0.001).Similarly postoperative knee pain in the IMIL group was 10%vs.2%in the MIPPO group(p=0.001).In terms of superficial infection and nonunion,the results were 8%vs.4%and 2%vs.6%for the MIPPO and IMIL group,respectively(p=0.001).Conclusion:Both procedures have shown the reliable method of fixation for distal extra-articular tibia fractures preserving the soft tissue,bony vascularity and fracture hematoma that provide a favourable biological environment for fracture healing.Considering the results of the study,we have slightly more preference for the MIPPO technique.

Proximal tibial and fibular physeal fracture causing popliteal artery injury and peroneal nerve injury： A case report and review of literature

Either proximal tibial or tibial physeal injuries are rare. The combination of both is even rarer, let alone causes a vascular injury. Early intervention is the key for management. We hereby present an interesting case of simultaneous proximal tibiofibular physeal injury with popliteal arterial occlusion and common peroneal nerve injury. The present case is important in two aspects： firstly it reports a very rare occurrence of simultaneous proximal tibiofibular physeal injury associated with vascular insult and common peroneal nerve injury; secondly it highlights that with timely intervention excellent results can be achieved in paediatric patients.

Comparison of functional outcomes among subtypes of Fraser’s typeⅡfloating knee

Purpose The poor prognosis in patients with floating knee injuries is mainly contributed to articular involvement(Fraser’s typeⅡ).This study aims to evaluate and compare the functional outcomes among different Fraser’s typeⅡfloating knee injuries after surgical management.Methods Twenty-seven patients with Fraser’s typeⅡfloating knee injuries(54 fractures)between September 2014 and December 2015 were enrolled prospectively in this study and were distributed according to Fraser’s floating knee classification into three different groups as typeⅡA(ipsilateral femoral shaft and tibial intra-articular involvement,n=11),typeⅡB(ipsilateral tibial shaft and femoral intra-articular involvement,n=9)and typeⅡC(both femoral and tibial intra-articular involvement,n=7).The differences among the groups were evaluated and compared.The functional outcomes of these injuries at one year were analyzed using Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS)which covers 5 subscales of pain,other symptoms,activities of daily living,sports and recreation,and quality of life.The result was also compared with standardized age-sex matched healthy population using paired samples t-test.Results All the patients were male,and the injury mechanism was solely roadside accident.The mean age was 29.8 years and injury severity score 17.9(comparable in all the three groups).Most injuries were observed on the right side(20 cases,74.1%).Based on paired samples t-test,the KOOS score of patients with Fraser’s typeⅡA was found to be better than that of typeⅡB and typeⅡC.Compared with the reference age-sex matched control group,patients with Fraser’s typeⅡB andⅡC fractures had significantly lower mean score in all KOOS subscales(all p<0.01).However,Fraser’s typeⅡA only revealed significant difference regarding the subscales of activities of daily living(p<0.0001),sports and recreation(p<0.0001),and quality of life(p<0.0001).Conclusion The results of this study show that patients with Fraser’s typeⅡA fractures had a better functional outcome as compared to those with typeⅡB andⅡC fractures.This might be due to the open intra-articular involvement of the distal femur of the latter two fracture types.