Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Periodic flow characteristics during RH vacuum circulation refining

The circulation period of RH vacuum refining was studied to promote the refining efficiency. The influences of the lift gas flow rate and submersion depth of snorkels on the circulation period, and the relationship between mixing time and circulation flow were dis- cussed. The effects of the lift gas flow rate and submersion depth on the degassing rate in one circulation period were studied by water modeling. The results show that the circulation period is shortened by increasing the lift gas flow rate. The circulation period is the shortest when the submersion depth of snorkels is 560 mm. The whole ladle can be mixed thoroughly after three times of circulation. Increasing the lift gas flow rate can enhance the degassing rate of RH circulation.

Three-Dimensional Tidal Model and Its Application to Numerical Simulation of Water Quality in Coastal Waters

The turbulence mechanism plays an important part in the mixing process and momentum transfer of turbulence. A three-dimensional Prandtl mixing length tidal model has been developed to simulate tidal flows and water quality. The eddy viscosities and diffusivities are computed from the Prandtl mixing length model. In order to model the water quality of an estuary or coastal area many interdependent processes need to be simulated. These may be conveniently separated into three main groups: transport and mixing processes, biochemical interaction of water quality variables and the utilization and re-cycling of nutrients by living matter. The model simulates full oxygen and nutrient balance, primary productivity and the transport, reaction mechanism and fate of pollutants over tidal time-scales. The model is applied to numerical simulation of tidal flows and water quality in Dalian Bay. The model has been calibrated against a limited data set of historical water quality observations and in general demonstrates excellent agreement with all available data.

A MIXED LUBRICATION MODEL MODIFIED BY SURFACES' FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS

Fractal characteristics are introduced into solving lubrication problems. Based on the analysis of the relationship between roughness and engineering surfaces' fractal characteristics and by introducing fractal parameters into the mixed lubrication equation, the relationship between flow factors and fractal dimensions is analyzed. The results show that the pressure flow factors' values increase, while the shear flow factor decreases, with the increasing length to width ratio of a representative asperity γ at the same fractal dimension. It can be also found that these factors experience more irregular and significant variations and show the higher resolution and the local optimal and the worst fractal dimensions, by a fractal dimension D , compared with the oil film thickness to roughness ratio h/R q . As an example of application of the model to solve the lubrication of the piston skirt in an engine, the frictional force and the load capacity of the oil film in a cylinder were analyzed. The results reveal that the oil film frictional force and the load capacity fluctuate with increasing fractal dimension, showing big values at the small D and smaller ones and slightly variable in the range of bigger one, at the same crank angle.

Current and Thermohaline Characteristics of the Arabian Sea During January 1998

Based on a ship survey during January 1998, the characteristics of the flow, the thermohaline properties and the volume transport of the Arabian Sea are discussed. A strong westward flow exists between 10.5?N and 11?N, part of which turns to the south as the Somali current near the coast at about 10?N and the rest turns north. At the passage between the African continent and the So- cotra Island, the northern branch separates into two flows: the left one enters the passage and the right one flows eastward along the southern slope of the island. Off the island the flow separates once more, most of it meandering northeast and a small fraction flow- ing southeast. Volume transport calculation suggests that the tidal transport is one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the total transport in this region and it becomes more important near the coast. The average velocity of the flow in the upper layer (0-150 m) is about 20 cm s-1, with a maximum of 53 cm s-1 appearing east of the Socotra Island, and the subsurface layer (200-800 m) has an aver- age velocity of 8.6 cm s-1; the velocity becomes smaller at greater depths. The depth of the seasonal thermocline is about 100 m, above which there is a layer with well mixed temperature and dissolved oxygen. High-salinity and oxygen-rich water appears near the surface of the northern Arabian Sea; a salinity maximum and oxygen minimum at 100 m depth along 8?N testifies the subduction of surface water from the northern Arabian Sea. Waters from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf also influence the salinity of the area.

基于振荡射流的撞击流反应器流动及混合特性研究

为了研究振荡射流撞击流反应器内流场特性,利用SST k-ω湍流模型,建立振荡射流撞击流反应器数学模型且与试验进行对比。通过分析速度场、湍流动能分布、压力场和湍流黏度分布规律来研究撞击流反应器内部流动特性,揭示混合性能变化规律。结果表明:在轴向上,速度、湍动能和压力呈多峰分布趋势且随着入口速度的上升而不断增大。在径向上,振荡器混合室内部涡旋中心受喷嘴小尺度涡旋干扰不断变化,从而影响流体振荡,使流场内产生4种流型。该反应器在35 s后混合均匀,混合强度达到0.95以上。研究结果丰富了流体振荡特性理论,为新型反应装置的开发提供理论参考。

Gas-rigid-flexible compound blade coupling enhanced experimental study on chaotic mixing of multiphase flow

Efficient fluid mixing is essential for process intensification.This study proposes a new method in which gas-rigid-flexible composite blades are coupled to enhance chaotic mixing in multiphase flow systems.The rigidity and flexibility of the blades were adjusted by intermittent gas injection,which increased the effectiveness of mixing of the liquid-liquid two-phase fluid.This study investigates the influence of different process parameters on the mixing efficiency and quantifies the chaotic characteristics of fluid mixing through pressure-time series analysis of multiscale entropy and the 0–1 test.A high-speed camera recorded the bubble movement in the flow field,while particle image velocimetry(PIV)revealed the enhancement of the properties of the flow field in the system due to the suspended motion of the particles.Using suitable process parameters,gas-rigid-flexible composite blade coupling significantly enhanced the mixing effect,where the mixing time of the G-RFCP system was reduced by 1.42 times compared to that of the CP system.Bubble motion,deformation,and rupture enhanced the mechanical agitation,increasing the intensity of the turbulence and chaotic behaviour.Flow-field analysis indicated a three-fold increase in the vorticity and a 1.04-fold increase in the velocity difference for the G-RFCP system compared with those of the CP system.This study provides theoretical and experimental foundations for understanding chaotic mixing in liquid-liquid two-phase fluids.

融入智能网联汽车的混行交通流混沌特性

为了研究混行交通流混沌特性、辨析影响混行车队混沌程度的因素,在传统交通流理论基础上,利用Cao方法和改进的Cao方法确定混行交通流延迟时间和嵌入维数,对混行交通流序列进行相空间重构并通过计算最大Lyapunov指数判定其混沌特性.对混行交通流中智能网联汽车(intelligent connected vehicle,ICV)协同自适应巡航(cooperative adaptive cruise control,CACC)车辆比例及延迟时间关键参数进行影响分析.结果表明:在跟驰过程中车头间距序列的最大Lyapunov指数小于0时,混行交通流存在混沌;CACC车辆比例增加能够减弱混沌的时间区域,比如当CACC车辆比例达到0.6时,跟驰系统趋于稳定;CACC车辆的延迟时间对混沌的影响显著,保持低通信延迟才能发挥CACC车辆的作用,从而有效抑制混沌.

混凝土搅拌筒CFD-DEM多相流数值模拟与分析

为研究混凝土运输车搅拌筒内的混凝土与骨料颗粒的真实运动情况,采用CFD-DEM耦合的方法,考虑混凝土的非牛顿流体特性及骨料颗粒间的相互作用,对混凝土进料、搅拌、出料过程的混凝土及颗粒运动规律进行数值模拟。通过将出料时间和出料速率数值仿真结果与实验对比,验证了CFD-DEM耦合方法的可行性。将计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)和离散元(Discrete Element Method,DEM)仿真结果导入ABAQUS中对叶片结构强度进行了分析,结果表明:叶片所受应力远小于材料的许用应力,最大节点位移满足刚度设计要求。最后对叶片的磨损情况进行了分析。

考虑CAV与公交车比的混合交通流特性

为探究网联环境下汽车和公交车组成的混合交通流特性,考虑驾驶员行为改进Gipps安全距离规则,结合美国path实验室提出的自适应巡航(Adaptive Cruise Control,ACC)、协同自适应巡航(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC)跟驰模型加速度定义,构建异质流元胞自动机模型。通过数值仿真实验,分析网联自动驾驶车辆(Connected Autonomous Vehicles,CAV)与公交车辆混入比例对交通流通行能力、行驶速度、道路拥堵的影响。结果表明:随着CAV比例的提高,道路通行能力增大,临界密度增大;当道路上车辆组成仅为CAV车辆时,通行能力提升2.45倍、临界密度提高2.84倍;当CAV比例为0.5,随着公交车比例的增加,道路随机多发的轻微拥堵明显减少,通行能力、平均行驶速度略微减小。网联车能有效提高道路通行能力和行驶速度、减少拥堵,且随着公交车比例的提高,网联公交车更易形成队列,使道路拥堵得到明显改善。

声共振混合器高黏度流体混合的功耗特性研究

声共振混合利用机械共振产生高加速度振动,从而促进流体流动,其功耗特性对于其设计及应用具有重要作用。为研究声共振混合器的功耗特性,基于CFD建立了声共振混合过程仿真模型,分析了高黏度流体声共振混合过程壁面对物料的作用力和做功功率,探究了黏度和振动参数改变对混合器功耗特性的影响,并建立了声共振混合器混合功率的预测函数。研究结果表明,在混合过程中,壁面对液相做功的瞬时功率呈现先减少后稳定波动的趋势,而有效功率呈现先增加后稳定波动的趋势,这种不同的变化趋势是由于两者的相位差发生变化所导致的。增加振幅、频率或等加速度下低频大振幅都能够增加瞬时功率和有效功率,并减少液相进入稳定流动阶段所需吸收的外界能量。

公交站点区域行人与非机动车交互行为建模与仿真

为研究公交站点区域行人和非机动车的冲突行为,在元胞自动机模型的基础上,首先,考虑激进型行人和混合非机动车流,通过行人穿越决策规则和非机动车避让规则耦合行人运动模型和非机动车运动模型,采用双向行人Blue模型模拟进出站行人的运动行为,采用改进的NaSch模型模拟非机动车的运动行为,建立公交站点区域行人与非机动车交互模型。然后,在北京市西单商场公交站B站台开展观测实验,微观层面展现行人和非机动车之间的交互作用,分析在不同流量构成下二者冲突演化规律以及进出站行人到达率、非机动车到达率对延误和冲突数的影响。研究结果表明,非机动车堵塞多发生在非机动车与行人刚开始的交互处,并向来车方向延伸。与进出站行人到达率相比,行人和非机动车延误受非机动车到达率影响更显著;在进出站行人比例为0.5时,行人和非机动车延误达到峰值;进站行人比例为1时,行人和非机动车延误比出站行人比例为1时延误小;在行人到达率一定时,冲突数随着非机动车达到率的增大而增加,当行人到达率较小时,冲突数呈缓慢地增长趋势,随着行人到达率的增大,冲突数增长率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

叶顶间隙对螺旋混流式喷水推进泵内流及推进特性的影响

喷水推进泵是舰船泵喷推进系统的核心部件,喷水推进泵在工作过程中,叶顶间隙处所产生的泄漏流会严重影响混流泵的工作性能。为了探讨叶轮叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性的影响,本文定义了叶顶间隙系数τ,设计了六种不同叶顶间隙系数模型并使用Ansys进行仿真分析,最终得到叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性的影响规律。结果表明:随着叶顶间隙系数的增大,叶顶间隙处泄漏流逐渐增加,泄漏涡影响范围变大,轴向推力随着叶顶间隙系数的增大呈负指数下降,叶顶间隙处泄漏量随指数上升,喷水推进泵内流损失增加,推进效率持续减小,并且在大流量工况下叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性影响最大,在设计的六套模型中,叶顶间隙系数为0.08,叶顶间隙为0.16mm时效率最高。通过本文的研究可以发现,叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性影响较大,在设计时应尽量减小叶顶间隙。

H_(2)与氨混燃增强火焰燃烧特性模拟研究

氢和氨作为清洁能源受到广泛关注,为深入探究氢-氨混燃的燃烧特性和影响因素,本文借助Chemkin仿真平台建立相关反应模型,以氢-氨混合气体为燃料,空气作为助燃剂,采用Otomo等人提出的一种氨氧化机理对其燃烧过程进行模拟计算,并模拟研究了混合气体的点火延迟时间、层流燃烧速度、绝热燃烧温度、NO排放等燃烧特性随当量比、初始压力以及燃料中H_(2)比例的具体变化规律,对不同工况下的层流火焰结构、H和OH自由基的产率(rate of production,ROP)、NO生成的敏感度进行了化学动力学分析。结果表明:纯氨气体的点火延迟时间长、层流燃烧速度慢,掺氢后燃烧特性均有所改善,且提高了火焰的绝热燃烧温度,但掺氢比例越大,NO排放越多。NO摩尔分数随当量比变化的趋势先增后减,在当量比为0.8左右达到峰值。综合考虑氢-氨混燃的一系列燃烧特性以及掺氢、加压的成本和收益情况,推荐H_(2)占比15%、当量比φ=1.1、压力P=0.2 MPa为氢-氨混合燃烧的最优条件。

气液混输管道段塞流泄漏流场特征

气液混输是油气管道运输的常用技术,与单相管道相比,当气液混输管道泄漏时,由于气液相间相互作用,流动情况复杂。所有流型中,段塞流研究最为困难。为了研究气液混输管道段塞流型下泄漏的流场特征,对比单相管道与混输管道泄漏动态压力波的波形特点,基于动网格与UDF(user-defined function)模拟泄漏发生的全过程,分析泄漏过程以及液塞经过泄漏孔口过程的压力、流速、湍流强度变化,得到气液混输间歇流泄漏流场特征。结果表明:与单相管道相比,当泄漏方位为上部和中部时,混输管道段塞流泄漏瞬间形成明显的方向向下的动态压力波脉冲,持续泄漏则交替出现多个向上和向下的信号脉冲,且信号的幅值远大于正常流动信号的幅值。泄漏瞬间产生的方向向下的动态压力脉冲是由压力突然下降引起,泄漏瞬间引起的压力变化主要反映在管道压力上,通过管道安装的动态压力传感器可有效反映泄漏瞬间产生的压力变化。液塞到达与离开泄漏位置是影响管道压力波动的主要因素。动网格仿真模拟与试验结合的方法可用于研究气液混输管道段塞流泄漏的流场特征。

潮流作用下环礁断面的流动特征研究

本文首先通过循环水槽试验测量分析了正向和反向潮流影响下概化环礁断面的流动特性,试验结果表明:在正向流和反向流作用时,礁坪上仅存在亚临界流,并可观察到经典的壁面有界流动流速剖面特征;沿礁的平均水位与各个测线上的流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大。本文随后采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程并结合标准的k-ωSST湍流模型建立数值水槽,进一步研究了多种水动力与礁型因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处的流速变化规律。数值模拟结果表明:后礁外礁缘处的平均流速均大于前礁外礁缘处;平均流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大,随礁坪水深、礁坪宽度、潟湖宽度和礁前斜坡坡度的增大而减小;最后基于数值模拟结果提出了预测各种因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处流速的幂函数型经验公式。

正癸烷/空气旋转爆轰波形成与传播数值模拟

针对气液两相旋转爆轰波形成与传播问题,本文以液态正癸烷为燃料,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,通过三维数值模拟给出了两相旋转爆轰波的形成演变特点和自持传播机理。研究结果表明:在起爆阶段,通过调控初始燃料分布能够获得强度不同的爆轰波和压力波;在对撞阶段,爆轰波与压力波共发生4次对撞,由于缺乏燃料供给,压力波逐渐衰减并消失,爆轰波以单波模态传播;在稳定传播阶段,未燃燃料在三叉点处聚集形成未反应气流区并诱导产生局部爆炸。未反应气流区的周期性出现和局部爆炸是两相爆轰波自持传播的重要影响因素。

主流马赫数对超声速气膜冷却流场特性及冷却效率的影响

着眼于离散孔形式的气膜冷却在高超声速飞行器热防护中的应用,为更深入探究超声速气膜冷却流场结构特征以及激波对气膜冷却的耦合作用机理,采用三维可压缩RANS数值仿真方法,研究了不同主流马赫数条件下气膜冷却的流动和传热特性。结果表明,主流超声速条件下,冷却射流的阻碍作用使得气膜冷却孔上游出现激波,且随着主流马赫数的增大,激波强度增大;激波诱导主流沿展向偏转而远离气膜冷却孔中心区域,弱化了主流和冷却射流的相互作用,降低了冷却射流在展向的掺混耗散。因此,在主流超声速条件下气膜冷却覆盖效果更佳、距离更长,且整体气膜冷却效率随着主流马赫数的增大而提高。

大口径长输天然气管道掺氢混气特性研究

长输天然气管道具有管径大、流速快的特点,掺氢混气的不均匀度会增加管道输送系统金属氢脆、密封渗漏、设备运行不稳定等风险。针对我国某长输天然气管道的运行工况,采用数值模拟的方法研究了4种静态混合器(SK型、SX型、SL型、HEV型)进行掺氢输送(掺氢比为3%)时的流场特性以及混合效果。结果表明,4种静态混合器对天然气掺氢混气均具有扰动混合作用,混合不均匀度随输量的增大而减小,压力损失随输量的增大而增大;在掺氢比为3%、掺氢压力为4.22 MPa、输量为13×10^(8)~36×10^(8)Nm^(3)/a的工况下,SK型、SX型、SL型和HEV型静态混合器的混合特性和效果差异较大,应在不同的混合距离处,将混合不均匀度下降至5%以下。综合考虑,可优选或创新设计结构相对简单、混合距离短、混合不均匀度较低、湍流特性优异、剪切特性良好并且压降适中的静态混合器,作为大口径长输天然气主管路掺氢混合器。

双洞双弯长陡坡导流隧洞明满交替流水力特性研究

双洞双弯长陡坡导流隧洞内,由于弯道螺旋流的影响,引起明满交替流流量区间增大,加之明满交替流的水力特性为非恒定流,导致洞内明满交替流的界定与导流设计流量的确定难度大幅增加。针对此问题,基于三维数学模型模拟,阐述洞内流态由明流经明满交替流转变为有压流的过程;提出携气有压流归为有压流范畴且作为明满交替流与有压流的分界流态;明确明满交替流的水力特征:上游相对作用水头为1.61~2.40;流态为自由面不连续且随时空变化;同一流量下库水位波动较大,内侧隧洞分流比随之呈正向变化,而外侧隧洞分流比则呈反向变化;沿程压力特性呈现有压流特性与明流特性交替变化,作用压力紊动性强。