Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction

Light-absorbing impurities on glaciers are important factors that influence glacial surface albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In this study, the quantity of light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan, Central Asia, was measured. We found that the average concentrations of black carbon was 2,180 ng/g, with a range from 250 ng/g to more than 10,000 ng/g. The average concentrations of organic carbon and mineral dust were 1,738 ng/g and 194 μg/g, respectively. Based on simulations performed with the Snow Ice Aerosol Radiative model simulations, black carbon and dust are responsible for approximately 64% and 9%, respectively, of the albedo reduction, and are associated with instantaneous radiative forcing of 323.18 W/m2(ranging from 142.16 to 619.25 W/m2) and 24.05 W/m2(ranging from 0.15 to69.77 W/m2), respectively. For different scenarios, the albedo and radiative forcing effect of black carbon is considerably greater than that of dust. The estimated radiative forcing at Keqikaer Glacier is higher than most similar values estimated by previous studies on the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps as a result of black carbon enrichment by melt scavenging. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on Keqikaer Glacier appear to mainly originate from central Asia, Siberia, western China(including the Taklimakan Desert) and parts of South Asia in summer, and from the Middle East and Central Asia in winter.A footprint analysis indicates that a large fraction(>60%) of the black carbon contributions on Keqikaer Glacier comes from anthropogenic sources. These results provide a scientific basis for regional mitigation efforts to reduce black carbon.

Dynamic response to climate change in the radial growth of Picea schrenkiana in western Tien Shan,China

Forests are important ecosystems for economic and social development.However,the response of tree radial growth to climate has produced‘divergent problems'at high latitudes under global warming.In this study,the response stability and trend of Picea schrenkiana radial growth to variability in climate factors were analyzed in the mid-latitudes of the western Tien Shan Mountains.Radial growth of P.schrenkiana was mainly limited by minimum and mean temperatures.The divergent responses of radial growth occurred in response to the minimum and mean temperatures at the beginning of the growing season(April–May)of the current year,but responses to drought occurred in July–September of the previous year.And the mean and minimum temperatures in June–September of the current year were both stable.Radial growth first increased and then decreased according to the basal area increment,with a gradual increase in temperature.Therefore,forest ecosystems in mountainous arid areas will be increasingly affected by future climate warming.

Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries

In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the effect of climate change. Growtheclimate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457e2009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the Little Ice Age (LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470e1660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the Tien Shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.

Adakite-like granitoids of Songkultau:A relic of juvenile Cambrian arc in Kyrgyz Tien Shan

The early Paleozoic Terskey Suture zone,located in the southern part of the Northern Tien Shan domain in Kyrgyzstan,comprises tectonic slivers of dismembered ophiolites and associated primitive volcanics and deepmarine sediments.In the Lake Songkul area,early-middle Cambrian pillow basalts are crosscut by the Songkultau intrusion of coarse-grained gneissose quartz diorites and tonalites with geochemical characteristics typical for high-SiO2 adakites(SiO2>56 wt.%,Al2O3>15 wt.%,Na2 O>3.5 wt.%and high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios).The Songkultau granitoids have positive initialεNd(+3.8 to+6.4)andεHf(+12.3 to+13.5)values indicating derivation from sources with MORB-like isotopic signature.Volcanic formations,surrounding the Songkultau intrusion,have geochemical affinities varying from ocean floor to island arc series.This rock assemblage is interpreted as a relic of an early-middle Cambrian primitive arc where the adakite-like granitoids were derived from partial melting of young and hot subducted oceanic crust.An age of 505 Ma,obtained for the Songkultau intrusion,shows that hot subduction under the Northern Tien Shan continued until middle Cambrian.The primitive arc complexes were obducted onto the Northern Tien Shan domain,where the Andean type continental magmatic arc developed in Cambrian and Ordovician.Formation of the Andean type arc was accompanied by uplift,erosion and deposition of coarse clastic sediments.A depositional age of ca.470 Ma,obtained for the gravellites in the Lake Songkul area,is in agreement with the timing of deposition for lower Ordovician conglomerates elsewhere in the Northern Tien Shan,and corresponds to the main phase of the Andean type magmatism.The Songkultau adakites in association with surrounding ocean floor and island arc formations constitute a relic of a primitive Cambrian arc and represent a juvenile domain of substantial size identified so far within the predominantly crustal-derived terranes of Tien Shan.On a regional scale this primitive arc can be compared with juvenile Cambrian arcs of Kazakhstan,Gorny Altai and Mongolia.

Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex,Southern Tien-Shan,Kyrgyzstan

The high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Atbashy complex were petrologically investigated. The eclogites of the Choloktor Formation show a prograde evolution from epidote-blueschist facies(P = 17-21 kbar and T = 450-515 ℃) to peak eclogite-UHP conditions(P = 26-29 kbar and T = 545-615 ℃) with a subsequent epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies overprint. The micaschists of the Choloktor Formation also show a clockwise P-T path from blueschist/epidote-blueschist facies conditions through peak eclogite facies conditions(P = 21-23 kbar and T = 530-580 ℃) to retrograde epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies stages. A comparison of the P-T paths in the eclogites and mica-schists of Choloktor Formation reveal that they may have shared their P-T history from peak to retrograde stages. The mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation record peak metamorphism of P = 10-12 kbar and T = 515-565 ℃, which indicates that the highest grade of regional metamorphism in the Atbashy Ridge was epidote-amphibolite facies.The newly obtained P-T conditions for the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation indicate that sheets of sedimentary rocks were brought to great depths along the subduction zone and they metamorphosed under eclogite facies HP conditions. The eclogite blocks were amalgamated with mica-schists of Choloktor Formation in the eclogite facies HP conditions and together they experienced isothermal decompression to ～40 km. During this path, the eclogites and mica-schists of Choloktor Formation docked with mica-schists of Atbashy Formation at 10-12 kbar and 515-565 ℃, and from this depth(～40 km) the whole sequence was exhumed together. These new results improve our understanding of high-pressure metamorphism in subduction-related accretionary prism zones and the exhumation processes of deeply-seated rocks in the Atbashy HP-UHP complex.

Bioclimatic Modeling of the Potential Distribution of the Western Tien-Shan Endemic <i>Tulipa kaufmanniana</i>Regel (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan)

The article analyzes the natural distribution area of the species Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel using the programs of type MaxEnt and ArcGis, the endemic of Central Asia (past, current, future). According to the results of the study, it is proved that the main distribution of the species coincides with the boundaries of the areali Tien-Shan mountain system (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). It is noted that the climatic factors that are optimal for the species are sufficient temperature and annual precipitation.

Crop wild relatives of Kazakhstani Tien Shan:Flora,vegetation,resources

This paper presents the results of the field study on species composition,geographical distribution,phytocoenotic diversity and resources of crop wild relatives(CWR) in Kazakhstan’s ranges of the Tien Shan Mountains.Taxa of not only cultivated genera of crops are taken into account,but also a wider range of species of high socio-economic importance,including medicinal,fodder,essential oil and other species.List of CWR includes 289 species belonging to 39 families and 145 genera.Among them,9 species listed in the Red Data book of Kazakhstan:Pistacia vera,Rheum wittrockii,Armeniaca vulgaris,Malus sieversii,Allium pskemense,Allochrusa gypsophilloides,Sorbus sibirica,Vitis vinifera and Artemisia cina.The highest plant diversity is recorded in intermountain plains and river valleys where meadow vegetation forms a high abundance of forage and resource plants.The diversity of wild fruit plants is concentrated in gallery forests.CWR of cereals are confined to dry steppe slopes in low piedmont belt.The populations of almond,pistachio,plum and cherry were recorded at dry slopes of low mountain belt.The estimation of the raw material base for 13 resource plants is given.Only Rumex tianschanicus,Berberis sphaerocarpa are recommended for industrial harvesting;for local pharmacy chain-Mentha longifolia,Origanum vulgare,O.vulgare subsp.gracile,Ziziphora clinopodioides,Hypericum scabrum,Hypericum perforatum,and five Rosa species.

About Engineering-Geonomic Research in the Zeravshan River Pool (Southern Tien Shan) in Connection with Climate Oscillations

Climatic anomalies not only attract the attention of specialists in climatology and meteorology, but also stimulate geological research, because climatic changes activate many geological processes: mudflow and landslide formation, erosion, weathering, etc. An increase in the activity of geological processes was clearly manifested in Tajikistan, 93% of which is occupied by mountain structures. As a result, this found expression in conducting new for that territory engineering-geonomic studies. Both the region as a whole and its individual parts can serve as models in the study of natural processes due to the diversity of landscape-climatic belts and zones. The report contains brief data on engineering-geonomic studies conducted in the Zeravshan river basin in connection with the intensification of mudflow processes.

Neogene coupling between Kuqa Basin and Southern Tien Shan Orogen, Northwestern China

Based on the sedimentary and subsiding features of Kuqa foreland basin, this paper presents the following characteristics of Neogene coupling relationship between Kuqa Basin and Southern Tien Shan Orogen, Northwestern China:(l) The Southern Tien Shan Orogen underwent Neogene uplifting of 4 km in height and the Kuqa Basin underwent Neogene subsidence of 4-6 km in depth accordingly beginning in 25 Ma; (2) The Southern Tien Shan Orogen moved continuously toward the Kuqa Basin, with largest structural shortening rate of greater than 53.7%, and the north boundary of the Kuqa Basin retreated continuously southward accordingly since the Miocene; (3) There are two subsidence centers with high subsiding rates and large subsiding extent, located in the eastern and western Kuqa Basin respectively, with the subsiding maximizing in the deposition period of Kuqa Formation.

Comparison Analysis of Longitudinal Electrical Conductivity Distribution and Seismic Tomography Velocity Models for the Central Tien Shan Region

The paper is dedicated to consider the approach of longitudinal electrical conductivity maps construction for Central Tien Shan region and to complete the comparison analysis of these maps with related seismic tomography data.The results of joint analysis of longitudinal electrical conductivity distribution and seismic tomography velocity models with respect to geological and geophysical senses allow to confirm the already known and to establish the new patterns of structure and geodynamics of the Tien Shan segment of Central Asia such as the manifestation of characteristic structural ensembles,reflection of the longitudinal and transverse segmentation of the Tien Shan,the existence within the framework of a“single”orogen of segments with different near-surface and deep structure and morphological expression.As well,the correlation between the velocity characteristics and geoelectric properties was found.This correlation allows to identify signs of reflection of fault structures in geophysical fields and to clarify the territorial and structural position of both visible and hidden faults.Additionally,in the paper,the geological interpretation of geophysical anomalies is considered.

Definition of the Seismic Field of the Underground Sources in the Ambient Seismic Noise in the Tien Shan Region Using a Three-Component Gradient System

This paper considers a new approach to solving the problem of quantitative estimation of the microseism energy for underground sources that is based on the synthesis of noise interferometry and the passive seismic method of the gradient system. The selection of a seismic field of the underground sources is considered in an experiment conducted in the Tien Shan region. The peculiarities of approach include the separation of vertical microseisms in the ambient seismic noise field structure according to the data of the seismic gradient system and a passive noise interferometry diagram, where microseisms from the underground sources are used as the seismic signal source. It is shown that the use of noise interferometry and passive seismic gradient system allows using the synchronous microseism recordings in a small number of points for passive medium sensing, and leads to the restoration of unknown energy parameters of the seismic field of underground sources.

吉尔吉斯斯坦Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床地质特征及成矿过程分析

Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山东段Aktyuz变质地体中,金矿体赋存于脆韧性变形带中。矿床经历两期金成矿作用,早成矿期低品位(0.1×10^(-6)~2.0×10^(-6))金矿化体受韧性剪切带控制,围岩蚀变主要为硅化和碳酸盐化,发育典型的条带状和块状矿石。主成矿期高品位(5×10^(-6)~15×10^(-6))矿体主要与硅化和电气石化蚀变有关,形成典型的石英电气石岩型矿石。详细的地质接触关系和年代学研究表明矿床两期金成矿作用均形成于早志留世,分别与二长斑岩和闪长岩具有密切成因联系。Taldybulak Levoberezhny金矿床是一个志留纪与洋-陆俯冲增生岛弧岩浆岩有关的具有叠加成矿特点的岩浆热液型金矿床。

基于健康城市理念的社区生活圈规划设计探析——以厦门保利·国贸天琴社区为例

近年来,在生态文明和健康城市理念的指导下,生态城市的建设和社区生活圈的研究日益受到关注,但是大量的商业住区项目中并没有充分重视健康社区生活圈的规划。本文基于文献研究与设计实践,以厦门首个成片开发的住区项目保利·国贸天琴社区规划实践为例,将用地功能、蓝绿空间、公共服务等健康要素有机融入多尺度的生活圈,在宏观上塑造健康城市的本底结构、在中观上构造健康社区的轴带联通、在微观上营造社区邻里空间的生活场景,从而系统性地建构多尺度的健康社区生活圈,以期为健康城市理念的推动与实践提供新思路。

无锡地铁3号线一期工程技术创新与应用

文章以无锡地铁3号线一期工程为背景,重点阐述了承压富水复合地层盾构智能掘进成套技术、顶管法施工联络通道技术、高承压水头条件下低净空拔桩技术、车辆段减振降噪综合技术、轨道交通安全通信网络节能覆盖技术及应用等。在项目建设期间,获得多项省部级及国家级奖项,并成功获得第二十届中国土木工程詹天佑奖。

Crustal structure beneath Tien Shan orogenic belt and its adjacent regions from multi-scale seismic data

As one of the world's most active intracontinental mountain belts, Tien Shan has posed questions for researchers regarding the formation of different tectonic units and active shallow seismicity. Here, we used a huge data set comprising of 7094 earthquakes from local, regional and teleseismic seismic stations. We used waveform modeling and multi-scale double-difference earthquake relocation technique to better constrain the source parameters of the earthquakes. The new set of events provided us with better initial earthquake locations for further tomographic investigation. We found that reverse-faulting earthquakes dominate the whole study area while the fault plane solutions for earthquakes beneath the northwestern Tarim Basin and the Main Pamir Thrust are diverse. There is a low-velocity anomaly beneath Bashkaingdy at depth of 80 km, and high-velocity anomalies beneath central Tien Shan at shallower depths. These observations are the keys to understand the mechanism of Tien Shan's formation because of Tarim Basin northward and Kazakh Shield's southward subduction in the south and north respectively. Velocities beneath western Tien Shan are relatively high. We thus infer that the Western Tien Shan is relatively less deformed than the eastern Tien Shan primarily due to a relatively brittle mantle.

《永乐大典》算书编纂逻辑

《永乐大典》算书指现藏剑桥大学的《永乐大典》副本一册之卷一六三四三与卷一六三四四的两卷算书。算书是归于“算”字韵下的“算法”汇编,按算法分类收集抄入算题。对明代算学的辑佚研究多利用《永乐大典》算书的内容,但对其编撰方式多有批评。在对两卷算书原书分析的基础上,结合成书及重录的时代背景,总结出这两卷算书的编纂逻辑有以下三点:(1)算书按算法编排,同一类算法下又分子算法,依照算法收入算题,算题按照题干内容分类;(2)算题出处书目以红字标注,书目大体按时间先后排序,且经部“算经”在其他子部算书之前出现;(3)总体上看,每卷算书中的算法算题按由易到难编排。明初数学几乎全面继承吸收了前代算学著作成果,其算学价值仍可深入研究。

作为现代性建构手段的现代文学早期英译——以《天下月刊》的《雷雨》译介为例

20世纪20至40年代,在新文学主将们以外国文学的译入作为实现中国文学、思想乃至社会现代化的手段的同时,也有一些中国知识分子,尝试着把刚刚诞生不久的中国现代文学译介到西方。这种实践包含着现代性的努力和期许,却往往为研究者所忽略。1936至1937年,英文期刊《天下月刊》连载姚莘农翻译的《雷雨》,这是曹禺这部重要剧作的首个英文译本。《天下月刊》从其“阐释现代中国”的办刊理念出发,试图以《雷雨》作为中国现代文学的优秀代表,与世界文学“对话”,从而帮助中国获取现代国际共同体中的成员资格。这种以翻译作为现代性建构手段的诉求,既体现在了《天下月刊》对《雷雨》的评价和定位上,也决定了作为译者和《天下月刊》编辑的姚莘农在翻译中采用了颇受争议的直译策略。《天下月刊》同仁与五四作家们形成了一种“接力”,在创作与翻译的不同领域,共同为中国文学和文化的现代性转型努力。

元代高昌进士偰玉立的河东宦迹与文学书写考论

偰玉立在河东山西为官六年,今存七首河东山西记游诗词,学界对此尚未有专门的研究。偰玉立河东宦游与文学书写的文化意义在于:参与了当地文士诗歌唱和、同题集咏,构筑了多民族、多层次的士人交游圈;同时,其“林泉之好”成为少数民族士人化的象征,代表了少数民族士人的民族共同体意识的显现。以偰玉立为代表的少数民族士人群体对儒家文化的接受、认同与传播,是多民族文化与汉文化交融过程中的一个缩影。在这个过程中带来的地方社会结构的变化、文化的扩散和社会教化的推动,为当下铸牢中华民族共同体意识、促进各民族交往交流交融提供了历史借鉴。

论朱天文小说的感官书写——以《世纪末的华丽》和《荒人手记》为例

朱天文的中期小说《世纪末的华丽》和《荒人手记》中存在着大量的感官意象,《世纪末的华丽》发出了“将以嗅觉和颜色的记忆存活”的宣告,《荒人手记》带给人以神迷目眩的视觉冲击。细读朱天文小说中的感官书写,颜色和气味的背后既潜藏着早年胡兰成在文化审美方面的影响,亦表现出朱天文以女性这一边缘者造型观察世界的独特视角。城市、建筑、时装等构成的都市风景线与情人、同性恋者等反复无常的男女感情都在朱天文笔下得到淋漓尽致的展现,甚至发展为“恋物癖”或“拜物教”式的存在,由此建构起小说的唯美倾向与阴性气质。