THE reforms in the Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms - as well as the actions on the part of the CPC and its Central Commission for Discipline Inspection （CCDI） since the election...THE reforms in the Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms - as well as the actions on the part of the CPC and its Central Commission for Discipline Inspection （CCDI） since the election of the new leadership in 2012 - clearly demonstrate a strong emphasis by the CPC on addressing corruption, building a clean government, and intensifying anti-corruption efforts by going after both ＂tigers＂ and ＂flies＂ - high- and low-ranking corrupt officials. The Decision highlights the determination of the Party to institutionalize anti-corruption efforts.展开更多
The Breeding Center of Felidac Animals was founded in Hengdaohezi.Heilongjiangprovince in 1986.This paper resents the methods and observauons of practices in feeding,mating,breeding,study and management of a captive p...The Breeding Center of Felidac Animals was founded in Hengdaohezi.Heilongjiangprovince in 1986.This paper resents the methods and observauons of practices in feeding,mating,breeding,study and management of a captive population of siberian tigers at the center.Since the es-tablishment of the program,the initial population of 5 males and 15 females has been increased to 48tigers.In the past 3 years.37 cubs were born and 28 survived.The averagc litter size was 2.6 in 1988and 2.8 in 1989.Methods of feeding mating and raising are continualluy modified according to obser-vations,experimental comparisons and program development.This program templ to conserve and renaturalize this rare and preeious species.展开更多
老舍英文话剧The Spear that Demolishes Five Tigers at Once是对其短篇小说《断魂枪》的改写。在剧本里,老舍不再像英译《离婚》时那样以批判中国文化为旨归,而是通过改写颂扬中国文化,并把文化传统中的"刚性文化"特质与西...老舍英文话剧The Spear that Demolishes Five Tigers at Once是对其短篇小说《断魂枪》的改写。在剧本里,老舍不再像英译《离婚》时那样以批判中国文化为旨归,而是通过改写颂扬中国文化,并把文化传统中的"刚性文化"特质与西方新型的科学技术结合,从而建构他自1930年代就开始思考并不断丰富的中国精神文化现代化的"内涵"。展开更多
A century ago,tigers(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)were so common in parts of Southeast Asia as to be considered pests,and governments sponsored their killing.Habitat loss and fragmentation,market-driven poaching and ...A century ago,tigers(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)were so common in parts of Southeast Asia as to be considered pests,and governments sponsored their killing.Habitat loss and fragmentation,market-driven poaching and loss of prey have since led to the disappearance of Indochinese tigers from most their former range.Despite 15 years of dedicated tiger conservation funding,national estimates of Indochinese tiger subpopulations can at best only be roughly approximated.The future for the subspecies appears grim unless very focused efforts can be applied to stabilize and recover subpopulations.On a regional scale,the 2 proposed subspecies Panthera tigris corbetti and P.tigris jacksoni are effectively managed as separate conservation units.Evaluating where to place conservation efforts should consider the vulnerability(likelihood of extinction)and irreplaceability(likelihood that an area contributes uniquely to regional conservation)of tiger subpopulations.Only 1 site in Thailand supporting<200 individuals(Huai Kha Khaeng-Thung Yai)is considered low vulnerability,and is irreplaceable.Five sites in Lao,Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are medium vulnerability and irreplaceable.Priorities at these 6 sites are to double tiger numbers within 10 years through protection and monitoring.Seven sites in Lao,Thailand and Myanmar are high vulnerability and irreplaceable,and might be recovered if government commitment to tigers,staff capacity and legal frameworks for tiger protection are established.Tigers are extremely vulnerable or even extinct in Cambodia’s Eastern Plains and the site is irreplaceable for tigers because it represents the only large(>10000 km^(2))block of dry forest habitat available in the region.A reintroduction program is the only option to recover tigers there.展开更多
This paper compares the total factor productivity(TFP)growth performance of the Chinese mainland and the Four Asian Tigers during their high-growth period and examines the effect of growth strategies pursued by these ...This paper compares the total factor productivity(TFP)growth performance of the Chinese mainland and the Four Asian Tigers during their high-growth period and examines the effect of growth strategies pursued by these economies on TFP growth using a state-space model.Our research results show that TFP growth is quite limited in these economies,which is mainly attributed to their growth strategy.No significant productivity gains arise from the rapid growth of investments,trade openness,and an undervalued currency in these economies.The TFP growth is even found negatively related to trade openness for South Korea,the exchange rate undervaluation for Chinese Taiwan and Singapore,and the falling relative price of capital for the Chinese mainland,Singapore and South Korea.Government interventions encourage long-term TFP growth for the Chinese mainland and Taiwan,but hinder it in other economies.Higher inflation reduces TFP growth in Chinese Taiwan and Singapore.展开更多
They say you never miss the water until you see the well run dry.It’s certainly true in the case of the world’s endangered species.And especially in the instance of the South China tiger.By the time the conservation...They say you never miss the water until you see the well run dry.It’s certainly true in the case of the world’s endangered species.And especially in the instance of the South China tiger.By the time the conservation authorities hit the panic button it was already too late and the big beautiful cats had disappeared from the wilds of China,culled by hunters and poachers,and squeezed out of their habitat by the march of civilization and its voracious appetite for land. Now bred in captivity and rewilded,the tigers’numbers inch upwards.Growing public awareness helps. But replacing nature’s work artificially brings its own challenges.展开更多
The barrage started on a Friday morning——a few distant booms that soon led to louder explosions and fizzling sounds drawing closer to my apartment. As the day progressed, sotoo did their frequency until night fell and
Tigers are facing extinction and urgently need conservation This year in the Chinese lunar calendar is the Year of the Tiger, ever regarded as the most regal of animals. But today they are being pushed to the brink of...Tigers are facing extinction and urgently need conservation This year in the Chinese lunar calendar is the Year of the Tiger, ever regarded as the most regal of animals. But today they are being pushed to the brink of extinction.展开更多
I can count the number of times I’ve had my breath taken away on the fingers of one hand. China takes credit for two of those instances. The first was my introduction to the noxious cloud of gray that hangs over Beij...I can count the number of times I’ve had my breath taken away on the fingers of one hand. China takes credit for two of those instances. The first was my introduction to the noxious cloud of gray that hangs over Beijing. The second was standing atop a rock looking up and down the展开更多
While Bengal tigers are the most common type of tiger in the world,only about 3,000 to 5,000 exist in the wild.They are an endangered species,which means that there are so few left that they could soon die out entirely.
我们同时收到了两份来稿,一篇是摘自1997年第12期的美国NationalGeographic上的Making Room for Wild Tigers,一篇是1998年3月9日ChinaDaily上刊登的Rescue the Tegers。经反复考虑,我们决定采用后者。这样做,可以让广大读者一换口味(fo...我们同时收到了两份来稿,一篇是摘自1997年第12期的美国NationalGeographic上的Making Room for Wild Tigers,一篇是1998年3月9日ChinaDaily上刊登的Rescue the Tegers。经反复考虑,我们决定采用后者。这样做,可以让广大读者一换口味(for a change),文章写得相当不错,内容翔实,文字地道,讲的是国内的事情,读来亲切。 文章对目前我国虎的总量的估计是; Today, the total number of the remaining four subspecies in the wild is between100 and 120. 美国National Geographic对我国华南虎的数量估计为:20-30(这是1992年的统计数字)。 在50年代初,我国的老虎的数量在4000只左右。现在的人口已近当时的3倍。本文的一个资料很有趣: …when the population density in an area reaches 40 people per equare kilometer,tigers cannot survive. 文章提到了一个当代的“打虎英雄”,此人若在,不知读后作和感想: Deng Shifang, a modern hero and tiger hunter in the Yangshan County in thenorthern mountainous area of Guangdong, killed more than 100 tigers and leopards,including some twenty South China tigers. Between the 1960s and late 1970s, Chinalost about 3, 000 South China tigers.展开更多
As an apex predator the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia.Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century,tige...As an apex predator the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia.Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century,tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China.To facilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range,reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions.Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Nature Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture(SECR)methods.A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population.Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11400 km2 state space,density estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km^(2) in 2013 and 2014,respectively,corresponding to an estimated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino-Russian population.In a maximum likelihood framework,we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km^(2) corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27,in 2013 and 2014,respectively.These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East.This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China,and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese populations for recovering tigers in Northeast China.展开更多
To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers(6♀♀and 8♂♂)with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites...To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers(6♀♀and 8♂♂)with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites:the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye,Russian Far East.Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges(P<0.05[mean 95%fixed kernel♀=401±205 km2;mean 95%fixed kernel♂=778±267 km2]).The home range size of females varied greatly,but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north.Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories.Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly,and remained stable over multiple years.The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north,and in contrast to previous studies,high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality.Nonetheless,real core areas of males did not overlap,suggesting some spatial separation.In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East,the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males.We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females,with males resorting to scramble competition for mates.Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.展开更多
In 2010,the world’s tiger(Panthera tigris)range countries agreed to the goal of doubling tiger numbers over 12 years,but whether such an increase is biologically feasible has not been assessed.Long-term monitoring of...In 2010,the world’s tiger(Panthera tigris)range countries agreed to the goal of doubling tiger numbers over 12 years,but whether such an increase is biologically feasible has not been assessed.Long-term monitoring of tigers in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik(SABZ),Russia provided an opportunity to determine growth rates of a recovering population.A 41-year growth phase was followed by a rapid decline in tiger numbers.Annual growth rates during the growth phase averaged 4.6%,beginning near 10%in the earliest years but quickly dropping below 5%.Sex ratio(females per male)mirrored growth rates,declining as population size increased.The rapid decline from 2009 to 2012 appeared to be tied to multiple factors,including poaching,severe winters and disease.Reproductive indicators of this population are similar to those of Bengal tiger populations,suggesting that growth rates may be similar.These results suggest that,first,tiger populations likely in general grow slowly:3–5%yearly increases are realistic and larger growth rates are likely only when populations are highly depressed,mortality rates are low and prey populations are high relative to numbers of adult females.Second,while more research is needed,it should not be assumed that tiger populations with high prey densities will necessarily grow more quickly than populations with low prey densities.Third,while growth is slow,decline can be rapid.Fourth,because declines can happen so quickly,there is a constant need to monitor populations and be ready to respond with appropriate and timely conservation interventions if tiger populations are to remain secure.Finally,an average annual growth rate across all tiger populations of 6%,required to reach the Global Tiger Initiative’s goal of doubling tiger numbers in 12 years,is a noble but unlikely scenario.展开更多
A healthy population of captive Amur tigers might assist recovery of the wild population in Northeast China if individuals were properly prepared and considered suitable for release in the wild.We analyzed the breedin...A healthy population of captive Amur tigers might assist recovery of the wild population in Northeast China if individuals were properly prepared and considered suitable for release in the wild.We analyzed the breeding records of 68 female Amur tigers from 1995 to 2010 in the Hengdaohezi Felid Breeding Center of China and compared the reproductive parameters of this population to wild female Amur tigers.We found that the reproductive parameters of the captive population(the age of first parturition,length of gestation and litter survival rate)were not significantly different from those of wild Amur tigers.Differences in birth date and litter size between wild and captive populations may be caused by management protocols for the captive population or insufficient field data from the wild population.Reproductive parameters of females giving birth after losing a litter were similar to parameters of females that did not lose a litter,except for birth date.These results provide no indication of major problems in using captive females for a breeding program for release of cubs into the wild,but additional information is still needed to assess their suitability.展开更多
We used molecular genetic analyses to noninvasively identify individual Amur tigers and define subpopulations of tigers in the Russian Far East.We identified 63 individuals after genotyping 256 feces,7 hair and 11 blo...We used molecular genetic analyses to noninvasively identify individual Amur tigers and define subpopulations of tigers in the Russian Far East.We identified 63 individuals after genotyping 256 feces,7 hair and 11 blood samples collected within southern,central and northern Sikhote-Alin,as well as Southwest Primorye.Analysis of nuclear DNA at 9 microsatellite loci demonstrated greater genetic similarity between animals from southern and northern Sikhote-Alin(some 500 km apart)than between animals from Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve and Southwest Primorye(less than 10 km apart at their nearest point),suggesting that a true barrier exists preventing movements of tigers between Southwest Primorye and the southern Sikhote-Alin Mountains.展开更多
文摘THE reforms in the Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms - as well as the actions on the part of the CPC and its Central Commission for Discipline Inspection （CCDI） since the election of the new leadership in 2012 - clearly demonstrate a strong emphasis by the CPC on addressing corruption, building a clean government, and intensifying anti-corruption efforts by going after both ＂tigers＂ and ＂flies＂ - high- and low-ranking corrupt officials. The Decision highlights the determination of the Party to institutionalize anti-corruption efforts.
文摘About seven years have passed since we visited Pemako. I wonder if the deity Vajrayogini has protected Tibet's last tigers in this sacred hidden land.
文摘The Breeding Center of Felidac Animals was founded in Hengdaohezi.Heilongjiangprovince in 1986.This paper resents the methods and observauons of practices in feeding,mating,breeding,study and management of a captive population of siberian tigers at the center.Since the es-tablishment of the program,the initial population of 5 males and 15 females has been increased to 48tigers.In the past 3 years.37 cubs were born and 28 survived.The averagc litter size was 2.6 in 1988and 2.8 in 1989.Methods of feeding mating and raising are continualluy modified according to obser-vations,experimental comparisons and program development.This program templ to conserve and renaturalize this rare and preeious species.
文摘老舍英文话剧The Spear that Demolishes Five Tigers at Once是对其短篇小说《断魂枪》的改写。在剧本里,老舍不再像英译《离婚》时那样以批判中国文化为旨归,而是通过改写颂扬中国文化,并把文化传统中的"刚性文化"特质与西方新型的科学技术结合,从而建构他自1930年代就开始思考并不断丰富的中国精神文化现代化的"内涵"。
文摘A century ago,tigers(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)were so common in parts of Southeast Asia as to be considered pests,and governments sponsored their killing.Habitat loss and fragmentation,market-driven poaching and loss of prey have since led to the disappearance of Indochinese tigers from most their former range.Despite 15 years of dedicated tiger conservation funding,national estimates of Indochinese tiger subpopulations can at best only be roughly approximated.The future for the subspecies appears grim unless very focused efforts can be applied to stabilize and recover subpopulations.On a regional scale,the 2 proposed subspecies Panthera tigris corbetti and P.tigris jacksoni are effectively managed as separate conservation units.Evaluating where to place conservation efforts should consider the vulnerability(likelihood of extinction)and irreplaceability(likelihood that an area contributes uniquely to regional conservation)of tiger subpopulations.Only 1 site in Thailand supporting<200 individuals(Huai Kha Khaeng-Thung Yai)is considered low vulnerability,and is irreplaceable.Five sites in Lao,Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are medium vulnerability and irreplaceable.Priorities at these 6 sites are to double tiger numbers within 10 years through protection and monitoring.Seven sites in Lao,Thailand and Myanmar are high vulnerability and irreplaceable,and might be recovered if government commitment to tigers,staff capacity and legal frameworks for tiger protection are established.Tigers are extremely vulnerable or even extinct in Cambodia’s Eastern Plains and the site is irreplaceable for tigers because it represents the only large(>10000 km^(2))block of dry forest habitat available in the region.A reintroduction program is the only option to recover tigers there.
文摘This paper compares the total factor productivity(TFP)growth performance of the Chinese mainland and the Four Asian Tigers during their high-growth period and examines the effect of growth strategies pursued by these economies on TFP growth using a state-space model.Our research results show that TFP growth is quite limited in these economies,which is mainly attributed to their growth strategy.No significant productivity gains arise from the rapid growth of investments,trade openness,and an undervalued currency in these economies.The TFP growth is even found negatively related to trade openness for South Korea,the exchange rate undervaluation for Chinese Taiwan and Singapore,and the falling relative price of capital for the Chinese mainland,Singapore and South Korea.Government interventions encourage long-term TFP growth for the Chinese mainland and Taiwan,but hinder it in other economies.Higher inflation reduces TFP growth in Chinese Taiwan and Singapore.
文摘They say you never miss the water until you see the well run dry.It’s certainly true in the case of the world’s endangered species.And especially in the instance of the South China tiger.By the time the conservation authorities hit the panic button it was already too late and the big beautiful cats had disappeared from the wilds of China,culled by hunters and poachers,and squeezed out of their habitat by the march of civilization and its voracious appetite for land. Now bred in captivity and rewilded,the tigers’numbers inch upwards.Growing public awareness helps. But replacing nature’s work artificially brings its own challenges.
文摘The barrage started on a Friday morning——a few distant booms that soon led to louder explosions and fizzling sounds drawing closer to my apartment. As the day progressed, sotoo did their frequency until night fell and
文摘Tigers are facing extinction and urgently need conservation This year in the Chinese lunar calendar is the Year of the Tiger, ever regarded as the most regal of animals. But today they are being pushed to the brink of extinction.
文摘I can count the number of times I’ve had my breath taken away on the fingers of one hand. China takes credit for two of those instances. The first was my introduction to the noxious cloud of gray that hangs over Beijing. The second was standing atop a rock looking up and down the
文摘While Bengal tigers are the most common type of tiger in the world,only about 3,000 to 5,000 exist in the wild.They are an endangered species,which means that there are so few left that they could soon die out entirely.
文摘我们同时收到了两份来稿,一篇是摘自1997年第12期的美国NationalGeographic上的Making Room for Wild Tigers,一篇是1998年3月9日ChinaDaily上刊登的Rescue the Tegers。经反复考虑,我们决定采用后者。这样做,可以让广大读者一换口味(for a change),文章写得相当不错,内容翔实,文字地道,讲的是国内的事情,读来亲切。 文章对目前我国虎的总量的估计是; Today, the total number of the remaining four subspecies in the wild is between100 and 120. 美国National Geographic对我国华南虎的数量估计为:20-30(这是1992年的统计数字)。 在50年代初,我国的老虎的数量在4000只左右。现在的人口已近当时的3倍。本文的一个资料很有趣: …when the population density in an area reaches 40 people per equare kilometer,tigers cannot survive. 文章提到了一个当代的“打虎英雄”,此人若在,不知读后作和感想: Deng Shifang, a modern hero and tiger hunter in the Yangshan County in thenorthern mountainous area of Guangdong, killed more than 100 tigers and leopards,including some twenty South China tigers. Between the 1960s and late 1970s, Chinalost about 3, 000 South China tigers.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(31270567,31210103911,31421063,31200410 and 31470566)the National Scientific and Technical Foundation Project of China(2012FY112000).
文摘As an apex predator the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia.Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century,tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China.To facilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range,reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions.Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Nature Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture(SECR)methods.A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population.Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11400 km2 state space,density estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km^(2) in 2013 and 2014,respectively,corresponding to an estimated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino-Russian population.In a maximum likelihood framework,we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km^(2) corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27,in 2013 and 2014,respectively.These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East.This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China,and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese populations for recovering tigers in Northeast China.
基金This study was part of the long-term“Program of Studying the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East”within the framework of the Permanent Expedition of RAS for the Study of Animals Listed of the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and Other Highly Important Animals of the Russian Fauna as well as within the Siberian Tiger Project of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS-Russia).The authors are grateful to the staff of the V.L.Komarov“Ussuriskii”State Nature Reserve,FEB RAS and the Land of the Leopard National Park for fruitful support in data collection,to Dr Andrey D.Poyarkov from the A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution,RAS and to Mr Alexander L.Salman for discussion and technical support.This research was made within the framework of the Program for the Study of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East and was supported by the Russian Geography Society。
文摘To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers(6♀♀and 8♂♂)with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites:the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye,Russian Far East.Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges(P<0.05[mean 95%fixed kernel♀=401±205 km2;mean 95%fixed kernel♂=778±267 km2]).The home range size of females varied greatly,but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north.Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories.Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly,and remained stable over multiple years.The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north,and in contrast to previous studies,high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality.Nonetheless,real core areas of males did not overlap,suggesting some spatial separation.In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East,the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males.We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females,with males resorting to scramble competition for mates.Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.
基金We thank AA Astafiev and DY Gorshkov(former and current directors of SABZ),M.N.Gromyko,Y.Potikha and Y.Pimenova(former Assistant Directors of Science of SABZ),H.B.Quigley and M.G.Hornocker(Hornocker Wildlife Institute)and the Wildlife Conservation Society for logistical,administrative and financial support.Zapovednik scientists,forest guards,and staff of the Siberian Tiger Project(I.Nikolaev,B.Schleyer,N.Rybin,A.Rybin,A.Kostyria,I.Seryodkin,V.Melnikov,A.Saphonov,V.Schukin and E.Gizhko)contributed time and knowledge to the annual surveys.Funding was provided by the Liz Claiborne and the Art Ortenberg Foundation,the Wildlife Conservation Society,the Columbus Zoo,the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation,the Save the Tiger Fund,the US Fish and Wildlife’s Tiger Rhinoceros Conservation Fund,the 21st Century Tiger,the ALTA Fund,the Disney Wildlife Fund,Gordon Dyal,Merrit Paulson,the Turner Foundation,Richard King Mellon,Avocet,the Robertson Foundation,the Starr Foundation and the Goldman Environmental Foundation.
文摘In 2010,the world’s tiger(Panthera tigris)range countries agreed to the goal of doubling tiger numbers over 12 years,but whether such an increase is biologically feasible has not been assessed.Long-term monitoring of tigers in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik(SABZ),Russia provided an opportunity to determine growth rates of a recovering population.A 41-year growth phase was followed by a rapid decline in tiger numbers.Annual growth rates during the growth phase averaged 4.6%,beginning near 10%in the earliest years but quickly dropping below 5%.Sex ratio(females per male)mirrored growth rates,declining as population size increased.The rapid decline from 2009 to 2012 appeared to be tied to multiple factors,including poaching,severe winters and disease.Reproductive indicators of this population are similar to those of Bengal tiger populations,suggesting that growth rates may be similar.These results suggest that,first,tiger populations likely in general grow slowly:3–5%yearly increases are realistic and larger growth rates are likely only when populations are highly depressed,mortality rates are low and prey populations are high relative to numbers of adult females.Second,while more research is needed,it should not be assumed that tiger populations with high prey densities will necessarily grow more quickly than populations with low prey densities.Third,while growth is slow,decline can be rapid.Fourth,because declines can happen so quickly,there is a constant need to monitor populations and be ready to respond with appropriate and timely conservation interventions if tiger populations are to remain secure.Finally,an average annual growth rate across all tiger populations of 6%,required to reach the Global Tiger Initiative’s goal of doubling tiger numbers in 12 years,is a noble but unlikely scenario.
基金We are grateful for support provided through the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(2572014EA06 and 2572014AA14),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC31272336,31572285)and the"Study on Resource Survey Technology for Tiger and Amur Leopard Population"and"Standard of Tiger and Amur Leopard Population and Habitat Survey and Data Summarization"(State Forestry Administration).
文摘A healthy population of captive Amur tigers might assist recovery of the wild population in Northeast China if individuals were properly prepared and considered suitable for release in the wild.We analyzed the breeding records of 68 female Amur tigers from 1995 to 2010 in the Hengdaohezi Felid Breeding Center of China and compared the reproductive parameters of this population to wild female Amur tigers.We found that the reproductive parameters of the captive population(the age of first parturition,length of gestation and litter survival rate)were not significantly different from those of wild Amur tigers.Differences in birth date and litter size between wild and captive populations may be caused by management protocols for the captive population or insufficient field data from the wild population.Reproductive parameters of females giving birth after losing a litter were similar to parameters of females that did not lose a litter,except for birth date.These results provide no indication of major problems in using captive females for a breeding program for release of cubs into the wild,but additional information is still needed to assess their suitability.
文摘We used molecular genetic analyses to noninvasively identify individual Amur tigers and define subpopulations of tigers in the Russian Far East.We identified 63 individuals after genotyping 256 feces,7 hair and 11 blood samples collected within southern,central and northern Sikhote-Alin,as well as Southwest Primorye.Analysis of nuclear DNA at 9 microsatellite loci demonstrated greater genetic similarity between animals from southern and northern Sikhote-Alin(some 500 km apart)than between animals from Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve and Southwest Primorye(less than 10 km apart at their nearest point),suggesting that a true barrier exists preventing movements of tigers between Southwest Primorye and the southern Sikhote-Alin Mountains.
